Lecture I

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Introduction of the Course

Key Facts

Polygraphy as a course is highly technical. An in-depth understanding of the matter is requisite to vividly
recognize the use of each component of the machine in detecting deception applying the three (3) I's (Information,
Interrogation, and Instrumentation) of investigation.

Nowadays, due to the presence of highly technical instruments in the field of criminal investigations and
other forensic sciences, detecting deception is one of the subjects of the criminal investigators and litigants in court to
prove the guilt and/or innocence of the subject- accused but the machine is not adequate to suffice in providing better
results but rather, it is the operator's capability and competence to manipulate the instruments to acquire substantial
proof that the subject is lying. It is deemed essential to consider the main factors that may provide constructive
results from the examiner, examinee, and condition of the machine, weather, and or environment where the
examination is going to carry out.

What is Polygraph?

The term "POLYGRAPH" literally means "many writings". The name refers to how selected physiological
activities are simultaneously recorded. Polygraph examiners may use conventional instruments, sometimes referred
to as "Analog instruments, or computerized polygraph instruments.

It is important to understand what polygraph examinations require. A polygraph instrument will collect
physiological data from at least three (3) systems in the human body.

1. Convoluted rubber tubes are placed over the examinee's chest and abdominal area this will record
respiratory activity.

2. Two (2) small metal plates, attached to the fingers - this will record sweat gland activity, and

3. A blood pressure cuff or similar device-will record cardiovascular activity.

A typical polygraph examination will include a period referred to as a pre-test, a chart collection phase, and a
fest data analysis phase. In the pre-test, the polygraph examiner will complete the required paperwork and talk with
the examinees about the test. During this period, the examiner will discuss the questions to be asked and familiarize
the examinee with the testing procedure. During the chart collection phase, the examiner will administer and collect
several polygraph charts. Following this, the examiner will evaluate the charts and render an opinion as to the
truthfulness of the person taking the test. The examiner, when appropriate, will offer the examinee an opportunity to
explain physiological responses concerning one or more questions asked during the actual test.

It is imperative to note that a polygraph does not include the analysis of physiology associated with VOICE.
Instruments that claim to record the voice stress are NOT polygraphs and have NOT been shown to have scientific
support.
 For decades, the law enforcement community has used polygraph testing as an investigative aid to attain the
following:

1. Verify the statements of victims;

2. Establish the credibility of witnesses;
3. Evaluate the truthfulness of the suspects.

The following terminologies are hereby defined to establish the essentials of polygraphy.

A. Operational Terms in Polygraphy

1. Artifacts - These are objects that appear in a chart made by human work during the examination of a
subject.

2. POLYGRAPH - This is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure; pulse rate,
respiration, and skin resistance as an indication of emotional disturbances especially of
lying when questioned. The word was derived from the word POLY means "many and
GRAPHS means "writing chart". The many writings will appear in the chart as a result of
examination and subject for analysis.

3. REACTION - This pertains to action in mental attitude evokes by external influence when a subject is
examined.

4. DECEPTION-It refers to an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying. This is observed
during the examination proceedings.

5. DETECTION - It is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact, or something hidden or obscure.

6. Distortion Tracing Segment - This is a segment within the chart that departs from the average tracing
segment but lacks psychological evidence of automatic change due to physiological origin.
This is also known as Artifact.

7. LYING- Refers to the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating false or misleading information to
affect wrongfully the acts and opinion of others.

8. RESPONSE- It refers to any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting from
stimulation. This can be given through sign language or body movement.

9. SPECIFIC RESPONSE - This refers to any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject as a result of
the examination.

10. NORMAL TRACING - It is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered the irrelevant question.

11. POLYGRAPH EXAMINER - Refers to a person who conducts and administers the polygraph test.

12. CHART OR POLYGRAPHS Refers to the composite records of pneumograph, Galvanograph, and
cardiosphygmograph tracings recorded from series of during the polygraph examination.

13. Subject - Refers to the person being examined whether a suspect/witness or accused.

14. Chart Markings - Refers to the mark/s indicated by the polygraph examiner during the examination
based on the reactions produced by the subject in order not to mislead the polygraph
examiners in their interpretation and that the result will not be affected.
 15. Countermeasure (CM) - This can be observed when the examinee does something deliberately to affect
the outcome of the examination.

B. Historical Perspectives of deception and lying

a. History of Lying

i. The idea that lying produces physical side-effects has long been claimed. In Western Africa, persons
suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird's egg to one another. If a certain person broke the egg, then he
or she was considered guilty, based on the idea that nervousness was to blame. In Ancient China, the suspect
held a handful of rice in his or her mouth during a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was believed to cease
at times during emotional anxiety, the person was considered guilty if by the end of that speech the rice was
dry.

b. Early Methods of Detection Deception

i. Trial by Combat
ii. Trial by Ordeal
iii. Trial by Hot Iron Ordeal
iv. Ordeal by Balance
v. The ordeal of Rice Chewing
vi. Donkey's Tail Ordeal

C. Scientific Methods of Detecting Deception

a. The polygraph machine is used to test or question individuals to detect deception or verify the truth of
statements through a visual, permanent, and simultaneous recording of a person's cardiovascular and
respiratory pattern as a minimum instrumentation requirement.

b. A polygraph (commonly referred to as a lie detector) is an instrument that measures and records several
physiological responses such as:

i. blood pressure,
ii. pulse,
iii. respiration and
iv. skin conductivity- while the subject is asked to answer series of questions, on the basis that false answers
will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph machine measures and records
physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous system during questioning.
c. Within the U.S. federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION OF DECEPTION (PDD) examination. Several other
technologies are also used in the field of lie detection, but the polygraph machine is the most famous.

D. Contributors in the History of Polygraph.

1. ANGELO MOSSO- one of the well-known personalities behind the discovery of

the polygraph machine pursued in his studies of emotion and fear and its
influence on the heart and respiration with an instrument for measuring blood
pressure and pulse change called a PLETHYSMOSGRAPH.
 On 30 of May 1846-24 November 1910, Angelo Mosso is the 19th-century Italian physiologist who invented the first
neuroimaging technique ever, known as 'human circulation balance'.

He began by recording the pulsation of the human cortex in his patients with skull defects following neurosurgical
procedures. From his findings that these pulsations change during mental activity, he inferred that during
mental activities blood flow increases to the brain. Remarkably, Mosso invented the 'human circulation
balance', only recently rediscovered, to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and
intellectual activity also in healthy subjects: this is therefore regarded as the first neuroimaging technique ever,
forerunner of the more refined techniques of FMRI, and PET. He was born in Turin, studied medicine there and
in Florence, Leipzig, and Paris, and was appointed professor of pharmacology (1876) and professor of
physiology (1879) at Turin. He invented various instruments to measure the pulse and experimented and wrote
upon the variation in the volume of the pulse during sleep, mental activity, or emotion.

2. FRANK FRANKE- For his contribution, He invented plethysmograph as part of a cardio application. The
instrument will measure the level of blood of a person when at rest.

3. CESARE LOMBROSO- He is an Italian Criminologist who wrote "L Homme

Criminel" in which he related his use of the Plethysmosgraph and Shpygmograph
during the interrogation of criminal suspects. This is to measure the degree of lying
caused by internal especially when not answering.

In the 1890s, Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso used a specialized glove to

measure a criminal suspect's blood pressure during interrogation.
Lombroso believed that criminals constituted a distinct, lower race, and his glove
was one way he tried to verify that belief.

4. FRANCISGALTON-He developed a much-acclaimed psychological test in 1879

whereby a patient is presented with a group of words sufficiently separated in time to
allow the patient to utter his first thought generated by each word. This is called Word-
Association Test or WAT.

Francis Galton was born on February 16, 1822, near Spark brook, Birmingham,
England, and was a cousin of the British naturalist Charles Darwin, sharing the common
grandparent Erasmus Darwin. His father was Samuel Tertius Galton, son of Samuel
"John" Galton.

5. HUGO MUSTERNBERG- He suggested the forensic application of the

word association technique in detecting deception. Hugo Münsterberg was a
German-American psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in applied
psychology, extending his research and theories to industrial/organizational,
legal, medical, clinical, educational, and business settings. Münsterberg
encountered immense turmoil with the outbreak of the First World War. Torn
between his loyalty to the United States and his homeland, he often
defended Germany's actions, attracting highly contrasting reactions.
6. ARTHUR BRUCE MCDONALD-He proposed a federal laboratory to study criminals and suggested the use of
apparatus containing all elements of modern polygraph to test a suspect.

7. VITTORIO BENUSSI- He presented a paper in March 1913 on the subject of

his experiment regarding respiratory symptoms of lying.

In his work, Benussi conducted numerous studies on optical illusions,

visual and haptic perception, spatial perception, as well as the perception of time.
He also developed one of the first lie detection tests.

8. DR. WILLIAM M. MARSTON- He devised the systolic blood pressure

deception test in 1915. William Moulton Marston, also known by the pen
name Charles Moulton, was an American psychologist, inventor of
an early prototype of the lie detector, self-help author, and comic book
writer who created the character Wonder Woman. Two women, his wife
Elizabeth Holloway Marston, and their polyamorous life partner,
Olive Byrne, greatly influenced Wonder Woman's creation. He was inducted
into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006.

9. DR. JOHN A. LARSON-He

developed an instrument that continually and simultaneously measured blood
pressure and respiration. John Augustus Larson was a Police Officer for Berkeley,
California, United States, and famous for his invention of modern polygraphs used
in forensic investigations. He was the first American police officer to have an
academic doctorate and to use the polygraph in criminal investigations. After a
famed career in the criminal investigation, he died of a heart attack in Nashville,
Tennessee at the age of 72.

10. LEONARDE KEELER- He developed an improvement of

Larson's apparatus. Leonarde Keeler was the co-inventor of the polygraph
machine. He was named after the polymath Leonardo da Vinci, and preferred to be called 'Nard.' He was a Berkeley
high school student and amateur magician. He was captivated by John Larson's machine-his so-called 'cardio-
pneumo psychogram, capable of deception, and worked on it to produce the modern polygraph. AMERICAN
POLYGRAPH EXPERT

11. JOHN E. REID- He developed the review control question

consisting of a known lie incorporate into relevant/ irrelevant test. The
Reid technique is a method of questioning suspects that were developed
in the 1950s in the United States by John E. Reid, an American
consultant, and polygraph expert who was a former Chicago police
officer. Supporters argue that the Reid technique, a psychological
method, is useful in extracting information from otherwise unwilling
suspects. But critics have found that the technique can elicit an
unacceptably high rate of false confessions from innocent people,
especially juveniles.

12. CLEVE BACKSTER- He developed the Backster Zone

Comparison and a quantification system of chart analysis.
Grover Cleveland "Cleve" Backster Jr. (February 27, 1924 - June 24,
2013) was an interrogation specialist for the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), best known for his experiments with plants using a polygraph
instrument in the 1960s which led to his theory of "primary
perception where he claimed that plants "feel pain" and have the
extrasensory perception (ESP), which was widely reported in the
media but was rejected by the scientific community.

13. RICHARD ARTHER- The First Polygraphist to record simultaneously on regular basis the chest and abdominal
breathing patterns during the polygraph examination.

E. People behind the introduction of the Polygraph machine during the early years.

1. 1895-Cesare Lombroso, an Italian Scientist, employed the first scientific instrument to

detect deception - HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH, which measured changes in pulse and
blood pressure when suspects are questioned about their involvement in a specific
offense.
2. 1914-VITTORIO BENUSSI, He successfully detected deception with a PNEUMOGRAPH - this
instrument that graphically measures an examinee's inhalation and exhalation. Benussi thus
demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception.

3. 1915-Makenzie wrote a second paper on the concept when finishing his undergraduate studies. He
entered Harvard Law School and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work in 1917.
According to their son, Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, was also involved in the
development of the systolic blood-pressure test: According to Marston's son, it was his mother
Elizabeth, Marston's wife, who suggested to him that "When she got mad or excited, her blood
pressure seemed to climb (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston's collaborator in
his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's work on
her husband's deception research. She also appears in a picture taken in his polygraph laboratory in
the 1920s (reproduced in Marston, 1938)."

The comic book character, called by William Marston as Wonder Woman (and influenced by
Elizabeth Marston carries a magic lasso) which was modeled upon the systolic blood-pressure test.

Marston then was the Self-proclaimed "Father of the Polygraph" despite his predecessor's
contributions. Marston remained the device's primary advocate, lobbying for its use in courts. In
1938, He published a book, "The Lie Detector Test," where he documented the theory and used the
device. In 1938, he appeared in advertising by the Gillette Company claiming that the polygraph
showed Gillette razors were better than the competition.

4. 1917- Further research made by WILLIAM MARSTON during this year dealt with the
SPHYGMOMANOMETER, which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure
readings during the examination.

5. 1920- A simple device recording both blood-pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1920 by
Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the
Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer

Further, work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. In 1906, the term "polygraph" was first
used by James MacKenzie in his invention of the "Ink Polygraph," which was also used for medical
reasons. 6.

6. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH - CESARE LOMBROSO - He was accorded as the first person who

utilizes an instrument in detecting deception.

His basis in detecting deception is by measuring the

blood pressure and pulse rate. is known as
HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH.

 ANGELO MOSSO- he stated that FEAR influenced

the heart and could be used as a basis for detecting
deception. He uses a sphygmomanometer and
scientific radio to study fear.
 DR. WILLIAM MARSTON- he conducted
numerous tests for detecting deception and utilizes
the change in systolic pressure to determine
deception. Marston also developed his method of
reading systolic blood pressure. He is known as the “Self-proclaim Father of Polygraph”
 JOHN A. LARSON- the real “Father of lie detection”
The present polygraph machine is attributed to Larson. He developed and study to record
at the same time the responses of the blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiration of the subject.

7. GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
 - STICKER - He introduced the method of detecting deception from the galvanic impression on the
chart tracing.

- VERGUTH He used the word PSYCHOGALVANIC reflex. He believed electrical phenomena are
due to the activity of sweat glands, and such activity is known as psychogalvanic".

8.
PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT - VITTORIO BENUSSI noted changes in inhalation ratio
during indications of deceptions.

-LEONARD KEELER- he devised a metal

recording bellows; rolled chart paper. In
1949, he incorporated Galvanograph
with measurement of blood pressure and
respiration into a portable case.
 Lecture II
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Origin and Classification of Lies
Key Facts

The Lie detection in the early period and even today must be noted that it is an assessment of a verbal
statement to reveal possible intentional deceit or lying when examining a subject or examinee.

 That Lie detection may refer to a cognitive process of detecting deception to a subject by evaluating message
content as well as non-verbal responses by the subject during the interview.
 It may also refer to questioning techniques used by examiners along with technology that records
physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response to question concerning the offense and
his/her alleged involvement.
 This technique in lie detection is commonly used by law enforcement agencies in the any United States, but
rarely in other countries, and has historically been an inexact science.
 The polygraph is the most common and long-used measure in the United States of America. Polygraphists
added that the result applies only to specific events and not to screening, where it is assumed that the
polygraph works less especially when examiners are not so equipped with training.

A. Kinds of Lie/Classifications of Lie

a. Bald-Faced lie-A bald-faced (or barefaced) lie is told when it is obvious to all concerned that it is a lie.

Example: A child who has a mango stain all over his face and denies that he has eaten any fruit, is a bald-
faced liar.

b. Lying by omission - One lies by omission or by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving another
person with a misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to correct pre-existing misconceptions.
 Example: You are aware that your officemate is stealing office items

c. Lie-to-children- A lie-to-children is often a platitude that may use the euphemism, that is told to make an
adult subject acceptable to children.

Example: The police officer will get you if you will cry.

d. White lie - A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered and offers some benefit to the liar, the
hearer, or both. This is to avoid the harmful consequences and realistic implications of the truth

Example: Telling someone that their new outfit looks good when you think that it is a horrible excuse for an
outfit.

e. NOBLE LIE - A noble lie would normally cause discord it if were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the
liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus potentially gives some benefit to others also. A noble lie
usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power. It is often told to maintain law, order, and safety.

Example: Claiming that someone is generous or a place is peaceful even if it is not.

f. EMERGENCY LIE-It is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be spoken. Example: A student might lie to
his classmate about his allowance to avoid getting into a bar. Or his answer in an examination to elude giving the
answer

g. PERJURY-It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or
affirmation in a court of law or any of various sworn statements in writing.

Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court, witness
testimony must be relied on a being truthful.

This is further defined in the Revised Penal Code particularly on Section 118, which states that "Every person
who, having taken an oath that he/she will testify, declare, deposed, or certify truly before any competent tribunal,
officer, or a person in any of the cases in which such an oath may by law be administered, wilfully, and contrary to
such oath, states as true any material matter which he knows to be false is guilty of perjury",

Also, perjury is defined as " a criminal act that occurs when a person lies or makes a statement that is not
truthful while under oath".

Example: Declaring in an honorable court that he/she tells the truth, but all information given is purely
inappropriate and purely false accusations.

h. BLUFFING - Bluffing is an act of deception that is not usually seen as immoral because it takes place in the
context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the pretentious players.

Example: Someone who is in his best outfit assuming to be the manager of the company. A talkative person
seems to be intelligent.

i. MISLEADING-A misleading statement is one where there isn't an outright lie, but still has the purpose of making
someone believe in an untruth.

Example: A person giving distorted information to law enforcers about the nature of his work

j. DISSEMBLING-This refers to a polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being merely
misleading and considered to be a euphemism for lying.

Example: (yes sir, I'm telling the truth though it's not) Similar to the act of misleading
k. EXAGGERATION - This occurs when the most fundamental aspect of a statement is true, but the degree to
which it is true is not correct.

Example: There is additional information in the given statement

l. JOCOSE LIE-Are lies that are meant in jest/joke and are usually understood as such by all present parties.

Example: telling stories employing a joke or sarcasm

m. PROMOTION LIES-Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible.

Example: The Company claimed that "we are always happy to give a refund." Or "we care so much about our
employees".

n. BELIEF SYSTEMS-It is alleged that some belief systems may find lying to be justified.

Example: Religious lies where one is believed to have spiritual healing from trees/water.

B. Augustine's Taxonomy of Lies

a) Lies in Religious Teaching.

b) Lies that harm others and help no one.
c) Lies that harm others and help someone.
d) Lies told for the pleasure of lying
e) Lies told to "please others in smooth discourse".
f) Lies that harm no one and that help someone.
g) Lies that harm no one and that save someone's life.
h) Lies that harm no one and that save someone's purity.

C. Reasons Why People Lie

This will prove the saying that" no one is perfect", Lying even started based on the history told by the
ancestors who lived and witnessed how deception was done and performed. It's an odious deed but it continued until
some learned that doing so will make someone free from punishment.

a. Lying in the bible - The Hebrew midwives lied to the king of Egypt rather than carry out his order to kill all
male Hebrew babies; the midwives did this because they "feared God". (Exodus 1:15-20)

Rehab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the Hebrew spies (Joshua 2:4-5) and was not killed by those
who were disobedient because of her faith (Hebrews 11:13)

Delilah repeatedly accused Samson of lying to her (Jg. 16:10-13) as she interrogated him about the source of
his strength.

Abraham instructs his wife, Sarai, to lie to the Egyptians and say that she is his sister (Gen 12:10), which
leads to the Lord punishing the Egyptians (Gen 12:17-19).

D. Consequences of Lying

a. Discovered - discovery of a lie tends to discredit other statements by the same speaker and can lead to social
and legal sanctions against the utterer.

b. Remain Undiscovered - undiscovered lie is a latent danger to the liar who is probably aware that it may be
discovered.
E. Common Representations of Lying

It is observed in the Filipino culture that superstitions are so intense by trying to connect each physical and
external sign. Below are some of the examples where lying is seen to a person.

a. Carlo Collodi's PINOCCHIO is a wooden puppet often led into trouble by his propensity to lie. His nose
grows with every lie. A long nose has thus become a caricature of liars. (Big Nose)

b. In the film LIAR LIAR, the lawyer Fletcher Reed (Jim Carrey) cannot lie for 24 hours due to a wish of his son
which magically came true. (Anything will appear)

c. In 1985 MAX HEADROOM, the title character comments that one can always tell when a politician lies
because their lips move". The joke has been widely repeated and rephrased (uncontrollable Movement of
Lips)

d. In the film, BIG FAT LIAR, the story with producer Marty Wolf, a notorious and proud liar himself. Each lie
he tells causes him to grow in size. (Big Fat Body)

Polygraphy in the Past

In the history of men, determining lies were done by the Datu's and respected elders in the
community when somebody was identified as doing wrong and refuses to accept the allegations including
those who defy orders though it was unwritten. By merely looking into the eyes, body movements, and lips
of the suspected individuals, the leader can immediately come up with a decision. There came out the
different methods of detecting deception including ordeal, and later a machine to aid the investigators.

A. History of Polygraph

 The experts who thought and developed that a polygraph instrument usually measures four to six
physiological reactions recorded by three different medical instruments are combined in one machine. Older
polygraph machines were equipped with long strips of paper that moved slowly beneath pens that recorded
the various physiological responses. Newer equipment uses transducers to convert the information to digital
signals that can be stored on computers and analyzed using sophisticated mathematical algorithms.

 The parts were identified and their usage including the methods of application and presentation.

• Development of Cardiosphygmorgaph Component

o CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH-the Blood pressure and heart rate are measured by the cardio-sphygmograph
component of the polygraph, which consists of a blood pressure cuff that is wrapped around the subject's
arm. During the questioning the cuff remains inflated.

o The movement of blood through the subject's veins generates a sound that is transmitted through the air in
the cuff to a bellows that amplifies the sound. The magnitude of the sound relates to the blood pressure and
the frequency of the changes in the sound relates to the heart rate.

• Development of Pneumograph Component

 o PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT - The pneumograph component of the polygraph records the subject's
respiratory rate. One tube is placed around the subject's chest and a second is placed around his or her
abdomen. These tubes are filled with air. When the subject breaths, changes in the air pressure in the tubes
are recorded on the polygraph.

• Development of Galvanograph Component

o GALVANOGRAPH-The galvanograph section records the amount of perspiration produced.

o It consists of electrical sensors called galvanometers that are attached to the subject's fingertips. The skin of
the fingertips contains a high density of sweat glands, making them a good location to measure perspiration.
Computerized Polygraph in the Philippines today, training and instruments

• Modern Polygraphy

o Computerized Polygraph in the Philippines today, training and instrument are provided by Truth Verifier
and Eyespy for investigation and educational demonstration purposes

o POLYGRAPHY - The science of Lie Detection is now part of the Scene of the Crime Operatives (SOCO)
activity in every crime laboratory in the collection of information as a shred of evidence in aid of
investigation.

• Basis Uses of the Polygraph

o Specific Case
o Paired Testing
o Periodic Clearance
o Pre-Employment

The Polygraph Instrument

 The Analog type The Computerized polygraph Machine

The polygraph Component attachment where to attach

1. Pneumo 1- to be placed at the abdomen

2. Pneumo 2- to be attached at the chest/thoracic

3. Galvano- is attached at the index and ring fingers on the left hand.

4. Cardiosphygmograph- BP cuff to be fastened on the right hand of the subject.

The Examination Room

When conducting a an examination, the room is one essential factor that leads to the smooth execution of
the test and that the following MUST be considered;

1. The room must be private and free from all outside noise and detracting influences.

2 Adequately lighted and well ventilated

3. Devoid of pictures, paintings, decors, or other ornaments.

4. Preferably sound-proof

5. Without any furniture other than a polygraph desk and chair.

6. Subject's chair with armrest and an examiner's stool.

7. With a one-way and remote sound system for monitoring the test proceedings to an authorized audience.

The Polygraph Examiner

One important personality in the conduct of polygraph tests is the presence of a competent, knowledgeable,
and honest examiner who MUST possess the following:

 TECHNICALLY, he must have complete knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities and limitations.

 MORALLY-he must maintain high personal integrity and increasing personal proficiency through constant
study and research.

 He constantly bears in mind his primary obligation to his subject that is to afford them all possible
safeguards against error and must not accept any subject whose physical or mental health or state makes
him unfit.

 He is an impartial seeker of truth.

 Never allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or prejudices to influence the results of the examination.

Selection of Test Subject

In the administration of polygraph examination, the condition of the subject is also an important factor to
get good results of the test.

 Permanent physical illnesses such as mental derangement, a certain heart condition, breathing disorder, and
addiction to narcotic drugs are definite causes that make a person unfit for a polygraph test.

 Temporary illness and conditions such as sickness, injury, pain, physical discomfort, external physical or
mental fatigue, colds, coughs, fever, allergies, and influences of sedatives and liquor are causes for deferment
of the test until such time that the subject regains his ordinary physical condition.

 Treatment of the subject before being asked to make or while awaiting a test affects the success of the
examination.

 Prolonged interrogation with constant accusation directed against the subject may condition him to react
falsely to the test or may result in a flat emotionless chart.

 A person's daily habit should not be upset more than necessary. The long delay should be avoided.

Psychological and Physiological Aspects of Lying

The indications of any of the signs when a person is lying manifest the presence of guilt
These may be observed as;

 SWEATING- the subject may experience this and be accompanied with a flushed face indicating anger,
embarrassment, or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a paled face may indicate a shock of fear. Sweating
hands indicate tension.

 COLOR CHANGE-this may be seen if the subject's face is flushed, it may indicate anger, embarrassment,
or shame. A pale face is a more common sign of guilt.
  DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH - the subject's nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of salivary secretion
and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes continuous swallowing and licking of the lips.

 Excessive activity of Adam's apple- the examiner may notice the subject on account of the dryness of
the throat aside from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva from the mouth and this causes the frequent
upward and downward movement of Adam's apple.

 Fidgeting - during the examination, the subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling his ears,
rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes,
eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension.

 Peculiar Feeling Inside-the subject will not be at ease because there is a sensation of lightness of the head
and the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience.

 Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion-as observed, usually a guilty subject frequently utters
such expression. "believe me I am telling the truth" or" you can kill me if I am lying", "Cross my heart"...etc.
Such expressions are given to make forceful and convincing his assertion of innocence.

 Spotless record- the subject may assert that it is not possible for him to do "anything like that in as much
as he is a religious man and that he has a spotless record or no record of involvement in illegal activities as a
Church leader or Pastor.

 Inability to look at the investigator "straight in the eye"- the subject does not like to look at the
investigator for fear that his guilt may be seen in his eyes. He will rather look at the floor or ceiling.

 "Not that I remember" expression the subject will resort to the use of "Not that I Remember" or "not that
I do not know" expression when answering to be evasive or to avoid committing something prejudicial to
him.

LIE or Giving of Dishonest answer

Explaining and reasoning out, digressing an answer, confusing anyone, muddling, and fumbling of
statements are all considered as confirmations and avowals of false testimonies. To fully understand what is Lie,
below are the common terms used.

 In layman's word, Lie is also called PREVARICATION

 It is a type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement to deceive, often with further intention to
maintain a secret or reputation, to protect someone's feelings from getting hurt, or to avoid punishment.

 It is an act of giving a malicious and nasty statement It may come as an untruthful confession during the
conversations.