MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION (A) SOME TERMS RELATED TO MOTION 2.1 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES ‘The quantities which we can measure are called the physical quantities. The physical quantities are classified into the following nvo broad categories: (2) Scalar quantities or scalars, and (2) Vector ‘quantities or vectors. (A) Scalar quantities or scalars : These are the physical quantities which are expressed only by their ‘magnitude. For example, if we say that the mass of a body is 5-0 kg, it has a complete meaning and we are completely expressing the mass ofthe body. Thus, we need the following two parameters to express a scalar ‘quantity completely : ) Unitin which the quantity is being measured, and Gi) The numerical value of the quantity. Remember that if the scalar is a pure number ike m, e, etc.) it will have no unit. Examples : Mass, length, time, distance, density, ‘volume, speed, temperature, potential (gravitational, ‘magnetic and electric), work, energy, power, pressure, ‘quantity of heat, specific heat, charge, electric power, resistance, density, mechanical advantage, frequency, angle etc. Scalar quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by the simple arithmetic methods, Scalar quantity is symbolically written by its English letter. For example, mass is represented by the letter m, time by 1 and speed by. (2) Vector quantities or vectors : These physical ‘quantities require the magnitude as well as the direction to express them, then only their meaning is complete. For example, if we say that “displace a particle from a point by 5 m”, the first question that will arise, will be “in which direction”? Obviously, by saying that the displacement is 5 m, its meaning is incomplete. But if we say that displace the particle from that point by 5 metre towards east (or in any other direction), it has a complete meaning. Thus, we require the following three meters to express a vector quantity completely : @ Unit, (ii) Numerical value of the quantity and (iii) Direction. Examples : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, moment of a force (or torque), impulse, weight, temperature gradient, electric field, magnetic field, dipole moment, efc. The numerical value of a vector quantity alongwith its unit gives us the magnitude of that quantity. It is always positive. The negative sign with a vector quantity implies the reverse (or opposite) direction. Vector quantities follow different algebra for their addition, subtraction and multiplication. A vector quantity is generally written by its English letter bearing an arrow on it or by the bold English letter. For example, velocity is written as 7 or v, acceleration by @ or a, force by F or F. Obviously the forces and — F are in opposite directions. 2.2 REST AND MOTION Every object in the universe is in motion. Everyday we see bodies moving around us e.g. birds flying, cars and buses moving, people SS 6 USESwalking, insects crawling, animals running etc. Our earth also moves around the sun so every thing on it is in a state of motion. The sun and stars are moving around the centre of their galaxy and the galaxies too are not at rest. Although nothing is at rest, but we often say that a stone lying on the ground is at rest because the stone does not change its position with respect. to us. Similarly, if we are sitting on a railway platform and look at a tree nearby, we say that the tree is at rest because it does not change its position with respect to us. But when we see a train leaving the station, we say that the train is in motion because it is continuously changing its position with respect to us. Thus, (at 1=0) (at For a moving body, if the distance travelled in certain time interval is much large as compared to the size of the body, the body can be assumed to be a point particle. In this chapter, we shall study the description of motion of a body assuming it to be a point particle. One dimensional motion : When a body moves along a straight line path, its motion is said 10 be one dimensional motion. It is also called ‘motion in a straight line or rectilinear motion. For example, the motion of a train on a straight track, a stone falling down vertically, a car moving on a long and straight road etc., are one dimensional (or rectilinear) motions. In such a motion, there is no movement of the body in lateral direction (e., no sideways motion). If a body moves on a plane along a curved path, its motion is two dimensional and if it ‘moves in space, its motion is three dimensional. In this chapter, we shall consider only the one dimensional motion. Representation of one dimensional motion : The path of one dimensional motion can be represented by a straight line parallel to the X-axis if X-axis is taken in the direction of motion. Each point on the straight line represents the position of particle at different instants. The position of particle at any instant ¢ is expressed by specifying the x coordinate at that instant. As the particle moves, its x coordinate will change with time 1. Example : The position of a pebble measured from its starting point, falling freely and vertically downwards at different instants is given in the table below : The motion of the pebble can be represented by choosing a proper scale for x on a straight line along X-axis as shown in Fig, 2.1. Here X-axis represents the vertically downward direction, x=0 3m 20m asm ==60 m eis) (att=2s) (atf=as) atta 43) Fig. 21 Representation of one-dimensional motion 2.3 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT Consider a body moving from a point A to a point B along the path shown in Fig. 2.2. Then total length of path from A to B is called the distance moved by the Fig. 22 Motion ofa body, while the length of body from Ato B straight line AB in direction from A to B (shown: by the dotted line in Fig. 2.2) is called the displacement of the body. Distance It is a sealar quantity. It is generally represented by the letter S. Unit : The S.. unit of distance is metre (m) and CGS. unit is centimetre (em). Displacement It is a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol 5” Unit : The S.L. unit of displacement is ‘metre (m) and C.GS. unit is centimetre (cm), eee, 2 aaaThe displacement being a vector, is represented by a straight line with an arrow, using a convenient seale. The tip of arrow on the straight line represents the direction of displacement, while the length of the straight line on proper scale represents its magnitude. InFig. 2.3 the vector PQ represents 40 m displacement in east direction with scale 1 cm = 10 m (displacement). Here origin P is the initial position and terminus Q is the final position of the body N 40m DISPLACEMENT e P @ ORIGIN TERMINUS 8 (A) The magnitude of displacement is either equal to or less than the distance. If motion is along a fixed direction, the magnitude of displacement is equal to that of distance, but if motion is along a curve or any zig-zag path, the magnitude of displacement is always less than that of distance. The magnitude of displacement can never be greater than the distance travelled by the body. (® In Fig. 2.2, the body moves from A to B along a curved path. The distance travelled by the body is equal to the length of the curved path AB, but the displacement of the body is along the straight line AB shown by the dotted arrow. Obviously the magnitude of displacement is less than the distance. i) InFig. 2.4, aboy travels 4 km towards east and then 3 km towards north. The total distance travelled Distance |. Ib is the length of the path traversed by the object | 1 ina certain time. 2. Itis a scalar quantity ie, it has only the magnitude, | 2. 3. It depends on the path followed by the object. | 3. 4, Iis always positive 4 5. Itcan be more than or equal tothe magnitude | 5 of displacement. 6. It may not be zero even if displacement is zero, | 6. bbut it can not be zero if displacement is not zero, 28 by the boy is OA + AB = 4 km + 3 km =7 km, but the displacement of the boy is OB = 5 km in direction OB i.e., 369° due north from east. NORTH ak 209° EAST 8 "* ro Thus, the magnitude of displacement is the length of the straight line between the final and initial positions. (2) The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it is always positive, but displacement is the shortest length in direction from initial position to the final position so it can bbe positive or negative depending on its direction. Q) The displacement can be zero even if the distance is not zero. If a body, after travelling, ‘comes back to its starting point, the displacement is zero but the distance travelled is not zero. (®) When a body is thrown vertically upwards from a point A on the ground, after some time it comes back to the same point A, then the displacement of the body is zero, but the distance travelled by the body is not zero (itis 2 if his the maximum height attained by the body). (di) A body moving in a circular path when reaches its original position after one round, then the displacement at the end of one round is zero, but the distance travelled by it is equal to the circumference of the circular path (= 2nr if r is the radius of the circular path). Displacement It isthe distance travelled by the object in a specified direction in a certain time (Le, itis the shortest distance between the final and initial positions). It is a vector quantity ic, it has both the magnitude and direction. It does not depend on the path followed by the object. It can be positive or negative depending on its direction.| Its magnitude can be less than or equal to the distance, bbut can never be greater than the distance. Itis zero if distance is zero, but it can be zero even if distance is not zero.2.4 SPEED AND VELOCITY For a moving body, speed is the quantity by which we know how fast the body is moving, while velocity is the quantity by which we know the speed of the body as well as its direction of motion. By speed we do not know the direction of motion of the body. (1) Speed It is a scalar quantity. It is generally represented by the letter u or v. If a body travels a distance S in time 4, then its speed v is Unit of distance Unit of Since S.1. unit of distance is metre (m) and of time is second (s), so the S.1. unit of speed is metre per second (m s“) and its C.GS. unit is centimetre per second (cm s“). Uniform speed : A body is said to be moving with uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time throughout its motion. Example : The motion of a ball on a frictionless plane surface is with uniform speed. Knowing the uniform speed of a body, we can calculate the distance moved by the body in a certain interval of time. If a body moves with uniform speed v, the distance travelled by it in time £ is given as [sx] 0.2) Non-uniform or variable speed : A body is said 10 be moving with non-uniform (or variable) speed if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. ‘Examples : The motion of a ball on a rough surface, the motion of a car in a crowded street, the motion of a vehicle leaving or approaching a destination etc., are with non-uniform speed. In case of bodies moving with non-uniform Unit : Unit of speed speed, we specify their instantaneous speed and the average speed. Instantaneous speed : When the speed of a body keeps on changing, its speed at any instant is measured by finding the ratio of the distance travelled in a very short time interval to the time interval. This speed is called the instantaneous speed. Thus, ‘The speedometer of a vehicle measures the instantaneous speed. Average speed : The ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time of journey is called its average speed. Thus, In case of a body moving with uniform speed, the instantaneous speed and the average speed ‘are equal (same as the uniform speed). 2) Velocity Thus, the rate of change of displacement of @ body with time is called the velocity. It is numerically equal to the displacement of the body in 1 s. Itis a vector quantity and is represented by the symbol i or ¥. For velocity, both its magnitude and direction must be specified. Two bodies are said to be moving with same velocities if both of them move with the same speed in the same direction. On the other hand, if two bodies move with the same speed but in different directions or with different speeds in the same direction, they are said to be moving with different velocities. Unit : The unit of velocity is same as the unit of speed ie. the S.I. unit of velocity is metre per second (ms) and the C.GS. unit is centimetre per second (cm s~!). Uniform velocity : if a body travels equal distances in a particular direction, in equal 2.3) SSS ESSintervals of time, the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity. Example : The rain drops reach on earth’s surface falling with uniform velocity*. A body, once started on a frictionless surface, moves with uniform velocity. If a body moving with a uniform velocity ¥ , has displacement $ in a time interval ¢ then by defirition ¥= $/t, 2 Digienet (= Non-uniform or“ variable velocity : The velocity of a body can be variable either due to change in its magnitude of in its direction or in both magnitude and direction. If a body moves unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of time, but its direction of motion does not remain the same, then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-uniform). Examples : The motion of a freely falling body is with variable velocity because although the direction of motion of the body does not change, but the speed continuously increases. Similarly, the motion of a body in a circular path even with uniform speed is with variable velocity because in a circular path, the direction of motion of the body continuously changes with time. In fact, its velocity changes at a uniform rate. At any instant, © la its velocity is along the tangent to the circular pathy} “Ss at that point, Fig. 25 shows pip. 2.5 Cireular path the direction of velocity v at Gf constant speed different points A, B, Cand but variable velocity D of the circular path. In case of a body moving with non-uniform velocity, we specify the instantaneous velocity and the average velocity. Instantaneous velocity : For a body moving with variable velocity, the velocity of the body at any instant is called its instantaneous velocity. It TThitally as the rain drop stars falling, fost ts velocity increases due to force of gravity, but very soon de to viscosity (or friction) and upthrust ofa. the viscous force and upthrast Dalances the force of gravity on the rain drop with the result ‘that the net force on the drop becomes zero. Then the drop falls down with a uniform velocity called the terminal velocity. is measured by finding the ratio of the distance travelled in a sufficiently small time interval, to the time interval. It is important to have time interval small enough so that the direction of motion does not change during this interval. Average velocity : If the velocity of a body ‘moving in a particular direction changes with time, the ratio of displacement to the time taken in entire joumey is called its average velocity. Thus, 25) Distinction between speed and velocity (1) The speed is a scalar quantity, while velocity is a vector quantity. The speed of a body at a given time tells us how fast the body is moving at that time. The same information is also obtained by its velocity, but the velocity also tells us the direction in which the body is moving For the motion in a straight line, the magnitude of velocity is its speed. The speed is always positive, but velocity is given positive or negative sign depending upon its direction of motion. The average velocity of a body can be zero, even if its average speed is not zero. Examples : (i) If a body starts its motion from a point and comes back to the same point after a certain time, the displacement is zero, 80 the average velocity is also zero, but the total distance travelled is not zero and therefore, the average speed is not zero. i) If a body moves in a circular path and covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed is uniform, but due to continuous change in its direction of motion, its velocity is variable. The instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed are not zero. ‘The displacement for one round is zero and therefore, the average velocity is also zero, but the average speed is 2mr/T if r is the radius of path and T is the time taken in one round. 2) ) EEE eaeDistinction between speed and velocity 2.5 ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION Generally, bodies do not move with uniform velocities. The velocity of a body changes either in magnitude or in direction or both in ‘magnitude as well as in direction. For example, the motion of a vehicle in a busy market, or while leaving or approaching a destination is with variable velocity. The motion of a planet or satellite in circular path is also with variable velocity. Now we consider the motion only in a straight line path. Here there is no change in direction of ‘motion and the change in velocity is only due to change in speed. In such a case, if the velocity of body increases with time, the motion is said to be accelerated, while if the velocity of body decreases with time, the motion is said to be decelerated (or retarded). Thus retardation is the negative acceleration*. Acceleration ‘Thus, acceleration is numerically equal to the change in velocity in 1 s. ie., ‘The S.1. unit of velocity is metre per second and of time is second. ++ S.L unit of acceleration is Unit : metre per second second ‘metre per second square or m s, Acceleration fs the increase in velocity per second, while ‘retardation is the decrease in velocity per second. ‘The C.GS. unit of acceleration is cm 5. Relation for acceleration : Let a body be ‘moving in a straight line in one direction with an initial velocity u, Its velocity changes in a short time interval 1 and the final velocity becomes v after time 1. Then change in velocity = (v ~ u) and time taken =f. e-» Zi } on2T) tat “Acceleration a = or ve If v > u, then a is positive, thus a is the acceleration. But if v Fig. 2.8 Displacement-time graph with a uniform velocity ‘The displacement-time graph is a straight line OP inclined to the time axis (Fig. 2.8). It shows the linear relationship between the displacement and time (i.e, the displacement of car is directly proportional to the time of travel or the car travels MTA TIT 35 equal distance in equal intervals of time in a certain direction). Thus a ‘The velocity of car can be obtained by finding the slope of the straight line OP. For this, take any two points A and B on the line OP as shown in Fig. 2.9 and draw perpendiculars AD and BE on the Y-axis and AF and BG on the X-axis from these points. y 50 & 3 Time (3) — Fig. 2.9 To find velocity from displacement-time graph From graph in Fig. 2.9, velocity of car = slope of the line OP BC _ ED _(#-D)m Dm = CA > GF aaa ee Obviously, larger the slope (ie. more inclined is the straight line), higher is the velocity Example (2) : Fig. 2.10 represents the displacement-time graph of a ball which while ‘moving on a perfectly smooth floor hits 2 wall at ¢ = 6 s and then comes back along the same line. The displacement (i.e., distance of ball from the starting point) at different instants of time is given in the table below. -— : In Fig. 2.10, Slope of the line OA = and slope of the line AB = Sm st “SS ast02 8 70 14 ime (6) Fig. 2.10 Displacement-time graph with positive and negative slopes Thus the slope of the line OA is positive (= 10 m s*) which represents the uniform motion ‘of ball with velocity 10 ms“! towards the wall (i., away from the starting point), while the slope of the line AB is negative 5 ms) which represents the uniform motion of ball with velocity 7-5 ms towards the starting point after hitting the wall. Note : The displacement-time graph can never be a straight line, parallel to the displacement axis because such a line would ‘mean that the distance covered by the body in a certain direction increases without any increase iin time (i.e., the velocity of the body is infinite) which is impossible. Case (3) : If a body moves with varying speed in a fixed direction ie., with variable velocity, the displacement-time graph is not a straight line, but it is a curve. The velocity at ‘any instant can then be obtained by finding the slope (or the gradient) of the tangent drawn on the curve at that instant of time, Example : Fig. 2.11 represents the displacement-time graph of a body for which y o12s4567 TIME (s) —= Fig. 2.11 Displacementtime graph with a variable velocity =e 37 displacement (i.., distance from the starting point) at different instants is given in the table below. The displacement-time graph is a curve PQ. ‘The velocity of body at time 1 = 5 s (or when the displacement S = 30 m) is obtained by finding the slope of the tangent BD to the curve drawn at the point A corresponding to = 5 s or 5 = 30 m. Slope of the tangent BD is BC _(S0-10)m_ 4m Slope= cp =" (7-33 = 4s i.e., the velocity of body at ¢ = 5s or = 30 m is 10 ms" Note that in this case, the slope of the curve is different at different points, so the velocity is different at different instants. Conclusions = (@ (a) If the displacement-time graph of an object, is a straight line parallel to the time axis, the objects stationary. (b) Ifthe graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis, the motion is with uniform velocity. (c) If the graph is a curve, the motion is with non-uniform velocity. i) In the displacement-time graph, the slope of the straight line (or the tangent to the curve at an instant) gives the velocity of the object at that instant. (a) If the slope is positive, it represents the motion away from the origin (or reference point). (b) If the slope is negative, it represents the motion towards the origin Knowing the velocity of the object at different instants from the displacement-time ‘graph, the velocity-time graph can be drawn. 2.7, VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH In the velocity-time graph, time is taken on X-axis and the velocity is taken on Y-axis, Since velocity is a vector quantity, the positive velocity means that the body is moving in a certain direction away from its initial position and the negative velocity means that the body is moving in the opposite direction (ie., towards the initial position). From the velocity-time graph, we can determine (a) the displacement of the body in a certain time interval and (b) the acceleration of the body at any instant. 10ms?(a) Determination of displacement from ‘the velocity-time graph : Since, velocity x time = displacement, the area enclosed between the velocity-time sketch and X-axis (i.e., the time axis) gives the displacement of the body. The area enclosed above the time axis represents the positive displacement i.e., the distance travelled away from the starting point, while the area enclosed below the time axis represents the negative displacement i.e., the distance travelled towards the starting point, The total displacement is obtained by adding them numerically with proper sign. But the total distance travelled by the body is their arithmetic sum (without sign). Example : Consider the velocity-time graph of a body in motion as shown in Fig. 2.12. *s (mes ‘Tame (6) > eocty Ve 4 d 2 Fig. 2.12 Velocity-time graph of a body in motion In Fig. 2.12, area of A abe 1 = 5 x base x height =} x4sx5mst=10m, area of trapezium cdef = ; x (sum of parallel sides) x height = 5 x6+3)sx5ms 20m, and area of trapezium fghi =5x4+2)sx5m Then the displacement of the body = area of ‘A abe — area of trapezium edef + area of trapezium Jghi = 10 m - 20 m + 15 m= 5 m, but the total distance travelled by body = area of A abe + area of trapezium cdef + area of trapezium fighi = 10m +20m+15m=45 m. (b) Determination of acceleration from the velocity-time graph : Since acceleration is equal to the ratio of change in velocity and time taken, therefore the slope (or gradient) of the velocity- time sketch gives the acceleration. 5m. Example : In Fig. 2.12, for the part ab of the motion Change in velocity Slope = ~ Change in time + Acceleration = 3 = 167 ms? In part bd, [5)-Slms* 6-3)s ©. Acceleration = — 5 ms? In part de, slope = 0, -. Acceleration = 0 Since the slope is positive in part ab, itis the accelerated motion; the slope is negative in part bd, the motion is decelerated or retarded and in part de the slope is zero, so the motion is with constant velocity. Now we can consider the following cases : Case (1) : If body is in motion with uniform velocity (ice., velocity remains constant with time), the velocity-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis Slope = -Sms? 6 4 3 2 VELOGITY (ms) —= ME @) — Fig. 2.13. Velocty-time graph for uniform velocity Example : In Fig. 2.13, 2 straight line AB represents the velocity-time graph of a body moving with a uniform velocity 4m s* for 5 s. The slope of the straight line AB is zero, therefore, its acceleration is zero. Displacement in 5 second = area of the rectangle OABC = OC x 0A=5 sx4m s1=20m. Case (2) : (a) If the body is in motion with ‘uniform acceleration (i.., equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time), the velocity- time graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis. The slope of the line gives the acceleration. Example : The table below represents the velocity of a body at different instants, starting from rest. a oeObviously, the velocity is increasing by an ‘equal amount in each second ie., the body is moving with uniform acceleration. The velocity- time graph is a straight line OP inclined to the time axis as shown in Fig. 2.14. y Bgegses VELOCITY (m5!) ‘rMe (6) —= Fig. 2.14 Velocitytime graph; velocity increasing by ‘equal amount in each second Distance travelled by the body in 8 second S'= area of triangle OPQ x base x height x 0Q« QP x8sx80mst = 320m. ‘Acceleration of the body = Slope of the line OP PQ _ (80-0)ms" 90 B-O)s sms = 10ms? (b) If the motion is with uniform retardation (i.e., its velocity decreases by an equal amount in each second), the velocity-time graph will be a straight line inclined to the time axis with a negative slope. Example : In Fig. 2.15, the straight line AB represents the velocity-time graph for a body y [°K 0 90) initially moving with a velocity 40 m s which comes to a stop in 4 s with uniform retardation. Distance travelled by the body in 4 s = Area of triangle AOB FOB x OA 4 x45x40ms1= 80m Retardation of the body — Slope of the line AB OA (0-40)ms ~ BO (4-0) © mst=10ms% Obviously, on velocity-time graph, larger the slope (i.e., more inclined isthe straight line), higher is the acceleration or retardation. (©) The velocity-time graph can never be a straight line parallel to the velocity axis because such a line would mean that the velocity increases without any increase in time (ie., acceleration is infinite) which is impossible. If the body initially is moving with some velocity and then it accelerates, the velocity- time sketch for the accelerated motion will start from the point on the velocity axis corresponding to the initial velocity of the body. Example : In Fig. 2.16, straight line AB represents the velocity-time graph of a car initially moving with velocity 10 m s and then with uniform acceleration. Its velocity at different instants is as given in the following table : @ 1 fs 4 TIME (s) —= ime graph when the(Displacement of the car in 5 second Area of trapezium ABDO (OA + DB) x OD x (10 +35) x 5 x45x5= 1125 m (i) Acceleration of the car = slope of the line AB _ BC _ (35~10) ms! “Ca GOs Bae sms Case (3) : Consider the motion of a body released from a height to fll down vericaly nitally from rest with velocity increasing uniformly for 5 s and acquiring the velocity 50 m s-!. Then after hitting the ground, it rises vertically upwards to the same height with velocity decreasing uniformly. In this case, the velocity-time graph is shown in Fig. 2.17 in which part AB shows the downward journey of body with postive velocity while part CD shows the upward journey with negative velocity (Gince the direction of motion has reversed). esgss< ei Tme(ns)> op Velocity (in m 5) —> bas Fig. 2.17 Velocitystime graph for free fall and the rise of a body (a) In part AB, acceleration = Slope of line AB =~ G0-5s (©) Total distance travelled in 10 s = area of triangle ABE ++area of triangle CDE 250m Displacement in 10 s =0 (zero). ‘Since inital and final positions are same. Conclusions = @ @ For motion with a uniform velocity, the velocity-time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis. (b) If the velocity-time graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis, the motion is with uniform acceleration. (©) If the velocity-time graph is a curve, the motion is with non-uniform acceleration. ‘The slope of the straight line (or the tangent to the curve at an instant) gives the acceleration at that instant. (a) The positive slope means velocity increasing with time ive., accelerated motion. (b) The negative slope means velocity decreasing with time ice., retardated motion and (c) the zero slope implies motion with constant velocity. Knowing the acceleration (ie., slope) at different instants from the velocity-time graph, we can draw the acceleration-time graph. (iv) The area enclosed between the velocity-time sketch and the time axis for a certain time interval gives the displacement in that interval of time. The area above the time axis gives the positive displacement, while the area below the time axis gives the negative displacement. Knowing the distance (or displacement) in different time intervals from the velocity-time graph, we can draw the distance-time (or displacement-time) graph. 2.8 ACCELERATION - TIME GRAPH In the acceleration-time graph, time is taken ‘on X-axis and acceleration is taken on Y-axis. From this graph, we can find the change in speed in a certain interval of time. For linear motion, acceleration x time = change in speed, therefore {from the area enclosed between the acceleration- time sketch and the time axis, we get the change in speed of the body for the given time interval. Let us consider the following cases : Case (1) : If the body is stationary or if it is moving with a uniform velocity, the acceleration is zero. The acceleration-time graph in such a di) w) a 0 eecase is a straight line coinciding with the time axis (Fig 2.18). ACCELERATION — oe — * Fig. 218. Acceleration-time graph for motion with uniform velocity Case (2) : If the velocity of body in motion increases uniformly with time, the acceleration is constant (i.e., the motion is uniformly accelerated). In such a case, the acceleration-time ‘graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis ‘on the positive acceleration axis. In Fig. 2.19, the straight line PQ represents the acceleration- time graph of a body moving with a constant acceleration (= OP). oo ™——_"* Fig, 219, Acceleration-time graph for uniform acceleration Case (3) + If the velocity of body decreases at a constant rate, the retardation is constant (ie., the motion is uniformly retarded). The acceleration- time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis on the negative acceleration axis. In Fig 2.20, the straight line PQ represents the acceleration-time y 7 — -Y Fig. 2.20, Acceleration-time graph for uniform retardation graph for a body moving with a constant retardation (= OP). Case (4) : If the velocity of body changes in an irregular manner, the acceleration is variable. The acceleration-time graph will then be a curve of any shape. 2.9 MOTION UNDER GRAVITY A body falling freely under gravity moves with a uniform acceleration of 98 m s? (or nearly 10 ms), For a body moving vertically upwards, there is a uniform retardation of 9-8 m s*. Thus ‘motion under gravity is an example of uniformly accelerated or uniformly retarded motion. Here we shall consider the motion of a freely falling body under gravity and we shall use the acceleration-time graph to obtain the velocity- time graph and the displacement-time graph. The acceleration-time graph for such a motion is a straight line parallel to the time axis. In Fig. 2.21, straight line AF represents the acceleration-time graph for a body falling freely (or moving) with uniform acceleration equal to 10ms, 8 ‘ACCELERATION (m =") > | | oe Fig. 2.21 Acceleration-time graph for a reel falling body This graph can be used to obtain the velocity-time graph, by finding the area enclosed between the straight line and the time axis for each interval of time of 1 s. Let the initial velocity at ¢ = 0 be zero, then Velocity after I s= Area OABP = 10x 1= 10m Velocity after2 Velocity after3 Velocity after 4 s= Area OAES = 10x4=40ms* Velocity after $ s= Area OAFT = 10%5=50ms* aa 3) eeeThe velocity-time graph from the above data is shown in Fig. 2.22, which is a straight line OA inclined with the time axis and having a slope of 10ms~ (which is equal to the acceleration of the body). oe 3 “TIME (s) — Fig, 222 Velocitytime graph fora freely falling body The velocity-time graph (Fig. 2.22) can be used to obtain the displacement-time graph by finding the area enclosed by the straight line OA with the time axis at each interval of time of 1 s. Disceneatin saa ofcap= Ex D125 Displacement in 2s = Area of A obg= > x2x20 =20m 2 Disphceneatin3 += Aetof Aoer= 4343045 Digiaemetin és Amaotaads= Pi a= 8m Diplometins seat oa = 1x 5%50=125m, The displacement-time graph from the above data is shown in Fig. 2.23 which is a curve OA (parabola). It may be noted that for a freely falling body, the displacement is directly proportional to the square of time (S « #). The table below represents 3 DISPLACEMENT (m) ousessé 3 TIME (s) —= Fig. 223 Displacement-time graph for a Sreely faling body the square of time (P) and displacement (S) from the above data. ‘Now a graph plotted by taking the displacement (S) on Y-axis and the square of time (?) on X-axis is a straight line OA as shown in Fig. 2.24 with (80-20)ms? _ 60 a the slope = STE ys = yp mst = Sms? ‘The slope is half the acceleration due to gravity. ‘Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) can be obtaned by doubling the slope of the S-# graph for a freely falling body. ‘Square of ine (€) —= Fig. 224 $2 graph fora freely falling body 1. The following table represents the distance of a car at different instants in a fixed direction. (a) Draw displacement-time graph and with its help, find whether the motion of car is uniform (or non-uniform? (b) Use graph to calculate : () the velocity of car (i) the displacement of ear at = 2-5 s and 12455. (a) The displacement-time graph for the car is, shown in Fig. 2.25. Since it is a straight line Ee See(A inclined with the time axis, so the motion of car is with uniform velocity. [« = Es i is 0 1 e253 4455 ~* THe) — Fig. 2.25 ©) @ Velocity = Slope of the straight line OA BA (50-0)m 50 oye 2 toms! (6-05 Gi) From the graph, it is clear that at 1 = 25 5, displacement is 25 m and at 1= 45s, displacement is 45m. 2, Fig 2.26 shows the displacement-time graph for the motion of two boys A and B along a straight road in the same direction. wee 6 Time (r= Fig. 226 Answer the following : (® When did B start after A? Gi) How far away was A from B when B started ? (til) Which of the two has greater velocity ? (iv) When and where did B overtake A? (@ B started his motion 2 h later from the start of A, i) When B started, A was at distance 10 km away from B. ii) B has greater velocity than A since the straight line on graph for B has greater slope than that for A, (iv) B overtook A at the instant when both were at the same place, This position is at the point where the two straight lines ‘meet each other. For this point, distance from the starting point is 20 km and time is 4h. Thus B overtook A when A has travelled for 4 h (or B has travelled for 4-2 = 2 h) at distance 20 km from the starting point 3. A car travels with a uniform velocity of 20m s* for 5 s. The brakes are then applied and the car is uniformly retarded. It comes to rest in further 8 s. Draw a graph of velocity ‘against time. Use this graph to find : (i the distance travelled in first 5 5, (i the distance travelled after the brakes are applied, (Gi) total distance travelled, and (iv) acceleration during the first 5s and last 8s. The graph of velocity against time is shown in Fig. 227 y of B 15 i “0 i 5 i 5 ‘o OSES TS ETE TOIT Ie TTME (¢) —+ Fig. 227 (The distance travelledin first 5 s = area of rectangle OABD = OD x OA = 58x 20m st = 100m (ii) The distance travelled by car after the brakes are sli weact0C=) «DCB VELOCITY (ms) = = 5 x(13-5)sx20ms1=80m, (iii) Total distance travelled =area of rectangle OABD + area of triangle BDC = 100 + 80 = 180m (iy) Acceleration in the first 5s (in part AB) = 0 (ince straight line AB is parallel to the time axis, so slope = 0). Acceleration in the last 8 s (in part BC) = Slope of the line BC _ BD _(0-20)ms! __20ms #202 oss =-25ms? EEE 3 ee eeSince acceleration is negative, so retardation =25 ms? 4. A train starts from rest and accelerates ‘uniformly at 100 m minute? for 10 minutes. Find the velocity acquired by the train, It then ‘maintains a constant velocity for 20 minutes. ‘The brakes are then applied and the train is uniformly retarded. It comes to rest in ‘S minutes. Draw a velocity-time graph and use it to find : (® the retardation in the last 5 minutes, Gi) total distance travelled, and ii) the average velocity of the train. Initial velocity = 0, time interval = 10 minute, acceleration = 100 m minute. Final velocity Initial velocity "Time interval Final velocity ~0 ‘Time interval acceleration x time interval 100 m minute? x 10 minute = 1000 m minute! +The final velocity acquired = 1000 m minute-!, ‘The velocity-time graph is shown in Fig 2.28. ‘Acceleration = or Final velocity = = § ot & 0 - TIME (minutos) —e Fig. 2.28 @_ Retardation in the last 5 minutes =~ Slope of the line BC. BE "EC Gi) Total distance travelled = Area of trapezium OABC =} (C+AB) x AD = 5 5-+ 20) minute x 1000 m minute! = 55 x 500m 27500 m (or 27-5 km). ‘Total distance travelled ‘Total time of travel 27500 _ 7859 m . Gi) Average velocity = 35 minute 5. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 40 m s+, Taking g = 10 ms, draw the velocity-time graph of the motion of stone till it comes back on the ground. (@ Use graph to find the maximum height reached by the stone. i) What is the net displacement and total distance covered by the stone ? (@ Given, w=40ms4, g=10ms% AAs the stone rises up, the velocity decreases at the rate of 10 m 5%. When the velocity becomes zero, the stone is at its highest position. Then it begins to fall and its velocity increases at a rate of 10 m s. The velocity of stone at different instants is shown in the following table (the upward direction is taken positive). Fig. 2.29 shows the velocity-time graph. = — 8 g Fig. 2.29 Maximum height reached by the stone = Area of A OAB 1 = topxoa 3x45 x40ms!= 80m, Gi) Net displacement = Area of A OAB ~ Area of A BDC 2 opxon-} wxoe = x4sx40ms) (3 x4sx40ms)=0 SEE 6 aaTotal distance covered = Area of A OAB + Area of A BDC = 80 m+ 80 m= 160m 6. A.car starting from rest, accelerates at a rate of 2m s? for 5 s. For this journey, (a) draw the yelocity-time graph (b) draw the displacement-time graph using the velocity- time graph in part (a). Given, «=0, a=2ms?. ‘The velocity of car at different instants is given in the table below Fig. 2.30 shows the velocity-time graph. @ (b) From Fig. 2.30, the displacement of car at any instant can be obtained by finding the area enclosed by the straight line with the time axis up to that instant, Att=1s, displacement §= > x1x2=1m Ats=25, displacement $= > x2x4=4m Att=35, displacement S= > x3x6=9m ete ie le Atr=4s, displacement $= > x4x8=16m Ate=5 displacement $= > 5x 10=25m The table below gives the displacement of car at different instants. The displacement-time graph is shown in Fig. 231. ‘Tie (n second) —> Fig. 2.31 Displacement-time graph 7. The following table represents the velocity of a moving body at different instants of time. Draw the velocity-time graph and answer the following = (For which interval of time the body has a uniform motion ? Find the velocity in this time interval? (i) For which interval of time the body has the accelerated motion ? Calculate the acceleration. ii) For which interval of time, the body has retardation ? Calculate the retardation. The velocity-time graph is shown in Fig. 2.32. y B 8 VELOCITY (ms) -» 5 10 18 20 28 90 x TIME (8) + Fig. 232 (The body has uniform motion from ¢ = 105 tot = 15 s in part be since velocity is constant and is equal to 20 m s* during this interval. (i) The body has the accelerated motion from 1 = 0s tof = 10 $ in part ab, and also from f= 15s tot = 20s in part cd since velocity is increasing with time during these intervals. From 1=0 to r= 10 s, in part ab ‘Acceleration a = Slope of the straight line abFrom r= 15 s to ¢= 20s, in part cd Acceleration a” = Slope of the line cd loms Ss _ 30-20)ms" =" @0=15)s =2ms? (ii) "The body has retardation from ¢= 20's to t=30s, in part de, Retardation = — Slope of the line de 30)ms ~0-20)s 3ms? 10s 1. For the motion with uniform velocity, how is the distance travelled related to the time ? ‘Aus. Distance is directly proportional to time. 2. What informations about the motion of a body are obtained from the displacement-time graph ? 3. (@) What does the slope of a displacement-time graph represent ? (b) Can displacement-time sketch be parallel to the displacement axis ? Give reason to your answer. 4. What can you say about the nature of motion of a body if its displacement-time graph is (@) a straight line parallel to time axis ? (b) a straight line inclined to the time axis with an acute angle ? (©) a straight line inclined to the time axis with an obtuse angle ? @acure. ‘Ans. (a) body is stationary (or no motion), (b) motion away from the starting point with uniform velocity (c) motion towards the starting point with uniform velocity @ motion with variable velocity. 5. Draw a displacement-time graph for a boy going to school with a uniform velocity. 6. State how the velocity-time graph can be used to find Gi) the acceleration of a body, (i the distance travelled by the body in a given time, and ii) the displacement of the body in a given time. 7. Fig. 2.33 shows displacement-time graph of two vehicles A and B moving along a straight road Which vehicle is moving faster ? Give reason, I s : : j 8 x TE) — Fig, 2.33 Ams. Vehicle A Reason : Slope of line A is more than that of line B. 8. State the type of motion represented by the following sketches in Fig. 2.34 (a) and (b). ge ThE TE @ Fig. 234 Give example of each type of motion. ‘Ans. (a) Uniformly accelerated motion e.g. motion of a body released downward. (©) Motion with a variable retardation e.g. a car approaching its destination. 9. Draw a velocity-time graph for a body moving with an initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a. Use this graph to find the distance travelled by the body in time t. What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent ? ‘Ans. Acceleration Fig 2.35 shows the velocity-time graph for two cars A and B moving in same direction. Which ccar has the greater acceleration ? Give reason to your answer. y VELooITY =, VELOCITY ==, 10. 1 | 8 e 8 a g on x TME— Fig, 235 Ans. B ‘Reason : Slope of straight line for car B is more than that of line A. 12. Fig. 2.36 shows the displacement-time graph for four bodies A, B, C and D. In each case state what information do you get about the acceleration (zero, positive or negative). Ee SS See13, 4. 15. 16. 17. 18, t} 4 t 8 a) SS = = t c ft 8 8) 8 — > Fig. 2.36 Ans, A + Zero acceleration since slope (ée,, velocity) is constant, B : zero acceleration since slope is constant, C : negative acceleration (or retardation) since slope is decreasing with time, D + positive acceleration since slope is increasing with time. Draw the shape of the velocity-time graph for a body moving with (a) uniform velocity, (b) uniform acceleration. ‘The velocity-time graph for a uniformly retarded body isa straight line inclined tothe time axis with an obtuse angle. How is retardation calculated from the velocity-time graph ? ‘Ans. By finding the negative slope Draw a graph for acceleration against time for a ‘uniformly accelerated motion. How can it be used to find the change in speed in a certain interval of time ? Draw a velocity-time graph for the free fall of a body under gravity, starting from rest. Take g=10ms?, How is the distance related with time for the motion under uniform acceleration such as the ‘motion of a freely falling body 2. Ams. $ x 2 A body falls freely from a certain height. Show graphically the relation between the distance fallen and square of time. How will you dotermine g from this graph ? ‘Multiple choice type : ‘The velocity-time graph of a body in motion is a straight line inclined to the time axis. The correct. statement is : (@) velocity is uniform (b) acceleration is uniform (©) both velocity and acceleration are uniform (d) neither velocity nor acceleration is uniform. ‘Ans. (b) acceleration is uniform. For uniform motion : (@) the distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis (b) the speed-time graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis. (©) the speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, (@) the acceleration-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis. ‘Ans. (©) the speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, 3. For auniformly retarded motion, the velocity-time graph is : (a) a curve (b) a straight line parallel to the time axis (©) a straight line perpendicular to the time axis. (@) a straight line inclined to the time axis. ‘Ans. (@) a straight line inctined to the time axis Numericals : 1, Fig. 2.37 (@) shows the displacement-time graph for the motion of a body. Use it to calculate the velocity of body at *= 1's, 2s and 3 s, then draw the velocity-time graph for it in Fig. (b). 1 4 Ea a4 £ 4 2 i : if 1 Poo FS Me 6) — TIME 6) ()Fig.237 © 2. Following table gives the displacement of a car at feat intents of tine (@) Draw the displacement-time sketch and find the average velocity of car. (b) What will be the displacement of car at (25 s and (ii) 45.5.7 ‘Ans. (a) 5 ms“, (b) @ 125 m, (i) 22-5 m. 3. A body is moving in a straight line and its displacement at various instants of time is given in the following table : Plot displacement-time graph and calculate : () total distance travelled in interval 1 s to 5 s, Gi) average velocity in time interval 1 sto 5 s. Ans. G) 12 m (ii) 3 ms Ps 7 SS Sa4, Fig. 238 shows the displacement of a body at different times. DISPLACEMENT (m) oF Bsase78 900 TIME (@) —+ Fig. 2.38 (@ Calculate the velocity of the body as it moves for time interval i) 0 to 5 s, Gi) 5 507 5 and (ii) 7 510.9. (©) Calculate the average velocity during the time interval 5 s to 9's. [Hint : From 5 s to 9 s, displacement =7m-3m=4m] Ans. (a) Gi) 06 m s+, Gi) Om, (ii) 2 ms", @)1mst 5. From the displacement-time graph of a cyclist, given in Fig. 2.39, find : i the average velocity in the first 4 s, (Gi) the displacement from the initial position at the end of 10s, (iii) the time after which he reaches the starting point. DISPLACEMENT (m) —» if aL Fig. 239 Ans. (i) 25 ms“, (ii) -10 m, (iii) 7 s and 13 s. 6. Fig. 2.40 ahead represents the displacement-time sketch of motion of two cars A and B. Find : @ the distance by which the car B was initially ahead of car A. Gi) the velocities of car A and car B. ii) the time in which the car A catches the car B. eran = CSE «a: z Y DISPLACEMENT (km) —= TIME (b) —= Fig. 2.40 (Gy) the distance from start when the car A will catch the car B. ‘Ans. (i) 40 km, (i) A— 40 km b-!, B— 20 km br! (ii) 2h, Gv) 80 km, 7. A body at rest is made to fall from the top of a tower. Its displacement at different instants is iven in the following table : Draw a ime graph and state whether the motion is uniform or non-uniform ? 8. Fig. 2.41 (a) shows the velocity-time graph for the motion of a body. Use it to find the displacement of the body at t= 1s, 25,35 and 4, then draw the displacement-time graph for it on Fig. 2.41 (b). 14 14 Ss Eo & & g 54 E a EY 2 g dy ie The) Me 6) @ Fig. 241 oo 9. Fig. 2.42 given below shows a velocity-time ‘graph for a car starting from rest. The graph has three parts AB, BC and CD. y VELOCITY (m D i t a 2st x TE —= Fig, 242 (i) State how is the distance travelled in any part determined from this graph. Gi) Compare the distance travelled in part BC with the distance travelled in part AB.Gi) Which part of graph shows motion with uniform (a) velocity (b) acceleration (© retardation ? iv) (@) Is the magnitude of acceleration higher ‘or lower than that of retardation ? Give a reason. (b) Compare the magnitude of ‘acceleration and retardation, By finding the area enclosed by the graph in that part with the time axis. (il) 2: 1 ii) (@) BC (b) AB (©) CD Giv) (a) lower, as slope of line AB is less than that of the line CD, (b) 1 : 2 10, ‘The velocity-time graph of a moving body is given below in Fig. 2.43. Ans. () - ic E a Bt > K-24 6 8 ‘TIME (8) —> Fig. 2.43 Find : () the acceleration in parts AB, BC and CD. Gi) displacement in each part AB, BC, CD, and (ii) total displacement, Ans, (i) AB : 75m s?, BC: 0ms®, CD: Gi) AB : 60 m, BC : 120 m, CD : 30 m Gi 11, A ball moves on a smooth floor in a straight Tine with a uniform velocity 10 m s- for 6 s. Sms? 210m ‘Att =6 5, the ball hits a wall and comes back along the same line to the starting point with same speed, Draw the velocity-time graph and use it to find the total distance travelled by the ball and its displacement. ‘Ans, Distance = 120 m, displacement = 0. 12. Fig. 2.44 shows the velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line, (i) State the nature of motion of particle (i) Find the displacement of particle at 1265. ii) Does the particle change its direction of ‘motion ? Gv) Compare the distance travelled by the particle from 0 to 4 s and from 4 s t0 6 s. (¥) Find the acceleration from 0 to 4 s and retardation from 4 s to 6 s. 12 3 4 5 6 TIME (3) — Fig. 244 Ans. (i) Uniformly accelerated from 0 to 4 s and then uniformly retarded from 4 s to 6 s Gi) 6 m Gi) No, (iv) 2:1 (v) acceleration = 0-5 m s™, retardation = 1 m s. (C) EQUATIONS OF MOTION 2.9 EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION For motion of a body moving with a uniform acceleration, the following three equations give the relationship between initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), time of journey (#) and distance travelled (S) : () v=u+at @ Sap wryrsus tat and | ..(2.8) G) Vv =u + 2aS SS ae. 49 Derivation (1) Graphical method (from velocity-time graph) Consider the linear motion of a body with an initial velocity u. The body accelerates uniformly and in time 1, it acquires the final velocity v. The velocity-time graph is a straight line AB as shown in Fig. 2.45. It is evident from the graph that Initial velocity (at r=0) = OA=u Final velocity (at time 1) = OC =v< VELOCITY (ms) —= 2 t TIME (s) —= Fig. 245 Graph showing the linear motion with uniform acceleration (@ Acceleration a = Slope of the line AB oc- 0a or or or (29) Gi) The distance 5 travelled in time 1 = area of the trapezium OABD = area of rectangle OAED + area of triangle ABE or $= OAxOD+ + x BEXAE = uxtt dt x@-wxt But from eqn (2.9), v— :. From eqn. (2.10), (iii) The distance S travelled in time r = area ofthe trapezium OABD or $=} (0A+DB)x0D (2.10) Sat wo) G12) 1 or = 7 utyxe (2) Alternative method (i By definition, Changein Acceleration = or or or Al) (i) Distance travelled = Average velocity x time = [itelety# Haal wets) ‘seitinin sat or es But from eqn. (1), v=u + ar usta) : 2 or S= ($2) xt or Seut tat (2) ii) Distance travelled = Average velocity x time or aa Sn But from eqn. (1), v or t 4 2 or -u = 2aS or va +208 -@) Equations (1), (2) and (3) are same as the equations (2.9), (2.11) and (2.13). Special cases (a) When a body starts from rest, initial velocity is zero (u=0), then @ v = at @) Ss (ii) P= (b) Ifabody is moving with a uniform retardation, a will be negative. The equations of motion then take the form : @ v= @ s fii) i % 14) u-at = wt 5 at (215)1. A car acquires a velocity of 72 km bh in 10 s starting from rest. Calculate : () the acceleration, i) the average velocity, and (i) the distance travelled in this time. Given, initial velocity u = 0 Final velocity v = 72 km ho! = 2x10Om oom st 60x608 ‘Time taken t= 105 @ ii) Distance travelled § 10 ms) x (10 8) = 100 m Alternative method : Distance travelled $ = ut + 4 a = 04} x2x (107 = 10m 2. A ball is initially moving with a velocity 05 ms. Its velocity decreases at a rate of (0-05 m s#. (a) How much time will it take to stop? (b) How much distance will the ball travel before it stops ? Given, initial velocity u = 0-5 m s+, final velocity ¥=0, acceleration a=—0.05 ms“ (Here negative sign is used since velocity decreases with time). (@) From equation of motion v= u + at 0 = 05-005 x1 or 0051 = 05 os or 1 dog 7108 (b) From equation of motion v= 1 + 2a S 0 = 5%-2x005x5 or O15 = 025 or S=—— =25m on 3. A body initially at rest travels a distance 100 m im S s with a constant acceleration. Calculate : EE 5) (® the acceleration, and (i) the final velocity at the end of 5 s. Given, initial velocity 1 time taken 1= 5s. (® From equation of motion $= ut+ 4 ai? 100 =0x5+ 2 xax? 1 02d x250 or Aecton an 122 og From equation of motion v = u + at Final velocity v= 0+ 8 x 5 = 40 ms, 4. A car initially at rest starts moving with a constant acceleration of 0-5 m sand travels a distance of 25 m. Find : (fits final velocity ‘and (ii) the time taken. Given, initial velocity w acceleration a = 05 ms distance travelled S = 25 m. (From equation of motion v2 = 1+ 2aS v8 = (OP +2x05%25 or v= 25 ‘or Final velocity v = 25 =Sms? i) From equation of motion S=0+05xt or O51=5 tat 5. A body moving with uniform acceleration travels 84 min the first 6 s and 180 m in the next 5s. Find : (a) the initial velocity, and (©) the acceleration of the body. Let u be the initial velocity and a be the acceleration of the body. Given, $, = 84m, f, = 65, 5,= 84 + 180 = 264 m and 4, = 6 +5= 11s From relation $= ut+ $a? Distance travelled in 6 5, B= x64 Sax? or6u4 I80=84oru+3a=14 on @) Distance travelled in 11s, 264 uxll+ > ax (ly?@ wi or ttn + ha 264 or w+ = (On solving eqns. (i) and (i), Initial velocity of body w= 2m st and acceleration a = 4m, A body with an initial velocity of 18 km h-! accelerates uniformly at the rate of 9 em s* over a distance of 200 m. Calculate : (the acceleration in m 5, (Gi) its final velocity in m ‘Acceleration = 9 em $? = 75 ms? = 009 ms Given, initial velocity w= 18 km hb 18000 m, = xa =5mst Acceleration a = 0.09 m s® and distance $ = 200 m From equation of motion v? = w + 2aS (©) Distance travelled in 5 second, Distance travelled in 5 s— Distance travelled in4s = 5,-S, = (625-40) m=225m 8. A particle starts to move in a straight line from ‘a point with velocity 10 m s*! and acceleration ~ 20 ms. Find the position and velocity of the particle at ()¢=5s, (i= 10s. Given, w= 10 ms" 20ms? (Displacement at sis Seurttar = 10x54 2 xC 20157 = 50-25-25 m i.e, after 5 5, the particle will be at distance 25m from the starting point. Velocity at1= 5 sis veusat v = 104+(-20)x5=0 5)+2% 009x200] or Peds pancel ive. the particle is momentarily at estat = 5's. : Final velocity v = J6i =7-81ms#, | 4 Displacement at / = 10 sis 1 7. A particle initially at rest, moves with an Saute par? acceleration 5 m s* for § s. Find the distance 1 travelled in (a) 4 s, (b) 5 s and (c) S* second, = 10x10+ 5 x(-20)x (10? Given, initial velocity u = 0, ? 7. = 100 - 100 = 0 (zero) acceleration a = 5 m s i.e. after 10 s, the particle has come back to (@) Distance traveled in t= 4 5, the starting polat. Sys ut Fah =0x4+ 4 xSP Velocity at ¢ = 10s is ee vsusal or v = 10+(-20)x10 (©) Distance travelled in 1= 58, aii 5,2 utt dah a0xs+t x55 die. velocity is 10 m s-! towards the starting 2 2 point (i.e., opposite to the initial direction of oa mation). SE 20) |. Write three equations of uniformly accelerated ‘ay wrens ‘motion relating the initial velocity (u), final velocity i) Sm ateig a (time (), acceleration (a) and displacement (S). Gi) Fe + 208 2. Derive following equations for a uniformly | where the symbols have their usual meanings. ET 52 3. Write an expression for the distance $ covered in time ¢ by a body which is initially atrest and starts moving with a constant acceleration a. Multiple choice type : 1. The comet equation of motion is : @ veutas © veurta © @ +at Ans. (@) 2. A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly to acquire a speed 20 km h* in 30 min. The istance travelled by car in this time interval will far wt da utat be (a) 600 km (b) 5 km (©) 6km (@) 10 km Ans. (b) 5 km ‘Numericals : 1. A body starts from rest with a uniform acceleration 2 ms, Find the distance covered by the body in 2 s Ans. 4m 2. A body starts with an intial velocity of 10 ms“ and acceleration $m 5. Find the distance covered by it in 5s, Ans, 112-5 m 3. A vehicle is accelerating on a straight road. Its velocity at any instant is 30 km h~', after 2s, it is 336 km br! and after further 2 , it is 37-2 km tr. Find the acceleration of vehicle in ms. Is the acceleration uniform ? ‘Ans. 05 ms, Yes 4. A body, initially at rest, starts moving with a ‘constant acceleration 2 m s*, Calculate : (i) the velocity acquired and (ji) the distance travelled in5s. Ans. (i) 10. ms", Gi) 25 m 5. A bullet initially moving with a velocity 20 m s-* strikes a target and comes to rest after penetrating a distance 10 cm in the target, Calculate the retardation caused by the target. ‘Ans. 2000 m s? 6. A train moving with a velocity of 20 m sis, brought to rest by applying brakes in 5s, Calculate the retardation, ‘Ans. 4 ms? 7. A train travels with a speed of 60 km hr! from station A to station B and then comes back with ‘speed 80 km hr from station B to station A. Find : () the average speed, and (ji) the average velocity of train. ‘Ans. (i) 68:57 km h!, (i) zero 8. A train is moving with a velocity of 90 km hr! It is brought to stop by applying the brakes 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, which produce a retardation of 0-5 m s~. Find : (the velocity after 10 s, and (ji) the time taken by the train to come to res. Ans. (i) 20 m s*, Gi) 50s A car travels a distance 100 m with a constant acceleration and average velocity of 20 ms“, The final velocity acquired by the car is 25 m s"!. Find : (i) the initial velocity and (ii) acceleration of car. Ans. (i) 15 ms? (i) 2ms? ‘When brakes are applied to a bus, the retardation produced is 25 cm s-? and the bus takes 20 s to stop. Calculate : (i) the initial velocity of bus, ‘and (ii) the distance travelled by bus during this time. ‘Ans. (i) 5 ms", Gi) 50m ‘A body moves from rest with a uniform acceleration and travels 270 m in 3 s. Find the velocity of the body at 10 s after the start. ‘Ans. 600 m s-! ‘A body moving with a constant acceleration travels the distances 3 m and 8 m respectively in 1 s and 2s, Calculate : () the initial velocity, ‘and (ii) the acceleration of body. Ans. (i) 2 ms, Gi) 2m s? A car travels with a uniform velocity of 25 ms for 5 s. The brakes are then applied and the car is uniformly retarded and comes to rest in further 10 s. Find : (i) the distance which the car travels before the brakes are applied, (ji) the retardation, and (iii) the distance travelled by the car after applying the brakes. Ans. (i) 125 m, (ii) 25 m s*, Gil) 125 m A space craft flying in a straight course with a velocity of 75 km s* fires its rocket motors for 60s. At the end of this time, its speed is 120 km sin the same direction. Find : @) the space craft's average acceleration while the ‘motors were firing, (i) the distance travelled by the space craft in the first 10 s after the rocket ‘motors were started, the motors having been in action for only 6.0. Ans. () 7-5 km s, (i) 1065 km ‘A train starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate of 2 m s for 10 s, It then maintains a ‘constant speed for 200 s. ‘The brakes are then applied and the train is uniformly retarded and comes to rest in 50 s, Find : (i) the maximum velocity reached, (ii) the retardation in the last 50 s, (iii) the total distance travelled, and (iv) the average velocity of the train. ‘Ans. () 20m s*, Gi) 04 ms, (i) 4600 m, (iv) 17.69. ms TE 53