TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC & MECHANICAL

SYSTEMS AND CONTROL

GRADE : 8 & 9
DATE : Term 3 PowerPoint presentation 2021
BASIC ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS
 Electrical components and symbols

• An electrical component is the term used for any part of an electric circuit. A basic electric
circuit consists of components listed in the table below:
 Difference between electrical and electronic devices
• The major difference between electrical and electronic devices
is that the electrical devices convert the electrical energy into
other forms of energy like heat, light, sound, etc. whereas
the electronic device control the flow of electrons for
performing a particular task.
• The electrical devices mainly work on the alternating current
whereas the electronics device works on the direct current.

• Similarity: The electrical and electronic devices both depend on

the flow of electrons for performing the operation. Both the
devices use the transformer for transmitting the voltages. The
electrical devices use both instrumental, and power transformer
and the electronic devices only use the instrumental
transformer.
 Electrical and electronic devices
Electrical devices use energy of electrical current (the flow of electrons in a conductor), and
transform it into other form of energy which is useful to us, for example: lighting, heating,
or motion. An electric device is one that directly uses electrical energy to perform a task. .
Some appliances are combination of electrical and electronic system, for example a
microwave. For it to work, electricity provides the power that generates high-energy waves
that warm your food; electronics controls the electrical circuit that does the warming. An
electronic circuit is a structure that serves the purpose of directing and controlling an
electric current to perform various functions including signal amplification, computation,
and data transfer.
Difference between electric and electronic devices
 Circuits and components
An electric circuit needs three basic things to work:
• 1. An energy source. This can be a cell or a stronger power
source.
• 2. A complete circuit. There has to be an unbroken
pathway of conducting materials through which the
electrical current can flow.
• 3. A load. There has to be some form of resistance in the
circuit. This could be in the form of a light bulb, a resistor, a
motor or other electrical components.
To show how an electric circuit should be connected, we draw
circuit diagrams with symbols that show each component.
This is a simple way to represent the electric circuit. This table
shows the symbol we use for each component:
 A simple circuit
• A circuit is the path that an electric current travels on, and
a simple circuit contains three components necessary to have a
functioning electric circuit, namely, a source of voltage (a cell or
battery), a conductive path (e.g. copper wire), and a resistor (e.g.
light bulb).
 Cells connected in series in a circuit
Two or more cells connected in series increase the voltage in the
circuit. The total voltage would therefore be the sum of individual
cells in that circuit. The more cells are added, the brighter the light
bulb will get. An output component in a circuit, is called a load. The
load in this in the case of the circuit below, is the light bulb.
NB: two or more cells form a battery.

Two cell connected in series Three cells connected in series

 Cells in series and in parallel
• When cells are connected in series, their total voltage is the sum
of the voltages of the three cells: 1,5 V + 1,5 V + 1 ,5 V = 4,5 V

• When cells are connected in parallel, the total voltage of the cells
is the same as that of a single cell (3.6 volts)
 Practical application of cells connected in series
Flashlights/torches which
use more than 2 cells in
series, are an example of
how a higher voltage can be
achieved for a brighter light.
A car battery is another
example. Although it uses
different cells to the ones
used for remote control,
torches, radios, etc. Car
battery cells are enclosed in
the battery casing
 Practical application of cells connected in parallel
Batteries placed in parallel can
withstand a higher load. Thus,
engineers match series parallel
configurations to meet voltage
and load requirements for
everything from the 9 volt in your
smoke detector to multi kilowatt
uninterruptable power supplies.
Heavy duty vehicles also use
batteries connected in parallel, in
order to match the demand of
the load as well as to achieve a
longer lifespan of the battery.
 Cells connected in parallel in a circuit
• Two or more cells can also be connected “in parallel”. This means
that a parallel circuit have more paths for the current to travel
along, depending on the number of cells in the circuit. Unlike in a
series connection where total voltage in a circuit, is the sum of the
individual voltage of each cell, the voltage in a circuit with cells
connected in parallel, is the same as that of a single cell.
Three cells connected in parallel A circuit diagram with three cells in parallel
 Lamps connected in series and in parallel
When lamps are connected in series, the
potential difference is shared out between
them. Therefore, the more the lamps, the
smaller the potential difference across each
one, but the dimmer each will be. The supply
voltage is divided equally between
the lamps (assuming they are all identical).
A switch connected anywhere in the circuit
will switch all the lamps on or off. If
one lamp blows all the lamps will go out
because the circuit is broken.
If several lamps are connected in
parallel each one has the full supply
voltage across it. The lamps may be
switched on and off independently if a
switch is connected in series with each lamp.
If one lamp blows, the other will still work.
This arrangement is used to control
the lamps in buildings.
 Lamps connected in series and in parallel
Parallel circuits: The lights in most
houses are connected in parallel.
This means that they all receive the full
voltage and if one bulb breaks the
others remain on. For a parallel circuit
the current from the electrical supply is
greater than the current in each
branch.
Series circuits are useful if you want
a warning that one of the components
in the circuit has failed. For example, a
circuit breaker or fuse must
be connected in series for it to work.
If Christmas tree lights all go out when
one bulb breaks, they are connected
in series.
Series and parallel circuits
 Series and parallel circuits
Series and parallel circuits – Continues…
 Flow of electric current in a circuit

Note that we have always taught that current

flows from positive to negative and this is
termed the conventional current flow.
This is correct and it is a ‘flow’ of positive
charges termed “holes”, that move from the
positive to the negative pole of the battery.
The electron current flow is the movement
of electrons from the negative pole of the
battery to the positive pole.
 “AND” and “OR” Logic Gates
• A logic gate might sound horribly complex, but it's simply an electric
circuit with two inputs and an output. It receives two incoming electric
currents, compares them, and sends on a new, outgoing electric
current depending on what it finds.
• There are quite a few different types of logic gate, the most common
of which are called AND, OR, NOT, XOR (Exclusive Or), NAND (NOT
AND), and NOR (NOT OR). For the purpose of Grade 8, we only
focus on the “AND” and “OR” gates.
• Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors
acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using
vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic,
pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.
• Truth tables are used to show logic gate functions.
• When constructing a truth table, the binary values 1 and 0 are used.
• Every possible combination, depending on number of inputs, is
produced.
 Switches in series (AND) Logic
• The function of a switch is to close
and open a circuit. It can be placed
anywhere in a circuit and it will do just
that.
• Adding another switch to the circuit,
and connecting it in series, will mean
that both switches must be closed in
order for current to flow. Switch A
and B, must be closed in order for the
current to flow. A closed switch is • The red round button and the red lever, are
denoted by a “1”, and an open one by both switches. The round button is pressed
first and held, while the lever is pulled is
a “0”. Truth tables are used to squeezed onto the black handle to start the
represent all possible scenarios of machine. It is held in this position for the
input, and possible output. rotor/ blade to turn to mow the grass.

• Safety switches used in lawnmowers

are an example of a practical
application of AND switches.
AND Gate and the truth table
 Switches in parallel (OR) Logic & Logic gate symbols
• In a parallel connection, the • Logic gates Truth tables
current will flow through the
closed path and not through
the open path. It will therefore
flow when both switches are
closed, and when the one is
closed and the other open.
Either A “OR” B can be
closed for the current to flow,
to give a positive output.
These binary input and output
are represented in a truth • A parallel circuit is used when the current
through several components needs to be
table. independent of each other. For example; a
house wiring.
OR Gate
 Current in the circuit
Conventional Current assumes that current flows out of
the positive terminal, through the circuit and into
the negative terminal of the source
 Transistors
A transistor is a current driven semiconductor device which can be used to
control the flow of electric current in which a small amount of current in the
Base lead controls a larger current between the Collector and Emitter.
Used as amplifiers and switching apparatus.
 Practical application of transistors
A transistor as an amplifier:
They're great for amplifying audio signals, for example. If you
have a small input signal, you could amplify that to a much
higher voltage using a slightly using a circuit like this.

A transistor used as a switch:

This is a door alarm where if someone
opens the door, alarm will sound. Reed
switch will be the activator here which will
interact with the magnet attached to the
door.
 What is a light dependent resistor?

An LDR or light dependent

resistor is also known as
photo resistor, photocell,
photoconductor.

It is a one type of resistor

whose resistance varies
depending on the amount of
light falling on its surface.
When the light falls on the
resistor, then the resistance
changes.
 How does a light dependent resistor work

This resistor works on the principle

of photo conductivity. It is nothing
but, when the light falls on its
surface, then the material
conductivity reduces and the
electrons in the valence band of the
device are excited to the conduction
band.
These photons in the incident light
must have energy greater than the
band gap of the semiconductor
material. This makes the electrons to
jump from the valence band to
conduction.
 How does a light dependent resistor work?
These devices depend on the light,
when light falls on the LDR then
the resistance decreases and
increases in the dark.

When a LDR is kept in the dark

place, its resistance is high and,
when the LDR is kept in the light its
resistance will decrease.

If a constant “V’ is applied to the

LDR, the intensity of the light
increased and current increases.
 Practical application of a LDR: Street light
This Electronic Project is about Automatic Street Light Controller Circuit Using
Relays and LDR.
We all may have seen streetlights on different streets. These lights provide light
in the night while they are off during the daytime. This is because they turn on
and off automatically with the help of an Automatic Street Light Controller
Circuit. This circuit basically consists of relays and LDR.
 Activity: Simple electronic circuits
• Draw, the following simple electronic circuits:
1. LED, 470Ω resistor, switch, and 4,5V series
battery.
2. LDR, buzzer, 3V series battery. NPN transistor,
buzzer or bell, thermistor, variable resistor, 1kΩ
resistor, 6V series battery.
3. 6V series battery, LED, 470Ω resistor, 1 000μF
capacitor, switch.
 Activity cont.
• INVESTIGATE the situation and the nature of the
need so that an appropriate circuit can be
chosen to solve the problem, need or want
given in the scenario.
• A given circuit must be incorporated into the
design of a device that will use the electronics to
address the problem, need or want
 What is a thermistor?
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is strongly
dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.
 Thermistors
• Thermistors are used as temperature sensors. They can be found
in everyday appliances such as fire alarms, ovens and refrigerators.
They are also used in digital thermometers and in many
automotive applications to measure temperature.

• Thermistors are available in two types: those with Negative

Temperature Coefficients (NTC thermistors) and those with Positive
Temperature Coefficients (PTC thermistors). NTC thermistors'
resistance decreases as their temperature increases, while
PTC thermistors' resistance increases as their temperature
increases
 Heat activated switch
A thermistor can
be used in a heat-
controlled switch
for a fire alarm.
When the
thermistor is
heated up, its
resistance is
decreased and
the transistor
starts conducting
a current,
switching on the
LED.
 What is a Capacitor?

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an

electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two
terminals.
 Uses of capacitors
• Capacitor is a basic storage device to store electrical
charges and release it as it is required by the
circuit. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to
perform variety of tasks, such as smoothing, filtering,
bypassing.
Applications of capacitors
• Energy storage.
• Pulsed power and weapons.
• Power conditioning.
• Power factor correction.
• Suppression and coupling
• Motor starters 7 Sensing
• Oscillators
 Practical application of a capacitor
Calculator using capacitors:
In a simple one-transistor circuit, there are usually three capacitors, where C1 is the input
capacitor, C2 is the output capacitor, and C3 is the bypass capacitor. Usually, C1 and C2
provide decoupling, whilst C3 helps to increase the AC gain of the amplifier stage. These
capacitors affect the low-frequency response of the amplifier stage and determine the
amplification cut-off; therefore, it is necessary to determine their proper values so that
the circuit provides the best gain within the required frequency range.
How capacitors work
 Manual switches

A switch
controls the
electric current
by closing or
opening the
circuit. There
are various
types of
switches that
control the
circuit in
different ways
Manual switches used in circuit diagrams
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• A diode is a component that allows current to
flow in one direction only. A LED allows current
to flow in one direction only and also gives off
light and is often used as an indicator that a
circuit is ‘ON
 Resistors
A resistor is a specially designed component that is usually used in a circuit
to limit the flow of current. Resistors are made of materials with a high
resistance to electricity flow and come in the form of thin wires or films.
Resistors also have precise resistance values that don’t change much in
different environmental conditions. The most commonly used resistors look
like tubes, with two wires to connect it to the circuit. The symbol to show a
resistor in a circuit diagram is an open rectangle or a zigzag line.
 Resistors connected in series & in parallel
Resistors are only available in standard values. If you
require a non-standard value, the only way is to put
resistors in series (higher value) or in parallel (lower value).
Resistors in parallel will increase dissipation, so if you
needed a 50Ω 1Watt resistor and you only had 100Ω 1/2W
resistors then you could use two of them in parallel instead
of the single 50Ω resistor.
The only reason therefore to have two resistors in parallel is
to get a lower value that you didn't happen to have
available, OR, to increase the power dissipation.
A parallel connection has the possible advantage that failure
of one resistor means the remaining resistors may be
adequate to allow continued operation.
 Resistor colour codes
Resistors are used in electrical circuits to limit the current strength. There are
different kinds of resistors and they vary in resistance. The picture on the next
page illustrates how varying resistance has influence on the output (light intensity).

Colour codes are used to

indicate the value of the
component

Resistor color codes: • Low value

resistors often have their
resistance value printed on them
in numbers. • Higher value
resistors are coded using colored
bands. The first three bands give
the value of the resistor in ohms.
The fourth band is an accuracy
rating as a percentage
 Calculating resistance
Series connection
 Calculating the resistance
• Resistors in series– values are added:

• Resistors in parallel
Activity: calculating the total resistance
 Why tolerance?
• The tolerance of a resistor tells you how far, in
percentage, from its nominal value the actual measured
resistance of that resistor may be. if, say 10%, it means
the ACTUAL value of the resistor is specified to be within
plus or minus 10% of the NOMINAL value.

• Tolerance is the percentage of error in

the resistor's resistance, or how much more or less you
can expect a resistor's actual measured resistance to be
from its stated resistance. A gold tolerance band is
5% tolerance, silver is 10%, and no band at all would
mean a 20% tolerance.
Resistor colour codes and tolerances
Activity: Work out the resistance values of the resistors below
Ohm’s Law

Ohm's law states that the current through a

conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two
points.

𝑉 𝑉
𝑅= V = IR 𝐼=𝑅
𝐼
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law
 Activity: Ohm’s Law
• Use the Ohm's law equation to provide numerical
answers to the following questions:
• a. An electrical device with a resistance of 3.0 Ω will
allow a current of 4.0 amps to flow through it if a
voltage drop of ________ Volts is impressed across
the device.
• b. When a voltage of 120 V is impressed across an
electric heater, a current of 10.0 amps will flow
through the heater if the resistance is ________ Ω.
• c. A flashlight that is powered by 3 Volts and uses a
bulb with a resistance of 60 Ω will have a current of
________ Amps.
 Activity: Action research
Ohm’s Law practically
• Measure the voltage (potential difference) and the
current strength in each of the following circuits: One cell
connected to a 20W resistor – note the voltmeter and
ammeter readings.
• Two cells connected to the 20W resistor – note the
voltmeter and ammeter readings.
• Three cells connected to the 20W resistor – note the
voltmeter and ammeter readings
• Plot the readings on a graph and determine the
relationship between potential difference and
• current strength while keeping the resistance constant.
 Mechanical Systems and Control
and control revision
• The word mechanical
refers to moving parts
like gears, levers, cams
and other mechanisms
• Machines are only
useful if they do what
we want them to do.
• Examples of
mechanical systems are
given on the side.

https://schooltoolbox.weebly.com/simple--compound-machines.html
 What is a mechanical system?
• A mechanical system is a set of physical components
which work together to convert an input motion or force,
into a desired output motion or force. Application of these
systems perform various useful tasks, such as cooling and
heating in interior air-conditioning, provision of water,
earthmoving machinery, and many more.
• Mechanical systems operation just like electrical
systems, have: input, process and output. The input
part of the system is any type of motion and force
that drives the mechanical system, to produce the
desired output. The process part is the transfer of
force or movement between mechanisms to produce
the output.
 Levers
• A lever system is a rigid bar that
moves on a fixed point called
the fulcrum when a force is
applied to it.

• Levers are usually used to make

physical work easier, for
example, to make it easier to
move something that is heavy,
or to move something quickly

• Examples of the three classes of

levers are given on the side.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/345601/does-the-
fulcrum-of-a-2nd-or-3rd-class-lever-have-to-be-at-the-end-if-so-
why/345908
Gears video
 Linked levers
A linked lever is a system that consists of more than one pair of levers that are
connected to one another. They have a separate fulcrum for each lever. There are
also two pivot points in the middle of the two pairs of levers, to link them together.
 Revision on linkages
• Mechanical linkages are usually
designed to transform a given
input force and movement into a
desired output force and
movement..
• Linkages are used in mechanical
control systems to allow forces
and motion to be transmitted to
where they are needed.
• Examples of linkages are given
on the side.

https://www.google.com/search?q=what+are+linkages+mechanisms&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk02BmkKX
boPB9zy_lDZdJcmb0j5sdw:1623121841501&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIsKiGiIfx
AhUaQEEAHTn5Bk4Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=657
 Mechanical advantage of levers
• The purpose of mechanisms is to
convert an input motion or force
into a desired output motion or
force.
• Mechanisms are often used to lift
or move heavy objects
• Mechanical advantage is the
ratio of the force produced by a
machine to the force applied to it
• MA= Load /Effort

https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+a+mechanical+advantage&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk003alK10J0Z
AuZ8j53EFzmaMSPIPw:1623122750264&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR79K3i4fxAhUXil
wKHb4RDdwQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=BrWcdx1jtnMw0M
Levers video
 Mechanical advantage of levers

• MA= Load /Effort

https://technologystudent.com/gears1/pulle12.htm
 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE CALCULATIONS
• MA of lever = Effort Arm / Load Arm = EA /LA.
Load / Effort = Effort Arm / Load Arm

What is the Effort Arm of a lever? What is the Load Arm of a lever?
The length between Effort and Fulcrum of a The length between Load and Fulcrum of a
lever is called Effort Arm (EA) lever is called Load Arm (LA)
Load Arm formula
 MA CALCULATIONS

MA= Effort Arm / Load Arm

MA= 40 /10
MA= 4
What are gears
Types of gears
How to graphically represent gears
UNDERSTANDING GEARS AND GEAR RATIOS
 Idler gear
An idler gear is a gear wheel that is inserted between two or more
other gear wheels. The purpose of an idler gear is to change the direction of
rotation of the output shaft.
Gear ratio
 SYSTEM DIAGRAM
A system diagram is a visual model of a system, its components, and their
interactions. Systems diagrams allow you to model the way in which complex systems
work
 Lesson Planning And Preparation Exemplar – Grade 9
The purpose of the exemplar, is to:
• Provide guidance in the development of Weekly
Lesson Plan from the Recovery ATP.
• Guide teachers in preparing each lesson with due
consideration for different learning needs, teaching
strategies and the use of resources.
• Develop PowerPoint lessons, incorporating prior
knowledge and building new knowledge onto to it
• Make lessons meaningful by relating concepts to
real life application.
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• https://www.google.com/search?q=transistors+explained&sxsrf=ALeKk00SI9nAtjhoL29ctYESjigdwwNFzw:1623244051478&source=lnms&tbm=is
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