PHYSICS (861)

CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics 14 Marks

2. Current Electricity

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

16 Marks
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

5. Electromagnetic Waves

6. Optics 18 Marks

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 12 Marks

8. Atoms and Nuclei

9. Electronic Devices 8 Marks

10. Communication Systems 2 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

1
 
PAPER I -THEORY- 70 Marks field E experiences an electric
 
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units force FE = qE . Intensity due to a
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as
continuous distribution of charge i.e.
for answering questions.
linear, surface and volume.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when
(c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
they are introduced along with their units and
to visualize the electric field; properties
dimensions.
of lines of force; examples of the lines of
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics force due to (i) an isolated point charge
except where they are specifically excluded or where (+ve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (iii) two
only qualitative treatment is required. similar charges at a small distance;(iv)
uniform field between two oppositely
1. Electrostatics charged parallel plates.
(i) Electric Charges and Fields (d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;

Electric charges; conservation and derivation of the E at a point, (1) on the
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; axis (end on position) (2) on the
superposition principle and continuous perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
charge distribution. broad side on position) of a dipole, also
Electric field, electric field due to a point for r>> 2l (short dipole); dipole in a
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, uniform electric field; net force zero,
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a torque on an electric dipole:
dipole in uniform electric field.   
τ= p × E and its derivation.
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in (e) Gauss’ theorem: the flux of a vector
Electrostatics and its applications to find  
field due to infinitely long straight wire, field; Q=vA for velocity vector v A,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and 
A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
uniformly charged thin spherical shell.   
field E , electric flux φ E = EA for E A
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of   
charge; permittivity of free space and φE= E ⋅ A for uniform E . For non-
and of dielectric medium.  
Frictional electricity, electric charges uniform field φ E = ∫dφ =∫ E.dA . Special
(two types); repulsion and cases for θ = 00, 900 and 1800. Gauss’
attraction; simple atomic structure - theorem, statement: φE =q/∈0
electrons and ions; conductors or φE = where φE is for
and insulators; quantization and
conservation of electric charge; a closed surface; q is the net charge
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position enclosed, ∈o is the permittivity of free
coordinates r 1 , r 2 not necessary). space. Essential properties of a Gaussian
Comparison with Newton’s law of surface.
gravitation; Superposition principle 
    Applications: Obtain expression for E
( F
= 1 )
F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ⋅⋅⋅ . due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(b) Concept of electric field and its intensity; uniformly charged infinite plane thin
examples of different fields; sheet, 3. a thin hollow spherical shell
gravitational, electric and magnetic; (inside, on the surface and outside).
Electric field due to a point charge Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
   spherical shell.
E = F / qo (q 0 is a test charge); E for a
group of charges (superposition
principle); a point charge q in an electric

2
(ii) Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and parallel combinations. Obtain an
Capacitance 1 2
expression for energy stored (U = CV
Electric potential, potential difference, 2
electric potential due to a point charge, a 1 1 Q2
dipole and system of charges; equipotential = QV = ) and energy density.
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a 2 2 C
system of two point charges and of electric (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also
dipole in an electrostatic field. called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈o;
Conductors and insulators, free charges and elementary ideas of polarization of matter
bound charges inside a conductor. in a uniform electric field qualitative
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, discussion; induced surface charges
capacitors and capacitance, combination weaken the original field; results in

of capacitors in series and in parallel. reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, charge remaining the same Q = CV = C'
energy stored in a capacitor. V' = K. CV'; V' = V/K; and E ′ = E ; if
K
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference the Capacitor is kept connected with the
and potential energy. Equipotential source of emf, V is kept constant V = Q/C =
surface and its properties. Obtain an Q'/C' ; Q'=C'V = K.
expression for electric potential at a CV= K. Q increases; For a parallel plate
point due to a point charge; graphical capacitor with a dielectric in between,
variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q0;
C' = KC = K.∈o . A/d = ∈r .∈o .A/d.
hence VA -VB = WBA/ q0 (taking q0 from B
∈0 A
to A) = (q/4πε0)(1/rA - 1/rB); derive this Then C ′ = ; for a capacitor
equation; also VA = q/4πε0 .1/rA ; for d 
 ∈ 
q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0. For a  r 

collection of charges V = algebraic sum partially filled dielectric, capacitance,

of the potentials due to each charge; C' =∈oA/(d-t + t/∈r).
potential due to a dipole on its axial line
and equatorial line; also at any point for 2. Current Electricity
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.

a point charge (q) in an electric field E , Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
placed at a point P where potential is V, electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
is given by U =qV and ∆U =q (VA-VB) . resistance and resistivity and their relation to
The electrostatic potential energy of a drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
system of two charges = work done (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
W21=W12 in assembling the system; U12 power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
or U21 = (1/4πε0 ) q1q2/r12. For a system Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon
of 3 charges U123 = U12 + U13 + U23 resistors; series and parallel combinations of
1 q1 q 2 q1 q3 q 2 q3 resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
= ( + ) . For a
+ and resistivity.
4πε 0 r12 r13 r23
dipole in a uniform electric field, derive Internal resistance of a cell, potential
an expression of the electric potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of
  cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws
energy UE = - p . E , special cases for φ and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
=00, 900 and 1800. metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V; applications to measure potential difference, to
obtain the capacitance of a parallel-plate compare emf of two cells; to measure internal
capacitor (C = ∈0A/d) and equivalent resistance of a cell.
capacitance for capacitors in series and

3
(a) Free electron theory of conduction; law of conservation of energy. Note change
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when
time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if
law, current density J = I/A; experimental we go up against the current across the
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve
and non-ohmic conductors; obtain the terminal is at a lower level and the +ve
relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve
ρ = m/ne2 τ ; effect of temperature on to +ve through the cell, we are going up and
resistivity and resistance of conductors and ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R= through the cell, we are going down, so ∆V =
V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R = ρ.l/A; -ε. Application to simple circuits. Wheatstone
conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law as bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we
 
J = σ E ; colour coding of resistance. consider a balanced bridge, derivation of
R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time necessary]. Metre bridge is a modified form
t is E=Pt= VIt; using Ohm’s law of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure
E = (V R ) t
2
= I2Rt. Potential difference unknown resistance. Here R3 = l1ρ and
R4=l2ρ; R3/R4=l1/l2. Principle of
V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed Potentiometer: fall in potential ∆V α ∆l;
P = VI = V2 /R = I2 R; commercial units; auxiliary emf ε1 is balanced against the fall
electricity consumption and billing. in potential V1 across length l1. ε1 = V1 =Kl1 ;
Derivation of equivalent resistance for ε1/ε2 = l1/l2; potentiometer as a voltmeter.
combination of resistors in series and Potential gradient and sensitivity of
parallel; special case of n identical resistors; potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
Rs = nR and Rp = R/n. Calculation of compare emfs of two cells, to determine
equivalent resistance of mixed grouping of internal resistance of a cell.
resistors (circuits).
3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
(c) The source of energy of a seat of emf (such
as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical, (i) Moving charges and magnetism
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's
source is defined as the work done per unit experiment. Biot - Savart law and its
charge to force them to go to the higher point application. Ampere's Circuital law and its
of potential (from -ve terminal to +ve applications to infinitely long straight wire,
terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but straight and toroidal solenoids (only
dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt . Equating total qualitative treatment). Force on a moving
work done to the work done across the charge in uniform magnetic and electric
external resistor R plus the work done across fields, cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying
the internal resistance r; εIdt=I2R dt + I2rdt; conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force
ε =I (R + r); I=ε/( R + r ); also IR +Ir = ε between two parallel current-carrying
or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back emf as conductors-definition of ampere, torque
it acts against the emf ε; V is the terminal pd. experienced by a current loop in uniform
Derivation of formulae for combination for magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer -
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed its sensitivity. Conversion of galvanometer
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells into an ammeter and a voltmeter.
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells
(ii) Magnetism and Matter:
of unequal emf.
A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
(d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's
magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
laws with simple examples. The first is a
moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
conservation law for charge and the 2nd is

4
field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar Mention orbital magnetic moment of an
magnet) on the axial line and equatorial line, electron in Bohr model of H atom.
torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving
uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an coil galvanometer; construction,
equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; principle, working, theory I= k φ ,
earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt.
Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and Conversion of galvanometer into
ferromagnetic substances, with examples. ammeter and voltmeter of given range.
Electromagnets and factors affecting their
strengths, permanent magnets. (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
B is now defined by the equation
(a) Only historical introduction through  
F = qo ( v × B ) ; B is not to be defined in
 
Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s
swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
 
law and its vector form; application; note the distinction of B from E is that
derive the expression for B (i) at the 
B forms closed loops as there are no
centre of a circular loop carrying 
current; (ii) at any point on its axis. magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
Current carrying loop as a magnetic start from +ve charge and end on -ve
dipole. Ampere’s Circuital law: charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
statement and brief explanation. Apply it magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
 field in end-on and broadside-on
to obtain B near a long wire carrying
positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
current and for a solenoid (straight as  
 φ = B . A = BA for B uniform and
well as torroidal). Only formula of B  
due to a finitely long conductor. B A ; i.e. area held perpendicular to
 
(b) Force on a moving charged particle in For φ = BA( B A ), B=φ/A is the flux
 
magnetic field = ( )
FB q v × B ; special density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)];
but note that this is not correct as a
cases, modify this equation substituting 
 defining equation as B is vector and φ
dl / dt for v and I for q/dt to yield F =
  and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T)
I dl × B for the force acting on a current 
equal to 10-4 gauss. For non-uniform B
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic  
field. Derive the expression for force field, φ = ∫dφ=∫ B . dA . Earth's magnetic

between two long and parallel wires field B E is uniform over a limited area
carrying current, hence, define ampere like that of a lab; the component of this
(the base SI unit of current) and hence, field in the horizontal direction BH is the
coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz force, one effectively acting on a magnet
Simple ideas about principle, working, suspended or pivoted horizontally.
and limitations of a cyclotron. Elements of earth’s magnetic field, i.e.
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a BH, δ and θ - their definitions and
current carrying loop placed in a relations.
    
uniform B , using F = I l × B and τ = (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
   and ferromagnetic substances; their
r × F ; τ = NIAB sin φ for N turns τ
   susceptibility and relative permeability.
= m × B , where the dipole moment m =
 It is better to explain the main
NI A , unit: A.m2. A current carrying distinction, the cause of magnetization
loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
 
current and B and m using right hand (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
rule only; no other rule necessary. for dia, >0 but very small for para and

5
 > 0 and large for ferromagnetic LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only),
materials; few examples; placed in LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC

external B , very small (induced) circuits, wattless current. AC generator.
magnetization in a direction opposite to (a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic

B in dia, small magnetization parallel to flux, change in flux, rate of change of
 flux and induced emf; Faraday’s laws.
B for para, and large magnetization
 Lenz's law, conservation of energy;
parallel to B for ferromagnetic
 motional emf ε = Blv, and power P =
materials; this leads to lines of B (Blv)2/R; eddy currents (qualitative);
becoming less dense, more dense and
much more dense in dia, para and ferro, (b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self-
respectively; hence, a weak repulsion for inductance, φ = LI and L = ε ;
dia, weak attraction for para and strong dI dt
attraction for ferro magnetic material. henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression
Also, a small bar suspended in the for coefficient of self-inductance of a
horizontal plane becomes perpendicular µ0 N 2 A
  =
solenoid L = µ0 n 2 A × l .
to the B field for dia and parallel to B l
for para and ferro. Defining equation H
Mutual induction and mutual inductance
= (B/µ0)-M; the magnetic properties,
(M), flux linked φ2 = MI1; induced emf
susceptibility χm = (M/H) < 0 for dia (as
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both dφ2 dI
ε2 = =M 1 . Definition of M as
very small, but very large for ferro; dt dt
hence relative permeability µr =(1+ χm) ε2
< 1 for dia, > 1 for para and >>1 (very M = or M = φ 2 . SI unit
dI 1 I1
large) for ferro; further, χm∝1/T (Curie’s
law) for para, independent of
dt
temperature (T) for dia and depends on henry. Expression for coefficient of
mutual inductance of two coaxial
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on
heating ferro becomes para at Curie solenoids.
temperature. Electromagnet: its µ0 N1 N 2 A
=M = µ0 n1 N 2 A Induced
definition, properties and factors l
affecting the strength of electromagnet; emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
selection of magnetic material for eddy currents.
temporary and permanent magnets and
Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
core of the transformer on the basis of
working and uses; step up and step
retentivity and coercive force (B-H loop
down; efficiency and applications
and its significance, retentivity and
including transmission of power, energy
coercive force not to be evaluated).
losses and their minimisation.
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating
(c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time,
Currents
for the output from an ac
(i) Electromagnetic Induction generator; time period, frequency and
phase changes; obtain mean values of
Faraday's laws, induced emf and current;
current and voltage, obtain relation
Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction
between RMS value of V and I with peak
and mutual induction. Transformer.
values in sinusoidal cases only.
(ii) Alternating Current
(d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c.
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of circuits consisting of only a resistor, only
alternating current/voltage; their relation in an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance; representation), phase lag and phase

6
 lead. May apply Kirchhoff’s law and maximum, resonant frequency
obtain simple differential equation (SHM 1
type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin f0 = .
2π LC
ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2)
for pure R, C and L circuits respectively. (g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle,
Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams description, theory, working and use.
showing voltage and current and phase Variation in current and voltage with
lag or lead, also showing resistance R, time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences
inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and between a.c. and d.c.
capacitive reactance XC, (XC = 1/ωC).
Graph of XL and XC vs f. 5. Electromagnetic Waves
(e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor Basic idea of displacement current.
diagram method to obtain expression for Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
the net phase lag/lead; use the results of Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from
4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor, V radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of
leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are electromagnetic waves and their uses.
in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all Concept of displacement current, qualitative
three; hence draw phase diagram, descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; common features of all regions of
phasors add like vectors) to electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
give V=VR+VL+VC (phasor addition) and nature ( and perpendicular to ); special
the max. values are related by features of the common classification (gamma
V2m=V2Rm+(VLm-VCm)2 when VL>VC rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
Substituting pd=current x microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their
resistance or reactance, we get production (source), detection and other
Z2=R2+(XL-Xc)2 and properties; uses; approximate range of λ or f or
tanφ = (VL m -VCm)/VRm = (XL-Xc)/R at least proper order of increasing f or λ.
giving I = I m sin (wt-φ) where I m =Vm/Z
etc. Special cases for RL and RC circuits. 6. Optics
[May use Kirchoff’s law and obtain the
differential equation] Graph of Z vs f and (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
I vs f. Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
(f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
1
/2VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms2 R; refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
power absorbed and power dissipated; internal reflection and its applications,
electrical resonance; bandwidth of optical fibres, refraction at spherical
signals and Q factor (no derivation); surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
oscillations in an LC circuit (ω0 = maker's formula, magnification, power of
a lens, combination of thin lenses in
1/ LC ). Average power consumed contact, combination of a lens and a mirror,
averaged over a full cycle P= refraction and dispersion of light through a
(1/2) VoIo cosφ, Power factor prism. Scattering of light.
cosφ = R/Z. Special case for pure R, L Optical instruments: Microscopes and
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
controls current but cosφ = 0, hence refracting) and their magnifying powers and
P =0, wattless current; LC circuit; at their resolving powers.
resonance with XL=Xc , Z=Zmin= R, power
delivered to circuit by the source is

7
(a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors. (e) Ray diagram and derivation of
Mirror formula: its derivation; R=2f for magnifying power of a simple
spherical mirrors. Magnification. microscope with image at D (least
distance of distinct vision) and infinity;
(b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
Ray diagram and derivation of
Snell's law; total internal reflection and
magnifying power of a compound
critical angle; total reflecting prisms and
microscope with image at D. Only
optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
expression for magnifying power of
application to triangular prisms with
compound microscope for final image at
angle of the prism 300, 450, 600 and 900
infinity.
respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
through a combination of Ray diagrams of refracting telescope
1 , real depth
media, 1 n2 × 2 n3 × 3 n1 = with image at infinity as well as at D;
simple explanation; derivation of
and apparent depth. Simple applications. magnifying power; Ray diagram of
(c) Refraction through a prism, minimum reflecting telescope with image at
deviation and derivation of infinity. Advantages, disadvantages and
relation between n, A and δmin. Include uses. Resolving power of compound
explanation of i-δ graph, i1 = i2 = i (say) microscope and telescope.
for δm; from symmetry r1 = r2; refracted (ii) Wave Optics
ray inside the prism is parallel to the
Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof
base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism.
of laws of reflection and refraction using
Dispersion; Angular dispersion;
dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's
(no derivation). Simple explanation. double slit experiment and expression for
Rayleigh’s theory of scattering of light: fringe width(β), coherent sources and
blue colour of sky and reddish sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer
appearance of the sun at sunrise and diffraction due to a single slit, width of
sunset clouds appear white. central maximum; polarisation, plane
polarised light, Brewster's law, uses of plane
(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface; polarised light and Polaroids.
detailed discussion of one case only -
convex towards rarer medium, for (a) Huygen’s principle: wavefronts - different
spherical surface and real image. Derive types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R. of reflection and refraction using
Huygen’s theory. [Refraction through a
Refraction through thin lenses: derive
prism and lens on the basis of Huygen’s
lens maker's formula and lens formula;
derivation of combined focal length of theory not required].
two thin lenses in contact. Combination (b) Interference of light, interference of
of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens monochromatic light by double slit.
excluded) and magnification for lens, Phase of wave motion; superposition of
derivation for biconvex lens only; extend identical waves at a point, path
the results to biconcave lens, plano difference and phase difference; coherent
convex lens and lens immersed in a and incoherent sources; interference:
liquid; power of a lens P=1/f with SI constructive and destructive, conditions
unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F= for sustained interference of light waves
1/f1+1/f2 and P=P1+P2. Lens formula, [mathematical deduction of interference
formation of image with combination of from the equations of two progressive
thin lenses and mirrors. waves with a phase difference is not
required]. Young's double slit
[Any one sign convention may be used in
experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
solving numericals].
deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ,
between waves from the two slits; using

8
 ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ 7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ =yn /D Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect,
as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/d)nλ Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
and fringe width β=(D/d)λ. Graph of photoelectric equation - particle nature of light.
distribution of intensity with angular Matter waves - wave nature of particles,
distance. de-Broglie relation; conclusion from
(c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction Davisson-Germer experiment. X-rays.
(elementary explanation only). (a) Photo electric effect, quantization of
Diffraction at a single slit: experimental radiation; Einstein's equation
setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency; work
obtain expression for position of minima, function; experimental facts of Hertz and
a sinθn= nλ, where n = 1,2,3… and Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used
conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for
=(n+½)λ.; distribution of intensity with radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be
angular distance; angular width of explained only assuming quantum (particle)
central bright fringe. nature of radiation. Determination of
(d) Polarisation of light, plane polarised Planck’s constant (from the graph of
electromagnetic wave (elementary idea stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of
only), methods of polarisation of light. the incident light). Momentum of photon
Brewster's law; polaroids. Description of p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ.
an electromagnetic wave as transmission (b) De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of

of energy by periodic changes in E and electron diffraction (qualitative only). Wave
 nature of radiation is exhibited in
B along the path; transverse nature as
  interference, diffraction and polarisation;
E and B are perpendicular to c . particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric
These three vectors form a right handed effect. Dual nature of matter: particle nature
  
system, so that E x B is along c , they common in that it possesses momentum p and
are mutually perpendicular to each kinetic energy KE. The wave nature of
  matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie,
other. For ordinary light, E and B are
in all directions in a plane perpendicular λ=h/p= h/mv. Davisson and Germer
experiment; qualitative description of the
to the vector - unpolarised waves. If
  experiment and conclusion.
E and (hence B also) is confined to a (c) A simple modern X-ray tube (Coolidge tube)
single plane only (⊥ c , we have linearly – main parts: hot cathode, heavy element

polarized light. The plane containing E anode (target) kept cool, all enclosed in a
 
(or B ) and c remains fixed. Hence, a vacuum tube; elementary theory of X-ray
linearly polarised light is also called production; effect of increasing filament
plane polarised light. Plane current- temperature increases rate of
emission of electrons (from the cathode), rate
of polarisation (contains );
of production of X rays and hence, intensity
polarisation by reflection; Brewster’s
of X rays increases (not its frequency);
law: tan ip=n; refracted ray is
increase in anode potential increases energy
perpendicular to reflected ray for i= ip;
of each electron, each X-ray photon and
ip+rp = 90° ; polaroids; use in the
hence, X-ray frequency (E=hν); maximum
production and detection/analysis of
polarised light, other uses. Law of frequency hνmax =eV; continuous spectrum
Malus. of X rays has minimum wavelength
λmin= c/νmax=hc/eV. Moseley’s law.
Characteristic and continuous X rays, their
origin. (This topic is not to be evaluated)

9
1. Atoms and Nuclei mass number A, special features - less
BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
(i) Atoms
elements. Middle order more stable [see
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; fission and fusion] Einstein’s equation
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic E=mc2. Calculations related to this
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. equation; mass defect/binding energy,
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom mutual annihilation and pair production
(mathematical theory of scattering excluded), as examples.
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on (b) Radioactivity: discovery; spontaneous
α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of disintegration of an atomic nucleus with
closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, the emission of α or β particles and γ
obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α radiation, unaffected by physical
particle to the change in electrostatic and chemical changes. Radioactive
potential energy ∆U of the system decay law; derivation of N = Noe-λt;
[ U = 2e × Ze r0∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic half-life period T; graph of N versus
4πε 0 r0 t, with T marked on the X axis. Relation
structure; only general qualitative ideas, between half-life (T) and disintegration
including atomic number Z, Neutron number constant (λ); mean life (τ) and its
N and mass number A. A brief account of relation with λ. Value of T of some
historical background leading to Bohr’s common radioactive elements. Examples
theory of hydrogen spectrum; formulae for of a few nuclear reactions with
wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, conservation of mass number and
Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant. charge, concept of a neutrino.
Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1); Changes taking place within the nucleus
expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic included. [Mathematical theory of α and
energy, potential energy, radius of orbit and
β decay not included].
total energy of electron. Energy level
diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and (c) Nuclear Energy
wavelength of different lines of emission Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
spectra; agreement with experimentally exothermic (with release of energy)
observed values. [Use nm and not Å for unit nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
ofλ]. light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
(ii) Nuclei and in splitting heavy nucleus to form
middle order (lower mass number)
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE
Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma per nucleon versus mass number graph.
particles/rays and their properties; Also calculate the disintegration energy
radioactive decay law. Mass-energy Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with
relation, mass defect; binding energy per BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into
nucleon and its variation with mass
two equal halves with A=120 each and
number; Nuclear reactions, nuclear fission
BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV.
and nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fission: Any one equation of
(a) Atomic masses and nuclear density; fission reaction. Chain reaction-
Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones – controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear
definitions with examples of each. reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of
Unified atomic mass unit, symbol u, a nuclear reactor including their
1u=1/12 of the mass of 12C atom = functions - fuel elements, moderator,
1.66x10-27kg). Composition of nucleus; control rods, coolant, casing; criticality;
mass defect and binding energy, BE= utilization of energy output - all
(∆m) c2. Graph of BE/nucleon versus qualitative only. Fusion, simple example

10
 of 4 1H→4He and its nuclear reaction discussion only; energy gaps (eV) in
equation; requires very high temperature typical substances (carbon, Ge, Si); some
∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; electrical properties of semiconductors.
hydrogen bomb; thermonuclear energy Majority and minority charge carriers -
production in the sun and stars. [Details electrons and holes; intrinsic and
of chain reaction not required]. extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-type; donor
and acceptor impurities.
9. Electronic Devices
(b) Junction diode and its symbol; depletion
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, region and potential barrier; forward
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in and reverse biasing, V-I characteristics
conductors, semiconductors and insulators and numericals; half wave and a full
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and wave rectifier. Simple circuit diagrams
extrinsic semiconductors. and graphs, function of each component
(ii) Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in in the electric circuits, qualitative only.
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; [Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
Special types of junction diodes: LED, included]; elementary ideas on solar
photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and its cell, photodiode and light emitting diode
characteristics, zener diode as a voltage (LED) as semi conducting diodes.
regulator. Importance of LED’s as they save energy
(i) Junction transistor, npn and pnp transistor, without causing atmospheric pollution
transistor action, characteristics of a and global warming. Zener diode, V-I
transistor and transistor as an amplifier characteristics, circuit diagram and
(common emitter configuration). working of zener diode as a voltage
regulator.
(ii) Elementary idea of analogue and digital
signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, (c) Junction transistor; simple qualitative
NAND and NOR). Combination of gates. description of construction - emitter,
base and collector; npn and pnp type;
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band symbols showing direction of current in
diagrams for distinction between emitter-base region (one arrow only)-
conductors, insulators and semi- base is narrow; current gains in a
conductors - intrinsic and extrinsic;
transistor, relation between α, β and
electrons and holes in semiconductors.
numericals related to current gain,
Elementary ideas about electrical voltage gain, power gain and
conduction in metals [crystal structure transconductance; common emitter
not included]. Energy levels (as for configuration only, characteristics; IB vs
hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. of an VBE and IC vs VCE with circuit diagram
isolated atom such as that of copper; and numericals; common emitter
these split, eventually forming ‘bands’ of transistor amplifier - circuit diagram;
energy levels, as we consider solid qualitative explanation including
copper made up of a large number of amplification, wave form and phase
isolated atoms, brought together to form reversal.
a lattice; definition of energy bands -
(d) Elementary idea of discreet and
groups of closely spaced energy levels
integrated circuits, analogue and digital
separated by band gaps called forbidden
signals. Logic gates as given; symbols,
bands. An idealized representation of the
input and output, Boolean equations
energy bands for a conductor,
(Y=A+B etc.), truth table, qualitative
insulator and semiconductor;
explanation. NOT, OR, AND, NOR,
characteristics, differences; distinction
NAND. Combination of gates
between conductors, insulators and
[Realization of gates not included].
semiconductors on the basis of energy
Advantages of Integrated Circuits.
bands, with examples; qualitative

11
10. Communication Systems Graph work
Elements of a communication system (block Students should learn to draw graphs correctly noting
diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, all important steps such as:
TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission (i) Title
medium. Modes of propagation of
electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere (ii) Selection of origin (should be marked by two
t hr ough sky and space waves, satellite coordinates, example 0,0 or 5,0, or 0,10 or 30,5;
communication. Modulation, types (frequency Kink is not accepted).
and amplitude), n eed for modulation and (i)The axes should be labelled according to the
demodulation, advantages of frequency question
modulation over amplitude modulation. (ii) Uniform and convenient scale should be taken
Elementary ideas about internet, mobile and the units given along each axis (one small
network and global positioning system (GPS). division = 0.33, 0.67, 0.66, etc. should not to be
Self-explanatory- qualitative only. taken)
(iii) Maximum area of graph paper (at least 60% of
PAPER II the graph paper along both the axes) should
PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks be used.
The experiments for laboratory work and practical (iv) Points should be plotted with great care,
examinations are mostly from two groups: marking the points plotted with (should be a
(i) experiments based on ray optics and circle with a dot)  or ⊗ . A blob ( ) is a
(ii) experiments based on current electricity. misplot.
The main skill required in group (i) is to remove (v) The best fit straight line should be drawn. The
parallax between a needle and the real image of best fit line does not necessarily have to pass
another needle. through all the plotted points and the origin.
In group (ii), understanding circuit diagram and While drawing the best fit line, all
making connections strictly following the given experimental points must be kept on the line
diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and or symmetrically placed on the left and right
meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should side of the line. The line should be continuous,
be taken care of. thin, uniform and extended beyond the extreme
A graph is a convenient and effective way of plots.
representing results of measurement. It is an (vi) The intercepts must be read carefully.
important part of the experiment. Y intercept i.e. y0 is that value of y when x = 0.
There will be one graph in the Practical question Similarly, X intercept i.e. x0 is that value of x
paper. when y=0. When x0 and y0 are to be read,
Candidates are advised to read the question paper origin should be at (0, 0).
carefully and do the work according to the
Deductions
instructions given in the question paper. Generally
they are not expected to write the procedure of the (i) The slope ‘S’ of the best fit line must be found
experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the taking two distant points (using more than 50%
figures, circuit diagrams, etc. of the line drawn), which are not the plotted
Observations should be recorded in a tabular form. y − y1 ∆y
points, using S = 2 = . Slope S must
Record of observations x2 − x1 ∆x
be calculated upto proper decimal place or
• All observations recorded should be consistent
significant figures as specified in the question
with the least count of the instrument used (e.g.
paper.
focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm or 15.1cm but
10 cm is a wrong record.) (ii) All calculations should be rounded off upto
proper decimal place or significant figures, as
• All observations should be recorded with correct specified in the question papers.
units.

12
NOTE: 9. Verify Ohm’s law for the given unknown
resistance (a 60 cm constantan wire), plotting a
Short answer type questions may be set from each
graph of potential difference versus current. Also
experiment to test understanding of theory and logic
calculate the resistance per cm of the wire from
of steps involved.
the slope of the graph and the length of the wire.
Given below is a list of required experiments. 10. To compare emfs of two cells using a
Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the potentiometer.
general pattern of questions asked in the annual
examinations. 11. To determine the internal resistance of a cell by a
potentiometer.
Students are required to have completed all
12. From a potentiometer set up, measure the fall in
experiments from the given list (excluding
potential (i.e. pd) for increasing lengths of a
demonstration experiments):
constantan wire, through which a steady current
1. To find focal length of a convex lens by using u- is flowing; plot a graph of pd (V) versus length
v method (no parallax method) (l). Calculate the potential gradient of the wire
Using a convex lens, optical bench/metre scales and specific resistance of its material. Q (i) Why
and two pins, obtain the positions of the images is the current kept constant in this experiment?
for various positions of the object; f<u<2f, u~2f, Q (ii) How can you increase the sensitivity of the
potentiometer? Q (iii) How can you use the
and u>2f.
above results and measure the emf of a cell?
Draw the following set of graphs using data from 13. To verify the laws of combination of resistances
the experiments - (series and parallel) using metre bridge.
(i) ν against u. It will be a curve.
Demonstration Experiments (The following
 v experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher):
(ii) Magnification  m =  against ν which is a
 u 1. To convert a given galvanometer into (a) an
straight line and to find focal length by ammeter of range, say 2A and (b) a voltmeter of
intercept. range 4V.
(iii) y = (100/v) against x = (100/u) which is a 2. To study I-V characteristics of a semi-conductor
straight line and find f by intercepts. diode in forward and reverse bias.
2. To find f of a convex lens by displacement 3. To study characteristics of a Zener diode and to
method. determine its reverse breakdown voltage.
3. To determine the focal length of a given convex 4. To study the characteristics of pnp/npn transistor
lens with the help of an auxiliary convex lens. in common emitter configuration.
5. To determine refractive index of a glass slab
4. To determine the focal length of a concave lens,
using a traveling microscope.
using an auxiliary convex lens, not in contact and
plotting appropriate graph. 6. To observe polarization of light using two
polaroids
5. To determine focal length of concave mirror by
using two pins (by u-v method). 7. Identification of diode, LED, transistor, IC,
resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such
6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by items.
using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
8. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of
7. To determine the focal length of a convex mirror transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
using convex lens. type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow
of current in case of diode and an LED,
8. Using a metre bridge, determine the resistance of
about 100 cm of (constantan) wire. Measure its (iv) check whether a given electronic component
length and radius and hence, calculate the (e.g. diode, transistors, IC) is in working order.
specific resistance of the material. 9. Charging and discharging of a capacitor.

13
 PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE – Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Theory Based
Projects:
15 marks
 Title of the Project
Project Work – 10 marks
 Introduction
The Project work is to be assessed by a Visiting  Contents
Examiner appointed locally and approved by CISCE.  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure,
All candidates will be required to do one project pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
involving some physics related topic/s under the  Originality of work (the work should be the
guidance and regular supervision of the Physics candidates’ original work,)
teacher.  Conclusion/comments
Candidates should undertake any one of the Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Model Based
following types of projects: Projects:
• Theoretical project  Title of the Project
 Model construction
• Working Model
 Concise Project report
• Investigatory project (by performing an
experiment under supervision of a teacher) Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Investigative
Projects:
Candidates are to prepare a technical report including
 Title of the Project
title, abstract, some theoretical discussion,
 Theory/principle involved
experimental setup, observations with tables of data
collected, graph/chart (if any), analysis and  Experimental setup
discussion of results, deductions, conclusion, etc. The  Observations calculations/deduction and graph
teacher should approve the draft, before it is work
finalised. The report should be kept simple, but neat  Result/ Conclusions
and elegant. Teachers may assign or students may Practical File – 5 marks
choose any one project of their choice.
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess the
candidates on the basis of the Physics practical file
maintained by them during the academic year.

14