ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

HISTORY OF AI
1950

Alan Turing published a trademark research paper in which he speculated about the possibility of creating
machines that can think.

1950 1951

Game AI: Christopher Strachey wrote a checker program and the Dietrich prize won for chess.

1950 1951 1956

The Birth of AI: John MaCarthy first coined the term “AI” in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference.

1950 1951 1956 1959

First AI laboratory: MIT AI Lab was setup in 1959. The research on AI began.
 1950 1951 1956 1959 1960

First AI Robot: First AI robot is introduced to general motor assembly line.

1950 1951 1956 1959 1960 1961

First chatbot ELIZA was introduced.

1950 1951 1956 1959 1960 1961 1997

IBM Deep Blue: beats the world chess champion Garry Kasparov

1950 1951 1956 1959 1960 1961 1997 2005

DARPA Grand Challenge:

Sandford racing team’s autonomous robot car, Stanly wins the 2005 DARPA grand challenge.
1950 1951 1956 1959 1960 1961 1997 2005 2011
IBM Watson: IBM Question answer system defeated the two champion of Jeopardy Brad Rutter and Ken Jenning
WHAT IS AI

• Ai is the study of how to make computers do things that at the moment, people
do better.
• By John McCarthy:
The science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

• AI is the development of computer systems that are capable of performing

tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as decision-making,
solving complex problems, and so on.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

• It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which

can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as
learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
• With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some
work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms that can
work with your own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.
WHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic
issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
GOALS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic

• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy
as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times
with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring
the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer
requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which
can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural
language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance to
meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work out of the
box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not have the feeling
so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more dependent
on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI machines
cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
TURING TEST: ACTING HUMANLY

• In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check whether a machine can think
like a human or not, this test is known as the Turing Test. In this test, Turing
proposed that the computer can be said to be intelligent if it can mimic human
response under specific conditions.
• Turing Test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper, "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence," which considered the question, "Can a Machine
think?"
QUALITIES:

• NLP
• Knowledge Base
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine learning
• Computer Vision
• Robotics
• The Turing test is based on a party game "Imitation game," with some modifications. This
game involves three players in which one player is Computer, another player is human
responder, and the third player is a human Interrogator, who is isolated from other two
players and his job is to find that which player is machine among two of them.
• Consider, Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an interrogator.
Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine, but he needs to identify this on the basis
of questions and their responses.
• The conversation between all players is via keyboard and screen so the result would not
depend on the machine's ability to convert words as speech.
• The test result does not depend on each correct answer, but only how closely its responses
like a human answer. The computer is permitted to do everything possible to force a wrong
identification by the interrogator.
COGNITIVE MODELING: THINKING HUMANLY
• Cognitive modeling is an area of computer science that deals with simulating human
problem-solving and mental processing in a computerized model. Such a model can
be used to simulate or predict human behavior or performance on tasks similar to
the ones modeled and improve human-computer interaction.
• Cognitive modeling is used in numerous artificial intelligence applications, such as
expert systems, natural language processing, neural networks, and in robotics and
virtual reality applications. Cognitive models are also used to improve products in
manufacturing segments, such as human factors, engineering, and computer game
and user interface design.
• Neural networks work similarly to the human brain by running training data through
a large number of computational nodes, called artificial neurons, which pass
information back and forth between each other. By accumulating information in this
distributed way, applications can make predictions about future inputs.
• Reinforcement learning is an increasingly prominent area of cognitive modeling.
This approach has algorithms run through many iterations of a task that takes
multiple steps, incentivizing actions that eventually produce positive outcomes while
penalizing actions that lead to negative ones. This is a primary part of the AI
algorithm that Google's DeepMind used for its AlphaGo application, which bested
the top human Go players in 2016.
POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS OF COGNITIVE MODELING

• In neural networks, for example, algorithms must see thousands -- or even

millions -- of examples of training data before they can make predictions
about similar data in the future. Even then, they can only make inferences
about the narrow topic area on which they trained.
• This is very different from how human brains work. The human brain uses a
combination of context and more limited experience to make generalizations
about new experiences, something even the most advanced cognitive models
can't do today.
LAW OF THOUGHT: THINKING RATIONALLY
• In the ``laws of thought'' approach to AI, the whole emphasis was on correct
inferences.
• Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent because
one way to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion that a given
action will achieve one's goals, and then act on that conclusion.

The obstacle in this approach:

• Need 100% knowledge
• Too much computation is required.
RATIONAL AGENT APPROACH: ACTING RATIONALLY

• Agents in Artificial Intelligence

• An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its
environment. The agents sense the environment through sensors and act on
their environment through actuators. An AI agent can have mental properties
such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.
WHAT IS AN AGENT?
• An agent can be anything that perceives its environment through sensors and act
upon that environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving,
thinking, and acting. An agent can be:
• Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for
sensors, and hand, legs, and vocal tract work for actuators.
• Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, an infrared range finder, NLP for
sensors, and various motors for actuators.
• Software Agent: The software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory
input and act on those inputs, and display output on the screen.
• Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone, camera,
and even we are also agents.
• Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and
actuators.
• Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends
the information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its environment
through sensors.
• Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into
motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system. An
actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.
• Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be
legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
Intelligent Agents:
An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity that acts upon an environment using
sensors and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn from the
environment to achieve their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent
agent.
Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.
Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
Rule 3: A decision should result in an action.
Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
Rational Agent:
• A rational agent is an agent which has a clear preference, models uncertainty and
acts in a way to maximize its performance measure with all possible actions.
• A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about creating rational
agents to use for game theory and decision theory for various real-world scenarios.
• For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement
learning algorithm, for each best possible action, the agent gets the positive
reward and for each wrong action, an agent gets a negative reward.
Rationality:
• The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure. Rationality
can be judged on the basis of the following points:
• Performance measure which defines the success criterion.
• Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
• Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
• The sequence of percepts.
HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for
researchers. This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there
are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths.
Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey
from the AI generation to till date development.
MATURATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1943-
1952)

• Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
• Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
THE BIRTH OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1952-1956)

• Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for
some theorems.
• Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.
• At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
THE GOLDEN YEARS-EARLY ENTHUSIASM (1956-1974)

• Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can

solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in
1966, which was named as ELIZA.
• Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named as WABOT-1.
THE FIRST AI WINTER (1974-1980)

• The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI
winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe
shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.
A BOOM OF AI (1980-1987)

• Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of
a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
THE SECOND AI WINTER (1987-1993)

• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter
duration.
• Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to
high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very
cost effective.
THE EMERGENCE OF INTELLIGENT AGENTS (1993-2011)

• Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.
• Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
• Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
DEEP LEARNING, BIG DATA AND ARTIFICIAL GENERAL
INTELLIGENCE (2011-PRESENT)

• Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the complex
questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve
tricky questions quickly.
• Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide
information to the user as a prediction.
• Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
• Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also
performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken
hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
• Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big
data, and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like
Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing
devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high
intelligence.