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125867

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SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 125867 May 31, 2000

BENJAMIN RIVERA, petitioner,

BELLOSILLO, J.

Petitioner BENJAMIN RIVERA was charged with murder for having allegedly shot to death one Renato U. Camacho
with a handgun the killing being qualified by treachery. 1

On 20 February 1992 the trial court found petitioner guilty as charged with the mitigating circumstance of voluntary
surrender being appreciated in his favor and sentenced him to ten (10) years and one (1) day of prision mayor
maximum, as minimum, to seventeen (17) years four (4) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal maximum,
as maximum. The court a quo further ordered petitioner to indemnify the heirs of Camacho in the amount of
P50,000.00 for his death, P30,000.00 for moral damages, and P9,770.00 for actual damages. 2

The evidence shows that on 18 January 1989 between seven o'clock and eight o'clock in the evening Renato U.
Camacho together with Leonora Rudio, Merle Fernandez and Rosario Olipas was playing mahjong in a hovel in
front of the house of a certain Tomasa Rivera at West Poblacion, Natividad, Pangasinan. Suddenly a gun was fired
hitting Camacho on the head. Instantaneously he slumped dead.

During the time that the victim Renato U. Camacho was playing mahjong, his wife Jenny Camacho was talking with
a certain Alejandria Reinoso and the latter's son in front of their house when Jenny saw petitioner Benjamin Rivera
and a companion known only as Babay pass by. Knowing petitioner, she asked him where he was going, but Rivera
replied that he was going to heaven. Jenny said that she was going too far, but he simply laughed it off and
proceeded to his mother's place where mahjong was being played. According to Jenny, she saw petitioner converse
with her late husband for about five (5) minutes in a house in front of Tomasa Rivera's house. Then Jenny brought
her children home afterwhich he returned to Mrs. Reinoso's house.

After conversing with Mrs. Reinoso for about thirty (30) minutes, Jenny walked over to the hovel where her husband
was playing mahjong. The place was lighted with a fluorescent lamp. Some fifteen (15) meters away from where she
stood Jenny saw petitioner at the window of his mother's house aiming a short gun at the mahjong players. Before
she could shout the gun went off. Shocked, Jenny rushed home as she was very nervous.

About thirty (30) minutes later, a policeman by the name of Lando Arciaga went to her house and told her that her
husband was shot in the head. Upon hearing this Jenny collapsed. She regained consciousness only after thirty (30)
minutes. According to Jenny, before the fatal incident her husband had told her that if anything should happen to
him it must be petitioner who should be held responsible as he (petitioner) suspected him of having stolen his goat. 3

Rosario Olipas, one of those playing mahjong with the victim when he was shot, testified that petitioner and a
companion, known to her only as Babay, arrived at Tomasa Rivera's house between 7:00 o'clock and 8:00 o'clock in
the evening. An argument ensued between Renato Camacho and petitioner who was charging the former with
having stolen his goat. Of course, Renato denied the accusation and proceeded to play mahjong. Petitioner then
went inside the house and drank beer with his companion Babay. As described by Rosario, a wall made of hollow
blocks with a window separated the place where petitioner was drinking and the hovel where mahjong was being
played. Suddenly, according to Rosario she heard a gunshot so she covered her ears. Then she saw the victim,
Renato Camacho, slump on top of the mahjong table with blood oozing from his head. 4

Lourdes Camacho, mother of Renato, testified that petitioner was her neighbor at Poblacion West, Natividad,
Pangasinan; between 7:00 to 8:00 o'clock in the evening of 18 January 1989, while she was in her house, she heard
a gunshot; shortly after, she was informed by policemen that her son had been killed; she immediately informed the
policemen that it was petitioner who killed her son because three (3) days before his death he told her that petitioner
suspected him of having taken his goat, and finally, that there was a time when petitioner fired his gun near her
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house at a nearly dawn although she did not report the matter to the police authorities as she thought that as
barangay councilman he was authorized after all to carry a gun.

Dr. Perfecto Tabangin, Municipal Health Officer of Natividad, Pangasinan, conducted an autopsy on the cadaver of
Renato Camacho. He issued a medico-legal report reflecting his findings that (a) the body was in a state of rigor
mortis and (b) presence of gunshot wound at the right occipital region penetrating the skull, shattering the brain
tissue exiting over the left occipital region.5

Petitioner interposed alibi in his defense. He alleged that the whole morning of 18 January 1989 he was in Barangay
Cacandiungan, Natividad, Pangasinan, three (3) kilometers away from the scene of the crime, preparing his field to
be planted with onions and that in the evening he watched over his sick daughter whom he brought to the doctor the
following day.

But the trial court was not persuaded by the defense. It disregarded its version and convicted petitioner as charged.

The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction of petitioner by the trial court notwithstanding the manifestation and
motion of the Solicitor General recommending acquittal in view of the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses
which he perceived to be "highly improbable and nebulous." Hence this petition for review on certiorari assailing the
credibility of the prosecution witnesses for reasons summarized as follows: (a) the medico-legal finding that the
trajectory of the bullet was straight was contradictory to the testimony of witness Jenny Camacho that "the assailant
was at the place where the elevation was higher than her height;" 6 (b) the immediate reaction of Jenny Camacho,
who was the wife of the victim, in fleeing after the gunfire, instead of finding out if her husband was all right,
describing it as an unnatural behavior of a wife who allegedly had been told by her husband prior to his murder that
petitioner had evil designs against him; (c) the mahjong players present at the scene of the crime failed to identify
petitioner as the assailant; (d) the testimony of witness Jenny Camacho that on the right side of the victim was
Sulpicio Rivera was inconsistent with her claim that the assailant was positioned at the right side of the victim
because then it would be Sulpicio Rivera who would have been hit and not the victim; and, (e) witness Jenny
Camacho failed to immediately give her statement concerning the participation of petitioner as the perpetrator of the
crime; hence, the recommendation of the Solicitor General that he be acquitted. 7

We disagree. The unbending jurisprudence is that the findings of the trial court on the matter of credibility of
witnesses, especially if affirmed by the Court of Appeals, are entitled to the highest degree of respect and will not be
disturbed on appeal. We are not convinced that the prosecution witnesses falsely testified against petitioner as no
evil motives were attributed to them. Further, the detailed testimony of eyewitness Jenny Camacho acquires greater
weight and credibility against the mere alibi of petitioner, especially because her testimony jibed with the autopsy
findings. 8 The testimonies of prosecution witnesses, in the absence of any showing of improper motives on their
part, must be accorded full faith and credit.

The alibi of petitioner Rivera, corroborated by his wife, brother and sister, that he was working in the field in
Barangay Cacandiungan, Natividad, Pangasinan, on 18 January 1989 when the crime was committed, cannot
prosper. The element of physical impossibility of his presence at the crime scene at the time of the perpetration of
the crime does not obtain. 9 As correctly found by the trial court, petitioner admitted that the distance between his
farm in Barangay Cacandiungan and his own house, which was only 200 meters away from the scene of the crime,
could be travelled by walking in less than an hour; 10 in fact, it could have been traversed in less than ten (10)
minutes! We have ruled time and again that where the distance did not render it impossible for the accused to be at
the scene of the crime, the defense of alibi must preclude the possibility that petitioner could have been physically
present at the place of the crime at or about the time of its commission. Further, the alibi and denial of petitioner
cannot prevail over the positive testimony of prosecution witnesses and their clear identification of him as having
been physically present at the scene of the crime and killing his victim. 11

The inconsistencies in the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses as alleged by petitioner refer to minor and trivial
matters which only serve to strengthen, rather than weaken, the credibility of witnesses because they erase any
suspicion of rehearsed testimonies. 12 His allegation that the medico-legal finding that the straight trajectory of the
bullet contradicted the testimony of Jenny Camacho that the assailant was positioned in a higher level than the
victim cannot be given credence. In his cross-examination, Dr. Tabangin explained that it was possible that the
entrance and exit wounds would be at the same level even if the assailant's position was higher than that of the
victim because there could be diversion of the bullet upon hitting the skull which is hard. 1

Moreover, the behavior of Jenny Camacho in running towards her house instead of ensuring that her husband was
safe, and in failing to immediately charge petitioner with the crime, cannot taint her credibility as a witness. Jenny
testified that when informed of her husband's death, she lost consciousness. Witnesses of startling occurrences
react differently depending upon their situation and state of mind and there is no standard form of human behavioral
response when one is confronted with strange, startling or frightful experience. 14 The workings of human mind
placed under emotional stress are unpredictable and people react differently — some may shout, some may faint
and others may be shocked into insensibility. 15 Further, it is settled that delay or vacillation in reporting a crime does
not necessarily impair the credibility of the witness and render her testimony unworthy. 16

As found by the trial court and the Court of Appeals, the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses were consistent, in
accord with one another, and were given in simple, straightforward manner, mentioning details of the incident that
could not have been merely concocted. As long as the witnesses concur on material points, slight deviations in their
recollection of details will not detract from the essential veracity of their assertions. 17

The trial court correctly ruled that the killing was qualified by treachery. The suddenness of the shooting without any
provocation on the part of the victim who was innocently playing mahjong and totally unaware of the impending
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attack upon him who was unarmed, demonstrates the treacherous nature of the attack.

The mitigating circumstance of voluntary surrender was properly appreciated in favor of petitioner. The records show
that when the Information was filed after the preliminary investigation, he voluntarily submitted himself to the
jurisdiction of the trial court and posted his bailbond before he could be arrested. 18 In People v. Yeda 19 and People
v. Turalba, 20 it was held that when after the commission of the crime and the issuance of the warrant of arrest, the
accused presented himself in the municipal building to post the bond for his temporary release, voluntary surrender
is mitigating. The fact that the order of arrest had already been issued is no bar to the consideration of the
circumstances because the law does not require that the surrender be prior to the order of arrest.

The crime of murder was committed on 18 January 1989, prior to the effectivity of RA 7659 on 31 December 1993,
which penalizes murder with reclusion perpetua to death. At the time the crime was committed, the penalty for
murder was still reclusion temporal in its maximum period to death. Where there was one mitigating circumstance,
the imposable penalty would be in the minimum period, i.e., reclusion temporal in its maximum period. Applying the
Indeterminate Sentence Law, the maximum sentence shall be reclusion temporal in its maximum period and the
minimum shall be taken from the next lower penalty, which is prision mayor maximum to reclusion temporal medium.
Hence, the trial court correctly sentenced petitioner to a minimum of ten (10) years and one (1) day of prision mayor
maximum to seventeen (17) years four (4) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal maximum as maximum.

The award by the trial court of civil indemnity for death in the amount of P50,000.00, moral damages of P50,000.00
and P9,770.00 actual damages to the heirs of victim Renato U. Camacho, which was not objected to nor questioned
by petitioner in his petition, is binding and conclusive upon this Court.

WHEREFORE, the Petition is DENIED. The Decision of the Court of Appeals dated 31 July 1996 affirming that of
the trial court finding petitioner BENJAMIN RIVERA guilty of Murder qualified by treachery but mitigated by voluntary
surrender, and sentencing him to a minimum of ten (10) years and one (1) day of prision mayor maximum, as
minimum, to seventeen (17) years four (4) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal maximum, as maximum,
and further ordering him to pay the heirs of Renato U. Camacho the amount of P50,000.00 as civil indemnity for
death, another P50,000.00 for moral damages and P9,770.00 for actual damages, is AFFIRMED. Costs against
petitioner Benjamin Rivera.

SO ORDERED.

Mendoza and Buena, JJ., concur.

Quisumbing and De Leon, Jr., JJ., are on leave.

Footnotes
1
Information dated 22 March 1989; Records, p. 4.
2
Decision penned by Judge Pedro C. Cacho, Regional Trial Court — Br. 52, Tayug, Pangasinan; id., p.
297.
3
TSN, 9 November 1989, pp. 2-18.
4
TSN, 9 May 1990, pp. 11-27.
5
Records, p. 3.
6
Rollo, p. 15.
7
Id., p. 94.
8
People v. De Guia, G.R. No. 123172, 2 October 1997, 280 SCRA 141.
9
People v. Espinosa, G.R. No. 113795, 28 March 1995, 243 SCRA.
10
Rerords, p. 314; see TSN, 31 July 1991, pp. 8-9.
11
People v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 95851, 1 March 1995, 242 SCRA 47.
12
People v. Padilla, G.R. Nos. 111956 and 111958-61, 23 March 1995, 242 SCRA 629.
13
TSN, 6 July 1989, pp. 8-9.
14
People v. Halili, G.R. No. 108662, 27 June 1995, 245 SCRA 340.
15
People v. Malunes, G.R. No. 114692, 14 August 1995, 247 SCRA 317.
16
People v. Francisco, G.R. No. 99058, 25 October 1995, 249 SCRA 526.
17
People v. Ledesma, G.R. No. 105958, 20 November 1995, 250 SCRA 166.
18
Records, p. 25.

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19
68 Phil. 740 [1939].
20
No. L-29118, 28 February 1974, 55 SCRA 697.

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