ESIC Energy Storage Implementation Guide

3002010896

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ESIC Energy Storage Implementation Guide

3002010896
Technical Update, December 2017

EPRI Project Manager

E. Minear

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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10487674800.313.3774  650.855.2121  [email protected]  www.epri.com
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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), prepared this report.
Principal Investigators
B. Kaun
E. Minear
S. Willard
P. Ip
This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.
The authors would like to thank all ESIC participants for their thought leadership, and also
acknowledge individuals for their roles to date. Omissions are the sole responsibility of the
author.
Former ESIC chair, Eva Gardow of FirstEnergy, has demonstrated dedication from inception to
execute the mission of ESIC. Without the tremendous administrative support of Karen Larsen,
Lucy Cha and Christian Martinez-Ventura, execution of ESIC would not have been possible.
Leadership has also been provided by the following Working Group chairs:
Grid Services and Analysis Working Group – Udi Helman, Helman Analytics
Testing and Characterization Working Group – Jorge Araiza and Naum Pinsky, Southern
California Edison
Grid Integration Working Group – Thomas Golden, Duke Energy (Former Chair)
Numerous other individuals and organizations have also played leadership roles in the
development of subgroups and individual topic work products. These individuals are recognized
specifically in the context of those work products.
The Energy Storage Integration Council consists of over 1200 volunteer participants from more
than 600 organizations.

This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following
manner:
ESIC Energy Storage Implementation Guide. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2017. 3002010896.

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 ABSTRACT
Effective implementation of utility-distribution energy storage requires recognition of factors to
consider through the complete life cycle of a project. This report serves as a practical reference
guide from initial planning, procurement, system deployment, operations and maintenance, and
eventual decommissioning. This document provides a bridge between work performed by the
participants in the Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC) and the practical concerns of
companies involved with energy storage project deployments. Development of this document
was supported by the combined efforts of three ESIC working groups, and it includes
contributions from utilities, energy storage vendors, and the research and consulting community.
Through direct discussion, web links, citations, and a detailed bibliography, the reader has access
to an up-to-date suite of publicly available resources and insights into ESIC’s ongoing work in
support of developing common approaches that advance the mission of ESIC.
This guide is an annually updated report that evolves with new ESIC publications and industry
use of the document. ESIC is an open technical forum with a mission to advance the integration
of energy storage systems (ESSs), which is guided by the vision of universally accessible, safe,
secure, reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible electricity.
Keywords
Energy storage
Energy storage deployment
ESIC
Distributed energy resources
Integrated grid

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ESIC ENERGY STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE –
USER QUICK GUIDE
The following User Quick Guide provides a brief overview of each five chronological phases of
the life cycle of an energy storage project as described in the Energy Storage Implementation
Guide, including Planning, Procurement, Deployment, Operations and Maintenance (O&M), and
Decommissioning. Many important items are hyperlinked in this document to help users quickly
navigate to specific content in the comprehensive implementation guide. This document is
developed in close coordination with other Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC) products;
these can be accessed at epri.com/esic.
Section 1: Introduction discusses the purpose and organization of the Implementation Guide
and an overview of ESIC.
The purpose of the Implementation Guide is to:
• To serve as an evolving reference guideline for utility project managers, the suppliers they
work with, and users investigating energy storage solutions
• To support the development of a practical, short-term industry research agenda to deploy
safe, reliable, cost effective energy storage projects with a one- to three-year time horizon
• To identify common problems and risks that are encountered in the implementation of energy
storage projects and provide a path toward resolution
• To provide an annual update on the publicly available tools of ESIC
To achieve these objectives, the Guide is organized into chapters that follow the five phases of
the life cycle of an energy storage project. In each chapter, useful and publicly available tools,
templates, and resources are referenced to guide users through each of those phases, with the
goal of developing clear channels of communication within the project team.

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Section 2: Planning describes the process for identifying grid needs, translating such needs into
technical requirements, and analyzing the cost-effectiveness and viability of energy storage
projects.
The first phase in the planning process for an energy storage procurement is
Characterize the identification of grid needs in order to characterize applications and
Applications /
services. From the perspective of an electric utility stakeholder, there are
Services
several ways that distribution-connected energy storage could be used to
minimize, defer, or avoid costs, increase reliability, or to increase the
operational efficiency of the electric power system. Additionally, there are emerging drivers
resulting from the adoption of both fossil and renewable distributed generation by utilities, utility
customers, and third-parties, as well as the overall drive toward a more environmentally
responsible electric power sector.
Identifying and assessing specific requirements of storage will ensure project
Define managers evaluate and screen the energy storage technology’s ability to meet
Minimum
solution requirements defined previously. Elements for developing energy
Requirements
storage specific project requirements include: Ownership of the Storage Asset,
ESS Performance, Communication and Control System Requirements, Site
Requirements and Availability, and Local Constraints.
At this part of the planning phase, there could multiple options to meet the
Cost-Benefit grid need, including conventional options. The decision makers may narrow
Analysis the scope of options using a screening cost-benefit analysis. This analysis may
include secondary service benefits and costs, in addition to those associated
with solving the primary service. Processes such as Net Market Value, a metric that considers the
net costs and net benefits of a new generator, and tools such as EPRI’s StorageVET, a cloud-
based energy storage valuation analysis tool, help planners perform analysis on the initial cost-
effectiveness screen of the options available.
Section 3: Procurement describes the phase of the project which turns previously defined
minimum requirements from the planning stage into specifications that result in a formal Request
for Proposal (RFP) or Request for Offer (RFO). The project team will then review of the ESS
proposals accordingly and evaluate how well individual proposed systems can meet project
needs.
A significant portion of developing a request for proposal is the development of
Develop
RFP
the scope of work for the project. The scope of work is where the utility, or the
Buyer, has the opportunity to define the objectives of the project and include
specifications of the energy storage system, the energy storage product, balance of system, and
other physical components and services that are required for the complete integration of the
project. It should also clearly describe the expected responsibilities of each party for procuring,
designing, and installing different components in the project. To clearly delineate responsibilities
and interactions within each task, a Division of Responsibility (DOR) matrix should be a key
supplement to the RFP. Additional ESIC guides and tools to support the development and clear
communication of RFP requirements include the ESIC Energy Storage Request for Proposal
Guide, ESIC Energy Storage Cost Tool and Template, and ESIC Technical Specification
Template.

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 Proposal responses may include a broad spectrum of potential technologies,
Review
configurations, and potentially even supplemental value streams in addition to
Proposals /
Due Diligence the core solution being sought by the utility. A well-formed RFP with
established criteria for evaluating proposals can simplify the proposal review
process. For example, use of the ESIC Technical Specification Template allows the buyer to
evaluate and compare technical specifications from potential bidders by requesting the same set
of technical information within the same reporting format. Other evaluation criteria may include
cost, prior deployment experience, financial stability, and other risk mitigation considerations.
Section 4: Deployment and Integration discusses the stage after procurement contracting has
been done until the project has been installed and commissioned, and subsequently handing off
to operations. Since energy storage technologies are still emerging, the scope of deployment and
integration has not always been fully considered in previous stages. To improve the estimates of
time and cost required for implementation, it is important to address in detail the steps required
at this stage.
Site and system engineering will use contract technical specification
Engineering
requirements and utility and industry design codes and standards as the basis of
design.
It is important to engage local authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) to
Permitting
understand permitting requirements and additional codes and standards
applicable for the construction and operation of an energy storage system. Due
to large gaps in standards for energy storage with respect to codes, standards, and regulations
(CSR) and the lag time for AHJs adopting new CSRs, there may be a need to educate and discuss
concerns and requirements for safety, nuisance, or environmental issues certain departments
within an AHJ.

Site After a permit or notice to proceed with construction is issued, site preparation
Preparation/ and construction can begin.
Construction

In parallel with detailed engineering and site preparation, the energy storage
Product product will be manufactured. When the product manufacturing is complete, it
Manufacture
is a common practice for the utility or a third party to witness a factory
and FAT
acceptance test (FAT) at the vendor’s manufacturing facility prior to shipment.
The FAT is typically a set of quality control-related tests to help ensure that the components of
the energy storage system have been built to specification prior to its leaving the factory.

Shipping and
After the energy storage system is approved for shipment, it is transported to
Receiving the site. Product shipping and receiving procedures, loading unloading
equipment and practices, modes of transportation and other considerations
should be given careful thought. Responsibility for these tasks should be defined during
procurement.

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 ESS product installation and system integration can be performed by an
ESS Installation electrical contractor who should be experienced in both high and low voltage
systems and familiar with the local electric utility’s system. However, they
may be unfamiliar with energy storage technology and require sufficient training and
documentation to ensure that the contractor knows about safety hazards and procedures unique to
energy storage systems.
After the installation and connection of an energy storage system to the
Commissioning distribution system, commissioning is required to ensure successful
integration. The ESIC Energy Storage Commissioning Guide contains details
of commissioning and site acceptance tests during the deployment and integration phase.

Acceptance
Additional tests, such as performance and control functionality tests, may be
Tests required to verify the system operates as expected. The ESIC Energy Storage
Test Manual with detailed test protocols that include measurement and
calculation methodology, testing duty cycles, and templates for data collection can be used for
acceptance testing.
Section 5: Operations and Maintenance (O&M) provides an overview of the various
processes steps required over the operational life of the system. Since many of the planning
assumptions for the project may evolve over time, it is important to consider both current and
future needs, while assessing and communicating the inherent strengths and limitations of energy
storage technology.
During handoff, it is important that the distribution system and energy
Handoff to
Distribution /
resource operators (and other parties with control of storage system) are well-
System informed and trained regarding the storage system operational software,
Operations intended use of the product, the protection systems and schemes invoked, and
the planned operational profile of the storage system.

Maintenance of any asset comes in two forms: planned and unplanned.

ESS
Maintenance Planned maintenance should be scheduled regularly depending on
configuration, usage, and the technology of the energy storage system, with
regular diagnostic checks for indicating degradation and performance expectations. Although
costly, unplanned maintenance is needed when storage system malfunctions occur, which may
lead to power system reliability issues. Many instances of unplanned maintenance should be
avoidable through planned maintenance and diagnostics on system state of health.

Environmental
Depending on the type and size of the storage system used there may be an
/ Safety ongoing requirement to report chemical content, operational status, and other
Reporting parameters to AHJs.

In the case where changes in operation needs are identified, modeling and
Update simulation efforts may help to understand both the future demand and current
Operational
operating needs of the system for energy storage projects. Changes in
Needs

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operation outside of the warranty provision or agreed upon use-case may need to be discussed
with the vendor or supplier.

In both situations involving replacement of major system components, which

Recommissioning could include firmware updates, and changes in operation outside of original
scope may require recommissioning of the system. In addition to
recommissioning, periodic performance testing may also be conducted to ensure compliance
with warranty or to document performance over time.
Section 6: Decommissioning and End of Life discusses the consideration of issues during the
last phase of the project lifecycle when the system is no longer viable. The end of life can be
expected by a predetermined project end date, triggered by safety or reliability issues or caused
by exceeding marginal costs relative to marginal benefit. A well-defined end of life condition for
the energy storage project can ensure the safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness of the project.
The cost and specifications of decommissioning should be considered
Decommissioning throughout all phases in the life cycle. When the decision to decommission
an energy storage system is made, a comprehensive decommissioning plan
should be prepared to ensure a safe, efficient process.

Recycling/ As part of the decommissioning plan, it should be determined what will

Disposal or happen to the system after leaving the site. A plan could be made to recycle
Relocation and dispose of the system components or, if there are components that have
useful life, they could be reused at another location.

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10487674
 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................v
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1-1
Purpose of this Implementation Guide ................................................................................1-1
Organization of this Guide ..................................................................................................1-1
Overview of Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC).....................................................1-2
ESIC Description ..........................................................................................................1-3
ESIC Mission ................................................................................................................1-3
ESIC Documentation and Publishing Process ..............................................................1-3
ESIC Working Groups ..................................................................................................1-3
2 PLANNING OF ENERGY STORAGE ...................................................................................2-1
Characterizing Applications and Services Relevant to Distribution-Connected Storage......2-1
Defining Minimum Solution Requirements ..........................................................................2-2
Identifying and Assessing Specific Requirements of Storage .............................................2-3
Evaluating Feasibility and Cost-Effectiveness of Storage and Alternatives .........................2-6
General Considerations: Team Building, Participation, and Utility Department Roles .........2-7
Planning Resources ...........................................................................................................2-7
3 PROCUREMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE ..........................................................................3-1
Introduction to Procurement ...............................................................................................3-1
Development of Request for Proposal/Offer .......................................................................3-1
Scope of Work ..............................................................................................................3-3
Technical Specification – Buyer Requirements .............................................................3-4
Review of Energy Storage Proposals .................................................................................3-6
Additional Project Technical and Economic Considerations ...............................................3-6
Procurement Resources .....................................................................................................3-7
4 DEPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION OF ENERGY STORAGE ...........................................4-1
Introduction to Deployment and Integration ........................................................................4-1
Engineering ........................................................................................................................4-1
Site Engineering ...........................................................................................................4-2
System Engineering .....................................................................................................4-2
Permitting and Applicable Codes and Standards................................................................4-3
Site Preparation and Construction ......................................................................................4-4
Factory Acceptance Testing ...............................................................................................4-4
Product Shipping and Receiving.........................................................................................4-4
ESS Product Installation and System Integration ...............................................................4-5
Project Commissioning .......................................................................................................4-5
Site Acceptance Testing .....................................................................................................4-6
Deployment and Integration Resources..............................................................................4-6

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5 PROJECT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE .................................................................5-1
Introduction to Operations and Maintenance ......................................................................5-1
Handoff to Distribution/System Operations .........................................................................5-1
Maintenance ......................................................................................................................5-2
Environmental and Safety Reporting ..................................................................................5-2
Update Operational Needs .................................................................................................5-2
Recommissioning ...............................................................................................................5-3
Next Steps .........................................................................................................................5-3
Operations and Maintenance Resources............................................................................5-4
6 DECOMMISSIONING AND END OF LIFE ............................................................................6-1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................6-1
Decommissioning Issues during Prior Project Phases ........................................................6-1
End of Life Conditions ........................................................................................................6-2
Decommissioning Plan .......................................................................................................6-2
Decommissioning Resources .............................................................................................6-2
7 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................7-1
A ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................. A-1
B BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR ENERGY STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION ..................................... B-1
ESIC Product Guide .......................................................................................................... B-1
Bibliography for Energy Storage Integration ...................................................................... B-6
C ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................... C-1

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Project phase summary ..........................................................................................1-1
Figure 1-2 Three ESIC Working Groups...................................................................................1-4
Figure 2-1 Defining grid services (technology-neutral solution requirements) ...........................2-2
Figure 2-2 Development of energy storage project requirements .............................................2-4
Figure 3-1 Interrelationships in planning an integrated storage solution ...................................3-3

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10487674
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Useful Resources for Energy Storage Planning .......................................................2-7
Table 3-1 Example of a Division of Responsibility Matrix .........................................................3-4
Table 3-2 General Considerations for Technical Specifications................................................3-5
Table 3-3 Useful Resources for Energy Storage Procurement .................................................3-7
Table 4-1 Useful resources for energy storage deployment and integration .............................4-6
Table 5-1 Useful resources for energy storage operations and maintenance ...........................5-4
Table 6-1 Useful resources for energy storage decommissioning ............................................6-2
Table B-1 ESIC Product Guide ............................................................................................... B-2

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1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of this Implementation Guide
• To serve as an evolving reference guideline for utility project managers, the suppliers they
work with, and users investigating energy storage solutions
• To develop a practical, short-term industry research agenda in support of safe, reliable, cost
effective deployment of energy storage with a one- to three-year time horizon
• To identify common problems and risk that are encountered in the implementation of energy
storage projects and provide a path toward resolution
• To provide an annual update on the publicly available tools of the Energy Storage Integration
Council (ESIC)

Organization of this Guide

The objective of this document is to guide readers through the five phases of the life cycle of an
energy storage project, referencing publicly available tools, templates, and other resources along
the way. Each phase faces unique challenges and necessitates careful considerations to avoid
project delay and miscommunication. As shown in Figure 1-1, the five chronological phases of
the life cycle in this implementation guide are Planning, Procurement, Deployment and
Integration, Operation and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and End of Life.

Figure 1-1
Project phase summary

This guide has been organized according to these lifecycle phases, with the section contents as
follows:

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• Section 2: Planning of Energy Storage – This section begins by looking at potential
opportunities for ESS through the lens of grid issues and needs. It discusses both traditional
issues and emerging needs and then guides readers through the process of defining an ESS
application and its requirements. Subsequent subsections introduce product cost and project
effectiveness analyses. The section concludes with discussion of on-site assessments for ESS,
as well as frameworks, methodologies, and tools for conducting technical feasibility and
impact assessments.
• Section 3: Procurement of Energy Storage – This section begins with a detailed look at
developing a Request for Proposal (RFP), and the associated technical specification for the
solution requested. It provides details on different considerations to include in the
specification. It then discusses the evaluation of supplier proposals. It concludes with a
subsection on conducting detailed technical and business case analyses and contracting.
• Section 4: Deployment and Integration of Energy Storage – This section walks readers
through each step of a deploying an ESS. The section covers a broad range of topics, from
required departments and specific roles to site engineering, product acceptance testing,
logistics, installation, and commissioning.
• Section 5: Project Operations and Maintenance – This section discusses project operations
and maintenance considerations throughout the operational life of an energy storage project.
• Section 6: Decommissioning and End of Life – This section discusses considerations that
define the end of life for energy storage projects and for decommissioning an energy storage
project.
• Section 7: References – This section lists references cited in the main sections of this guide.
Additional references for ESIC working groups can be found in the appendices associated
with them.
The following appendices provide a glossary of acronyms, an overview of the ESIC
collaboration site and the ESIC work products under development, and the status of the different
working groups and the various work products under development in each. The content of the
appendices is summarized as follows:
• Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations – This section provides a list of acronyms and
abbreviations used throughout this guide.
• Appendix B: Bibliography for Energy Storage Implementation – This section provides a
summary of how ESIC products can be applied throughout the implementation process and
other materials that the working groups have used in the development of those work
products.
• Appendix C: Additional Resources – This section provides a list of other publicly available
resources that may support the implementation process.

Overview of Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC)

This section will provide a brief overview of the Energy Storage Integration Council to highlight
the importance of common approaches and terminology and describe the process by which ESIC
tools, guides and templates are developed. For additional information on how ESIC operates visit
www.epri.com/esic.

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ESIC Description
ESIC is an open, technical forum to facilitate conversations between energy storage stakeholders,
including utilities, developers, the research community, regulators to determine and
communicate utility requirements for energy storage while maintaining acceptable safety and
reliability characteristics. ESIC, which operates under the auspices of the Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI) is also a forum to attain consensus on definitions and common
technical approaches to accelerate the development of standards as appropriate to facilitate safe
and reliable deployment of energy storage. Through its collaborative process, ESIC produces
publicly available guides and tools that support a wider understanding of industry requirements
and standards. The ESIC forum is also a platform to discuss emerging issues and to review and
provide input to efforts by other organizations that support ESIC’s mission.
ESIC Mission
ESIC’s mission is to advance the integration of energy storage systems through open, technical
collaboration, guided by the vision of universally accessible safe, secure, reliable, affordable,
environmentally responsible electricity.
ESIC Documentation and Publishing Process
Work products developed within ESIC are typically developed collaboratively by ESIC
participants and EPRI staff. The documents undergo a review process, beginning with a
subgroup, then working group, then general ESIC review and, finally, EPRI editorial review. At
the end of this process, EPRI endeavors to publish work products developed through ESIC,
which are made available to the public for free.
Work products developed outside of ESIC may be periodically reviewed in both draft and final
form by ESIC. The entities that develop these products typically publish them using their own
resources. However, reviews of these documents may become ESIC work products.
Additionally, portions of externally developed work products may be referenced in ESIC
documentation, as coordinated with the responsible party.
ESIC Working Groups
ESIC currently has three working groups: Grid Services, Testing and Characterization, and Grid
Integration, as illustrated in Figure 1-2.

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 Testing and
Characterization
Development of
common metrics
Grid Services and of performance
Analysis Grid Integration
Developing Deployment in the
methods and field
tools

ESIC
Safe, reliable,
cost-effective
storage

Figure 1-2
Three ESIC Working Groups

The mission of the Grid Services and Analysis Working Group (WG1) is to determine the
requirements of energy storage in order to solve grid needs and provide value and to develop
guidelines and definitions for analysis of energy storage system value and impacts on the power
system. This working group identifies grid issues and corresponding grid services that can be
addressed by energy storage. It provides practical methodologies for identifying relevant solution
requirement parameters and how to derive the requirements for energy storage to meet needs and
provide value. WG1 is also developing common definitions for energy storage technology
models and grid services requirement and benefit calculation definitions. The group is the venue
through which the industry provides guidance to an EPRI-led project, funded by the California
Energy Commission, to develop a publicly available cloud-based energy storage valuation tool,
called the Storage Valuation Estimation Tool (StorageVET).
The mission of the Testing and Characterization Working Group (WG2) is to consistently
characterize the technical characteristics of fully integrated energy storage products relevant to
utility requirements. This entails identifying common terminology and definitions for energy
storage product performance and technical characteristics. It also involves defining or facilitating
the creation of test procedures to consistently verify energy storage characteristics, in a
technology neutral way, that are relevant to utility application requirements.
The mission of the Grid Integration Working Group (WG3) is to provide practical guidance for
the implementation of energy storage in the field. The Working Group aims to provide utility
project deployment and integration guidelines. This entails procurement, commissioning,
communication and control and safety guidelines.

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2
PLANNING OF ENERGY STORAGE
This section covers the first phase of energy storage project implementation: planning. This
phase begins with the identification and definition of grid needs and translates those needs into
requirements. The objective is to provide an analytical framework on which to base a decision on
whether or not to proceed with an energy storage procurement project.
The planning process for energy storage requires an understanding of the current processes for
planning and a detailed evaluation of power system needs, criteria, and alternatives, as well as an
overall cost-benefit analysis.
Planning an energy storage procurement project involves several phases:
• Characterizing applications and services
• Defining minimum solution requirements
• Identifying and assessing specific requirements of storage
• Evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of storage
The planning process is often referred to as developing a use case. The use case framework can
support a system planner by helping to identify the technical objectives, the elements (humans,
devices, etc.), and their step-by-step interactions as a project moves toward implementation. Use
cases can be general or very detailed, depending on the need, but they are most valuable when
they are most practical. With this in mind, the ESIC Grid Services and Analysis Working Group
(WG1) is collecting publicly available use cases from energy storage deployments to build a
reference library of realistic energy storage deployment scenarios and to understand the
requirements to achieve specific objectives.

Characterizing Applications and Services Relevant to Distribution-Connected

Storage
The first phase in the planning process for an energy storage procurement is the identification of
grid needs in order to characterize applications and services. Project managers can begin by
asking the following questions:
• What need am I trying to satisfy?
• Is energy storage an option for addressing this need?
From the perspective of an electric utility stakeholder, there are several ways that distribution-
connected energy storage could be used to minimize, defer, or avoid costs; increase reliability, or
to increase the operational efficiency of the electric power system. There are both fixed and
variable costs inherent to generating, transmitting, and delivering safe and reliable electric
power. Factors affecting these costs include the following:
• load growth-driven T&D capacity investments
• load growth-driven generation capacity investments

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• renewable-driven T&D capital investments
• contingency-driven T&D capacity investments
• bulk system operations (energy and ancillary services)
• local power quality and reliability issues
Additionally, there are emerging drivers resulting from the adoption of both fossil and renewable
distributed generation by utilities, utility customers, and third-parties, as well as the overall drive
toward a more environmentally responsible electric power sector. These include the following:
• distribution feeder-level photovoltaic (PV) hosting capacity limitations
• distribution level resiliency to weather (and other contingency) events, enabled by distributed
energy resources (DER)
• renewables ramping and aggregated impact on bulk electricity needs for flexibility

Defining Minimum Solution Requirements

An important initial step in the consideration of energy storage systems in the utility planning
process is to define the grid services and the specific required impacts to achieve a solution. To
begin, planning criteria must be identified and quantified, first accounting for the scope and
timeframe for stakeholder decision making. Planning scenarios must be developed and their
impacts, relative to the technical criteria, understood. Possible violations of planning or operating
criteria are identified through an analytical method appropriate for the domain and issue. Then,
any violations are characterized (e.g. exceeding normal or emergency load ratings). Finally, from
characterized violations, the technical impacts to correct a violation may be derived. Solution
requirements should be “resource neutral,” that is, not specific to one type of energy storage or
even energy storage in general. For example, in a case where capacity limits of distribution
assets are exceeded in the planning horizon, solutions requirements would include, at a
minimum, the capabilities of power, energy, and availability for the energy storage (or other)
resource to maintain the asset below its peak load limit.
The phases described for defining grid services are illustrated in Figure 2-1 below.

Figure 2-1
Defining grid services (technology-neutral solution requirements)

While it may be most logical for a distribution-connected ESS to focus on providing distribution
level services, it may be feasible for these systems to provide services upstream to the bulk
electricity system, affecting the planning and operations of generation and transmission.
The process of defining grid services can be relatively straightforward on a conceptual level, but
in order to define grid services driven by emerging grid needs, planners and operators need
supporting methods, models, and data to assess standard modes of operations, exceptions,
violations, and the resulting solutions and/or requirements. EPRI’s Integrated Grid Cost-Benefit

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Analysis Framework [1] lays out a number of considerations for modeling processes and
interdependencies. Additional grid service definitions are applied in the EPRI-led modeling tool,
the Storage Valuation Estimation Tool (StorageVET®) [2], a web-hosted energy storage
valuation tool (more at www.storagevet.com). The ESIC Grid Services and Analysis Working
Group (WG1) contributed to review of StorageVET, and the working group is also developing a
technical guidelines document for energy storage modeling.

Identifying and Assessing Specific Requirements of Storage

In practice, the array of options under consideration should first be evaluated and screened
according to their ability to provide a solution and meet other compliance criteria. When the
options under consideration do not appear to provide a solution, it can be worthwhile to reassess
the options bearing in mind that new technologies might not fit into existing solution categories.
As a framework, there could be two broad categories of feasible technology and service
combinations, such as the following:
• Conventional Utility Options – e.g. generators, wires, transformers, voltage regulators,
capacitors, protection equipment, feeder reconfiguration, etc.
• Emerging Options – e.g. storage, demand response, smart inverters, distributed generation
(renewable or fossil), hybrid solutions, microgrids, etc.
After the minimum technical requirements for the grid solution have been defined, planners
should note which of the solution parameters are important in the context of an energy storage
based solution. In the case of distribution-connected energy storage used to provide distribution
peak load management for the deferral of a transformer upgrade, it is important to consider the
expected load shape and load growth rate of the feeder in order to understand how much power
and energy a storage solution would need to support a given transformer or circuit on the highest
peak day to maintain reliability under the planning criteria. This information may improve the
planner’s confidence for energy storage as an alternative solution to a higher capacity
transformer. This contrasts with historical approaches that may dictate a need to specify a
transformer upgrade, re-conductoring, or other “wires-based” solution, which do not take into
account peak duration requirement.
The process for developing energy storage specific requirements is relatively immature currently,
due to the nascent stage of utility energy storage deployments. As experience is gained, best
practices should emerge and support a clearer process for meeting requirements. At this stage, it
is important to identify and document relevant considerations for establishing requirements of
energy storage products and implementation, as well as enabling infrastructure for validating the
asserted value, by application of energy storage systems. Elements for developing energy storage
project requirements are illustrated in Figure 2-2 and include ownership assignment, ESS system
performance, communications and control system requirements, location requirements (including
protection requirements) and site availability, and local constraints.

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Figure 2-2
Development of energy storage project requirements

Each of these required solution elements is interrelated, so it is currently a challenge to develop a

serial, step-by-step approach to setting requirements that will be generally applicable to a broad
cross-section of stakeholders, accommodating specific requirements of the utility internal owners
of the storage system. The order of operations may depend on the scope of consideration and
control for the decision-making stakeholder(s), as well as degrees of freedom for the analyses.
For example, a storage solution may be constrained by the existing utility distribution controls
infrastructure. The storage use case may be substantially different if integrated with a utility
Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS), versus a case where the utility
does not have any grid edge monitoring and control. In the latter case, the energy storage system
may be relied on to provide substantially more sophisticated control.
Ownership of the Storage Asset: As part of the definition of technical requirements, a key
initial step is to determine and assign ownership of the storage system. Systems can be owned by
the utility or by a third party, i.e., an independent power producer, where only services or
capacity are purchased. This is a crucial step in that downstream requirements and specifications
can vary depending on ownership. If the utility owns the asset, there still may be differences in
requirements because the asset could be managed through the transmission, distribution,
generation or another business unit. A case in point would be the infrastructure and
interconnection requirements; a storage system assigned as a substation may be constructed,
controlled, and operated differently than one designated as a distribution asset. Ownership
designation also needs to be considered from a broader, future standpoint in terms of placement
of multiple units and a growing emphasis on distributed technologies in general. Additional
considerations affected by the ownership decision include asset financial classification within the
utility accounting system, warranty enforcement, site access, maintenance assignment, response
to alarms and storage disposition, removal or relocation, to name but a few.

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ESS System Performance: When defining storage technical characteristics, it is important to
have consistent terminology and definitions. ESIC WG2 has developed a Technical Specification
Template to support clear and consistent communication of function and performance
parameters. Additionally, benchmarks for reporting ESS performance have not been consistent,
so ESIC has been working to develop a common measurement method and compliance tests
performed. The ESIC Test Manual [3] includes testing protocols for characterizing performance
metrics and validating functional requirements.
Communication and Control System Requirements: Requirements documents can ultimately
establish the framework of the intended communication and controls for storage projects, key to
successful commissioning and downstream operation. These efforts are non-trivial as they
require coordination with many internal stakeholders to ensure legacy systems interface with
new distributed systems in a robust, cost efficient, and secure manner. The framework,
depending on the complexity of what is required from the storage system, needs to detail specific
system and user requirements. Successful integration of storage often hinges on up front analysis
and documentation of the requirements in a prescribed documentation effort, similar to an IT
based requirements document. Identification of communications, control, and cybersecurity
requirements and functional definitions are in progress in the Grid Integration Working Group
(WG3). In 2016, EPRI updated Common Functions for Smart Inverters [4] with support of ESIC
and other industry stakeholders. This can be used to communicate system control functionality.
In 2017, EPRI has been working to identify protocol mapping gaps and opportunities and will
propose updates to the DNP3 standard.
Site Requirements and Availability: Some considerations when siting a system may include
space requirements, type of location (e.g. rural, residential, urban, commercial and industrial),
safety, applicable codes and standards, existing interconnection infrastructure, proximity to
emergency response, permitting, physical access requirements, noise, appearance, or community
outreach. No formal work has been done in this area within ESIC, but it is a research topic within
the EPRI Energy Storage Program.
Local Constraints: To date, ESIC has not significantly addressed guidelines for analysis of local
constraints relevant to energy storage, but work is under way at EPRI and other organizations to
perform robust analyses to assess these operational considerations in a process similar to a PV
hosting analysis. Guidelines are expected to be drawn from those experiences and implemented
in future work. Without such analyses, coordination issues may have the potential to result in
negative side effects to the local grid.
After defining and assessing storage specific requirements, a request for information (RFI) can
be issued to understand the available storage technology that satisfies the project’s needs.
Responses can give insight as to whether a solution is likely to meet space, schedule, or
minimum technical requirements. Additionally, energy storage products are now emerging with
varying levels of technical readiness and independent evaluation. To screen readiness of a
technology, utilities may request a summary of experience or list of field deployments with use
case descriptions as part of an RFI. For technologies without extensive field data to reference,
some utilities are performing demonstration or test projects to evaluate the storage products in
terms of performance and compliance to safety and other relevant standards. The ESIC Request
for Proposal Guide [5] can be used to support RFI development.

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Evaluating Feasibility and Cost-Effectiveness of Storage and Alternatives
After the need has been defined and solution criteria established, there may be multiple options
available for meeting the need. To identify the best solution, decision makers may further narrow
the scope of options using a screening cost-benefit analysis. This analysis may include secondary
service benefits and costs, in addition to those associated with solving the primary service. The
scope of benefits considered in the analysis could be restricted by regulatory or business model
considerations; however, it is important to note the potential evolution of regulatory, policy, and
business models over the life of a long-term asset. Options may have different sets of potential
benefits to consider, depending on the owner, location, and technology capabilities. These
benefits can be considered in addition to a purely cost-based analysis, which is the historical
approach for the distribution planning process with “wires-only” solutions.
Analyses of emerging non-wires alternatives are often compared with use of the conventional
utility alternative based on solution requirements only. However, it is increasingly necessary to
expand the scope of the analysis to incorporate requirements specific to emerging options, which
often contain strengths and limitations similar to energy storage, such as location specific
benefits, limited duration, or fast response. The ability to address grid services varies by resource
and could be most reliably and cost effectively addressed by a combination of resources.
There is already a process for considering non-reliability benefits in the procurement of
generation for resource adequacy or capacity, with a metric called Net Market Value (NMV) [6].
NMV is a metric that considers the net cost of a new generator, considering the levelized
difference in fixed and variable costs of the generator versus the expected net benefits of that
generator to provide energy and ancillary services. The NMV metric helps planners to determine
what type of generator to purchase in the future (e.g. simple cycle, combined cycle, or base load
generation), each with different fixed and variable cost structures. Similar analytical approaches
are needed to consider the full potential scope of both economic and reliability benefits of energy
storage and other distributed energy resources (DER).
Currently, there are no widely accepted tools and methods for performing cost-benefit analysis
across multiple resources in the scope of the distribution system. However, these tools and
methods are under development at EPRI and other organizations. In 2015, EPRI, along with its
modeling partners and supported by the ESIC, kicked off the development of StorageVET [2], a
cloud-based energy storage valuation analysis tool. The modeling team is using ESIC as a key
venue for industrial guidance on modeling energy storage use case and technology. Common
approaches for developing methods, models, and data requirements for energy storage are under
development in the ESIC Grid Services and Analysis Working Group. As a result, the
StorageVET model strives to address stakeholders’ challenges and incorporate a common
modeling approach in its analysis infrastructure.
After assessing options and their relative cost-benefit trade-offs, the planner may be ready to
perform deeper due diligence of the technical solutions or to communicate the solution needs to
solution providers through the development of a technical specification. This could be
accomplished through a request for quote (RFQ), request for offers (RFO), or request for
proposals (RFP) process. The next phase, where the utility communicates needs and reviews
options from the market, is covered in the next section, Procurement of Energy Storage.

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General Considerations: Team Building, Participation, and Utility Department
Roles
Early in the project, it is important to communicate and evaluate requirements with a broad set of
internal stakeholders. One common theme of utility survey respondents with energy storage
deployment experience was the importance of early buy-in, training, and documentation for the
different utility departments and roles. The first step of getting buy-in is clarification of which
specific stakeholders are responsible for the decisions pertaining to regulatory and environmental
compliance, safety, permitting, integration, operation, and planned/unplanned maintenance.
Utility stakeholders and their respective areas of concern should be identified, along with the key
concerns or interests they may have regarding a new energy storage project. Stakeholders from
utility IT, field communications, system operations, metering, substations, protection and design,
among others, could have key roles, and significant outreach to all parties is required.
To this end, the Grid Integration Working Group (WG3) has identified key stakeholders and
functions to guide thinking in development of the project team. Refinement of the portfolio of
resources will proceed with time, technology adoption, and through maintaining this broad
survey of the industry and tracking of best practices as new deployments occur. Indeed, the
process is likely to change and become more uniform as energy storage becomes more common.
Specifically, as key characteristics of energy storage systems are standardized, there will likely
be fewer unique interactions with projects than when they are first-of-a-kind. In the near term, it
will be important to understand and precisely define the requirements for each stakeholder.

Planning Resources
ESIC and EPRI provide access to a range of helpful resources for energy storage project
planning, as outlined in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1
Useful Resources for Energy Storage Planning

Resource Application in Planning

The Integrated Grid Phase II: Development of a Provides a methodology for benefit-cost analysis.
Benefit-Cost Framework [6]
ESIC Technical Specification Template [7] Provides an understanding of the degree of detail
needed in developing storage requirements.
ESIC Energy Storage Test Manual 2017 [3] Provides insights on recommended testing for storage
systems.
ESIC Energy Storage Request for Proposals Guide [5] Use elements of RFP Template to support creation of
RFI.
Common Functions for Smart Inverters, 4th Edition [4] Lists inverter functional requirements based on use
case.
StorageVET [2] Publicly available web-based tool for cost-benefit
analysis; confirm storage can meet general solution
requirements.
DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook [8] Chapter 1 addresses a range of use cases. Chapter 2
surveys technologies. Chapter 3 provides an approach
to evaluating storage.

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10487674
3
PROCUREMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE
Introduction to Procurement
The procurement phase of energy storage implementation begins after the planning process
yields a set of minimum requirements for an energy storage project. Assuming the planning
process found that a cost-effective project is viable, that process would result in a set of
requirements so that project would meet or exceed a defined need. From this stage, those
requirements can be distilled into major subgroups, including:
• Interconnection requirements
• ESS performance requirements
• Communication and control requirements
• Location requirements
The planning process also provides a decision platform that can lead to the selection of specific
technologies, sizes, locations, and capabilities, and a decision to present the requirements
determined through the planning process to the market for a solution. The exact process used in
determining the procurement process will depend on the specific needs and requirements of the
utility. In general, the steps of the procurement process, described in some detail below, are:
• Development of a Request for Proposal (RFP) or Request for Offer (RFO)
• Review of Energy Storage System Proposals/Due Diligence
In time, it should be possible for a utility to access a guide that would describe the procurement
process for an energy storage project in steps as well defined and laid out as the procurement
process for more established technologies, such as transformers, but the rapid emergence of
energy storage and the quickly changing nature of the technology often means that energy
storage solicitations are used to test the viability and availability of current products and
solutions.

Development of Request for Proposal/Offer

The first step of a procurement is for the customer – in this case, an electric utility – to align the
defined storage requirements to the procurement vehicle, whether it is a RFP or an RFO. In this
document, however, the approach is assumed to be a Request for Proposal (RFP). It is important
that whatever solution is requested can meet all the requirements to attain the desired value and
to ensure that the solution does not create negative side effects or fail to comply with other
requirements.
In additional to the technical requirements developed during the planning phase, more detailed
specifications and requirements need to be defined for an RFP. As mentioned in the planning
section, in order to further develop those specifications, it is important to determine the
ownership of the storage system. Both utility owned or third party owned structures may be
viable options for addressing the grid needs. There may be substantial differences in the

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information requested in an RFP issued under each of those two ownership scenarios. This
section focuses on RFP under a utility owned project. Even within a utility owned project, the
differences in the utility corporate structure can change the RFP requirements. This section
focuses on RFP under a utility owned project.
ESIC’s Grid Integration Working Group (WG3) has developed the ESIC Energy Storage
Request for Proposal Guide [5] that details key elements an RFP may include. An outline of the
template is below.

• Introduction o Project Schedule

o Purpose and Background o List of Project Clarifications,
o Project Description Assumptions, Exclusions, and
o Definition of Terms and Acronyms Exceptions
• Proposal Process Overview o Subcontracting Plan
o Confidentiality o Diverse Supplier Statement
o Pre-bid Qualifications o List of Major Equipment
o Schedule Suppliers
o Notice of Intent to Bid • Required Proposal; Submittals:
o Pre-Bid Information Session and Company Qualifications
Communications o Statement of Knowledge,
o Proposal Preparation and Experience and References
Submission o Safety Plan and Record
o Participation Requirements o Financial Statement
o Evaluation Criteria, Proposal o Conflicts of Interest
Evaluation Matrix o Legal Claims
o Disclosure of Proponents o Business Ethics Statement
• Scope of Work o Non-Disclosure Agreement
o Scope of Supply • Requirement Proposal Submittals:
o Division of Responsibility Matrix Contracting
o Deliverables/Submittals o Contract Terms and Conditions
o Technical Specification – Buyer o Bidder Exclusions and
Requirements Exceptions
o Communication and Control
Integration Specification
o Performance Requirements
o Warranty
o Owner Standards
o Safety/Codes, Regulations and
Standards
• Required Proposal Submittals:
Project- Specific Elements
o Pricing
o Technical Specification – Bidder
Offering
o Drawings

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Details for each section of the RFP can be found in the ESIC RFP Guide. Due to the evolving
nature of energy storage projects, special attention should be focused on the Scope of Work
(SOW) section of an RFP, so the next section in this Implementation Guide provides important
insights into the purpose and nature of the SOW.
Scope of Work
Understanding the full scope of work for an energy storage project is an important component of
the utility RFP. In the SOW, the utility can determine and define the parties responsible for
procuring and installing specific portion of the project, illustrating what a supplier or a third-
party vendor would be accountable for. This SOW may include the energy storage product,
balance of system, other physical components and services that are required for the complete
integration of the project. The SOW needs to be as specific as possible, detailing the demarcation
point for all wiring, including controls, power, and auxiliary power. Timing considerations need
to be documented so that the project installation proceeds without interference between different
parties working at the site. Additionally, there is increased focus on end of life recycling and
repurposing and RFPs are often requesting information about these topics upfront.
The requested SOW may include both equipment and services associated with a fully integrated
solution:

Figure 3-1
Interrelationships in planning an integrated storage solution

A Division of Responsibility (DOR) matrix can supplement the SOW and provide additional
details and clearer distinction on the interactions among different groups within the project. This
is especially important when multiple responsible parties are involved.
The template can be found in the ESIC Energy Storage Request for Proposal Guide [5], which
aims to aid communication and clarify responsibilities during the RFP process.

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Table 3-1
Example of a Division of Responsibility Matrix

Technical Specification – Buyer Requirements

The solution requirements determined during the planning stage should be translated into a set of
technical specifications in the RFP, which can be either extremely detailed or very broad to suit
the project’s needs. The level of details desired from the technical specification is also affected
by the utility’s experience level with energy storage integration.
The ESIC Technical Specification Template [7] can facilitate the communication of technical
information between the utility and potential bidders. The template can serve as a starting point
to define a list of desired specifications from the suppliers for the following categories. Some
generation considerations for energy storage projects are described in Table 3-2 below.

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Table 3-2
General Considerations for Technical Specifications

Categories General Considerations

Setting minimum requirements and general target parameters for your project will ensure
more effective responses to the project solution needs. Conversely, over-specifying
Facility and ESS
performance requirements can overly restrict respondents from proposing innovative
Performance
solutions. Striking a balance and clearly distinguishing “needs” versus “wants” is helpful
for the supplier community to make viable offers.

The specifications should address project site size and other characteristics. Physical
protection schemes and devices that will be integrated with the installation need to be
Installation considered, such as transportation, containment, physical security, and clearances. The
structural characteristics of the site may require thorough analysis to understand the extent
of site development needed to accommodate the storage system.

Interface requirements to connect either to a utility-specified transformer or to the voltage

level at the chosen site. The interconnection protection scheme and devices that will be
Interconnection
integrated with the installation need to be considered. The capacity or power quality
related constraints should be considered.

Auxiliary load requirements for the energy storage technology should be stated, including
pumps, heaters, chillers, fans, or controls. The power source, whether fed directly from
Balance of System
the ESS, a dedicated power source, or a combination of the two, should be considered.
These loads can affect overall facility efficiency, power output, and energy calculations

Communication, control, and cybersecurity requirements are increasingly important in the

Controls and
integrated grid. Refer to ESIC’s Common Functions for Smart Inverters, 4th Edition [4]
Communication
for current guidelines.

Mechanical and Ambient conditions of the project site, weather-affected load conditions of the system,
Environmental sound emissions of the system should be considered.

Safety measures required to meet project’s needs should be illustrated clearly in this
section, which could also include a list of applicable codes, standards and regulations
Safety
(CSR), fire protection requirements, hazard protection requirements, and contractor safety
requirements.

Startup and shutdown characteristics should be defined, to determine whether the ESS
Operations and
satisfies the criteria for intended use. Planned maintenance requirements should be taken
Maintenance
into account, as well as estimates of the potential impact of unplanned maintenance.

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Review of Energy Storage Proposals
Once the scope of work and technical specifications have been developed and an RFP issued, the
utility can expect to receive proposals from potential suppliers. At this stage, due to the diversity
of the energy storage asset class, the proposals may include a broad spectrum of potential
technologies, configurations, and potentially even supplemental value streams in addition to the
core solution being sought by the utility. This is in part a function of the range of solutions
requested by the utility. It is, therefore, important for the utility to have methods and tools to
compare and assess the diversity of different project options in order to arrive at a uniform
“apples to apples” comparison of the proposals. Depending on the scope of the RFP and the grid
needs under consideration, the utility may also need to consider conventional options or other
DERs as potential solutions.
EPRI has developed a generic analytical methodology for assessing the costs and benefits of
DERs, “The Integrated Grid Phase II: Development of a Benefit-Cost Framework” [6]. Through
ESIC, this methodology is being further refined for distribution-connected energy storage. The
near-term vision is to work with industry stakeholders to develop generic methodologies along
with modeling tool and data requirements guidelines for electric utilities to assess a broad range
of energy storage technology options on a consistent basis. Due to the specific considerations of
individual utilities, it is anticipated that a utility would consider and adapt these guidelines to fit
their specific situation and existing toolset.
Outside of the cost-benefit analysis of different proposals, there may be other business
considerations for an electric utility to make decisions regarding procurement. These may
include prior deployment experience, financial stability, and other risk management
considerations.

Additional Project Technical and Economic Considerations

After the initial short-listing of top candidates or the final choice of a proposed energy storage
project is made by the electric utility, there may be internal or external due diligence that occurs
to help ensure that a project meets all requirements and is expected to be cost effective. This may
include connecting with various internal stakeholders identified early in the planning process to
ensure that all requirements are met by a specific offering. Any exceptions to the specifications
by proposers should be carefully noted, examined, and clarified if needed prior to contracting of
an energy storage project. The final purchase agreement should reflect all exceptions, if
allowable, and have clear stage gates, performance metrics and contract terms to penalize non-
conformance to schedules in order to ensure that the project schedule and budget is realized
without delays or overruns.
Selection of the storage system vendor and identification of scope of work for both parties
should, at this point, allow firm definition of the project budget. It is important to closely review
internal labor costs at this point since significant effort will be needed from numerous parties in
ensuring design and installation efforts. Numerous departments will potentially be engaged and
affecting the budget, and all aspects of integration need to be assessed from a labor and
equipment cost perspective. These departments could include metering, protection, distribution
planning, IT/OT, communication and control, distribution operations, distribution engineering,
network operations, environmental compliance, and regulatory compliance, as well as overall
project management.

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Procurement Resources
ESIC, as well as EPRI and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), provide a range of resources
to assist in preparing for and conducting an energy storage procurement process. Table 3-3
highlights the key applications for each resource.
Table 3-3
Useful Resources for Energy Storage Procurement

Resource Application in Procurement

ESIC Energy Storage Request for Proposal Guide [5] Use elements of RFP Template to support creation of
Scope of Work.
ESIC Technical Specification Template [7] Buyers can communicate minimum or preferred
technical and project requirements, and sellers can
communicate proposed system specifications.
DOR Matrix (See Appendix B or ESIC Energy Storage Supplement SOW to clarify interactions and
Request for Proposal Guide [5] responsibilities between multiple parties with
overlapping roles within a project.
The Integrated Grid Phase II: Development of a Provides a methodology framework for benefit-cost
Benefit-Cost Framework [6] analysis.
Common Functions for Smart Inverters, 4th Edition [4] List inverter functional requirements based on use case.
ESIC Energy Storage Safety Guide 2017 [9] Describe safety requirements in procurement (e.g.
failure modes and effects analysis, codes and standards
compliance).
DOE OE Energy Storage Systems Safety Roadmap: Sandia National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest
Focus on Codes and Standards [10] National Laboratory publish a monthly update of codes
and standards changes and active development. In
developing an RFP, it is important to understand the
latest codes and standards to assess project
requirements and potential cost and schedule
implications of requiring certain codes and standards.
DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Chapter 4 describes different ownership and
Collaboration with the National Rural Electric procurement business models and Appendix C has a
Cooperative Association [8] sample RFP.

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10487674
4
DEPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION OF ENERGY
STORAGE
Introduction to Deployment and Integration
The Deployment and Integration phase of an energy storage project occurs after the procurement
contracting of energy storage has taken place and work begins toward the integration of the
project. This phase ends when a project has been installed and commissioned, with the
subsequent hand off to operations.
Picking up from the Procurement phase, it is assumed at this point that the scope of work has
been defined for the parties developing the energy storage project. However, prior experience
has shown this is not always the case. Sometimes the complete scope of energy storage project
deployment and integration is not fully considered in advance; in other cases, some steps of the
process have been underestimated. Incomplete specifications have resulted in project delays
because of a lack of up front involvement with all the utility groups with a stake in the energy
storage system and its integration with the power system.
The subsections of this section will review identified steps associated with the deployment and
integration of energy storage projects:
• Site and System Engineering
• Permitting and Applicable Codes and Standards
• Site Preparation and Construction
• Factory Acceptance Testing
• Product Shipping and Receiving
• Product Installation, Connection, and Integration
• Project Commissioning and Site Acceptance Testing

Engineering
The contract executed during procurement should have included the utility and industry design
standards and codes the facility must meet. These along with the other technical specifications
will be used as the basis of design during the engineering process. In this subsection, engineering
is separated into site engineering and system engineering. For both engineering categories,
detailed plans for the project may be reviewed by multiple stakeholders, including outside
permitting agencies and utility teams responsible for protection engineering, distribution
planning, standards engineering, SCADA engineering, Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S),
and information technology (IT). Design reviews throughout the engineering process ensure the
supplier and utility are aligned, helping to avoid delays associated with design changes.

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Site Engineering
Before project site construction can begin, the energy storage project site must be engineered and
specified for accommodating the procured energy storage product. Considerations for site
engineering include, but are not limited to:
• Equipment access during construction and project operations (e.g. cranes, maintenance
trucks)
• Operational and maintenance access
• Work clearances and ergonomic considerations
• Fire barriers
• Noise barriers
• Containment
• Egress
• Flood zones
• Seismic zones
• Physical security and access (e.g. fencing, key/card reader access, security cameras)
• Control building or enclosure
• Building design vs. containerized system
• Equipment foundations
• Build out for future capacity
System Engineering
Aside from the physical site engineering, the electrical and communication interface between the
energy storage system and the utility system needs to be considered and addressed. System
engineering considerations include, but are not limited to:
• Transformers – Configuration of any step-up or isolation transformers to match the voltage
level at the point of connection and the wiring configuration (e.g. wye, delta) of the grid.
• Grounding requirements – ESS equipment grounding recommendations from the
manufactures may differ from utility standards. Grounding design may also impact the
transformer configuration.
• Protective devices – In general, there are a number of protection issues to consider for energy
storage and DER. Protection issues primarily concern issues of safety and reliability of the
distribution system under fault conditions, but they also may concern the protection of the
ESS itself. Protection includes the functionality of the PCS (e.g. response to abnormal
voltage and frequency), as well as the configuration and settings of utility system protection
(e.g. circuit breaker, fuse, relay, recloser, etc.) and potential impacts to utility protections
schemes. The protection considerations will be different depending on the specific use cases
intended for a given ESS installation. For example, in some cases, the utility may want the
ESS to shut down in the presence of abnormal conditions, which may be easily accomplished
with the storage PCS functionality, recloser, or an external breaker. In other cases, the ESS
may be expected to support the electric power system in the presence of some abnormal

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 conditions and not others, which can add more value to the ESS asset, but may also
complicate implementation.
• Power feed for auxiliary loads – these circuits should consider the effects of upstream
protection gear and be designed such that any circuit isolation associated with the storage
system does not kill power to the auxiliary systems.
• Metering and monitoring requirements – This may include requirements from the utility, ISO
(if applicable), and equipment manufacturers.
• Communication and control – This is a critical component of a successfully operating facility
and, therefore, it is important to have well defined specifications and division of
responsibility in early phases. There are typically two different levels of communication and
control: one within the ESS envelope and the other between the ESS and utility interface.
Since storage is not as widely deployed as other generation or distribution assets, there may
be significant work in integrating into the utility infrastructure such as programming new
interface screens and navigating through network and security requirements. Previous
projects have shown that integrating storage systems into legacy SCADA systems presents
specific challenges that require thorough investigation. It is also important to include
provisions for vendors to access their equipment and data log files for diagnostics and
troubleshooting. This can be challenging due to cybersecurity requirements, and therefore
project planners should involve internal stakeholders related to cybersecurity early in the
project planning process
• ESS design – The ESS may be a packaged system with the vendor providing an integrated
product up to the AC output of the PCS, or the system may be designed by the supplier using
components from several different manufacturers. If the latter, there will be additional
engineering required to ensure all the devices are properly interfaced, and coordination and
design reviews with all parties will be critical during the engineering phase.

Permitting and Applicable Codes and Standards

In parallel to detailed site engineering and drawings by internal utility stakeholders, the utility
may need to engage local authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) for any required permits to
construct and operate the energy storage project. Some permitting actions may need to start with
incomplete engineering documents, due to the long potential timeframe a permitting action can
require. These AHJ may include the local zoning, local fire marshal, and other local planning
authorities (county or municipal). In other cases, the utility itself may be the primary or sole AHJ
for the project. Even if self-permitting, it is good to engage with the local emergency responders
so they are informed of the project and know how to respond.
Because of a large number of gaps in standards for energy storage with respect to codes,
standards, and regulations (CSR), there may be a need to provide training and discuss concerns
and requirements for safety, nuisance, or environmental issues one at a time with the relevant
AHJ, much earlier in the process, during project initiation and throughout the planning phase.
Safety issues, as they pertain to the permitting process, are being considered within ESIC and
through the Department of Energy (DOE) and Sandia National Laboratories, which are taking a
leadership role to define gaps and action plans for safety of energy storage systems [10].
Awareness of these new energy storage codes and standards and their adoption by local AHJs
may become critical for mitigating risk of permitting schedule and costs.

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Site Preparation and Construction
When the site engineering and permitting process is completed, site preparation may begin. This
work is often performed by a local construction firm, which may or may not be part of a general
contractor (GC) or engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) firm that was involved in
the design and permitting stages. The site preparation and construction safety hazards and other
concerns are likely related to location or environmental conditions.

Factory Acceptance Testing

While the previous steps of site preparation and utility side considerations are under way, the
equipment vendor(s) are manufacturing and preparing the ESS product. It is likely that the
vendor will also be closely engaged with those previous steps to support the utility with the ESS-
specific questions of the internal and external stakeholders.
When the energy storage product manufacturing process is complete, it is a common practice for
the utility or a third party to witness a factory acceptance test (FAT) at the vendor’s
manufacturing facility prior to shipment. The FAT is typically a set of quality control-related
tests to help ensure that the components of the energy storage system have been built to
specification prior to its leaving the factory. A FAT may be a semi-standardized process, but it
likely will be augmented for specific considerations of a manufacturer, product, utility, and
project. It is also likely that separate manufacturers will be building the components and that a
FAT of the assembled system is impractical. This is primarily used as a risk management stage
gate for the project. It may be important to utilize the FAT to ensure proper communication
integration amongst various suppliers’ control systems if separate vendor control systems are
being integrated at the site.
Within ESIC, the discussion and development of considerations for a FAT protocol is taking
place in the Testing and Characterization Working Group (WG2), which can review test
procedures it is developing to identify a subset of test procedures that may be appropriate for a
FAT. FAT protocols have been developed and published by EPRI and other organizations for
specific energy storage projects.

Product Shipping and Receiving

After the energy storage system is approved for shipment, it is transported to the utility site.
There are a number of considerations in this process, including loading and unloading equipment
and practices, modes of transportation, weight, dimension limits for containers, and existence of
regulations associated with shipping energy storage (including hazardous materials as applicable
by technology). Clear terms for equipment delivery and logistics are important considerations
since they can have cost implications. Occasionally, the equipment delivery might not coincide
with the exact start of equipment installation and temporary storage fees may need to be
incurred. Responsibility should be assigned for costs such as warehouse storage fees, materials
handling equipment rental fees, storage container rental fees, and labor fees. Also, the chain of
custody of the equipment needs to be carefully considered in order to make sure that the
responsibility and insurance aspects are covered.
For loading and unloading, as generally for shipping, it is important to consider any weight or
dimension limits for any employed mode of transportation, as well as the availability of cranes or

10487674 4-4
forklifts as needed at the project site. Additionally, the project site must be able to accommodate
any required lifting equipment and delivery vehicle ingress and egress.
Regulations for safety of items being shipped are managed by several authorities, including the
U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) for shipments by road, potentially Homeland
Security and International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) for shipments by sea, and
International Air Transport Association (IATA) for shipments by air.
For hazardous materials, a set of tests has been developed through the United Nations; for
example, these tests are a consideration for regulating shipment of lithium-based batteries [11].
Similar tests may be applicable for other energy storage technologies that are energized during
transport.
Provisions for temporary storage also need to be factored in if equipment deliveries are not
perfectly sequenced with subsequent installation tasks.

ESS Product Installation and System Integration

ESS product installation and system integration can be performed by a local electrical contractor,
which, like the site preparation and construction, may be part of a larger GC or EPC
organization. The electrical contractors should be experienced in both high and low voltage
systems and familiar with the local electric utility’s system, but they may be unfamiliar with
energy storage technology. As a result, sufficient training and documentation is important to
ensure that the contractor knows about safety hazards and procedures unique to energy storage
systems. The previously mentioned CSR publications and vendor specific operation manuals are
good resources to familiarize the contractors.
ESS product installation processes may vary widely depending on the size, configuration, and
technology used. Most likely, many components will be shipped separately, resulting in
extensive on site assembly by the manufacturer. Alternatively, a smaller, pre-engineered,
modular product could be fully or almost fully assembled and ready to be wired.

Project Commissioning
After the installation and connection of an energy storage system to the distribution system, a
commissioning phase is required to ensure successful integration. Commissioning is defined as,
“A process that assures that a component, subsystem, or system will meet the intent of the
designer and the user.” [12] These tests are intended to address the following list of typical
concerns:
1. Was the system installed correctly and remains within specification?
2. Is the utility switchgear and protection equipment operating as designed?
3. Are the communication and control systems fully operational?
4. Are all safety systems properly installed and operational?

In defining the commissioning effort, it is important to identify the personnel involved and the
timing of their involvement. Typical commissioning efforts involve numerous entities and many
personnel and the unavailability of key personnel can derail the commissioning time schedule.

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ESIC has published commissioning guidelines that detail commissioning during the deployment
and integration phase. Additionally, the Commissioning Guide [13] addresses commissioning
considerations throughout the project life cycle, such schedule, cost, and responsibility.

Site Acceptance Testing

In addition to ensuring the proper integration of the energy storage system into the utility system
through commissioning, performance and functional tests may be required to verify the system
operates as specified. Any tests required for acceptance and associated penalties for non-
compliance should be established during the procurement phase so the buyer and seller’s
expectations are aligned. This includes defining how the tests will be performed. ESIC Testing
and Characterization Working Group (WG2) has developed a Test Manual [3] with a full outline
of potential functional and performance tests that a utility may request to perform and a
comprehensive set of detailed test protocols that include measurement and calculation
methodology, testing duty cycles, and templates for data collection [3]. This manual is being
continuously updated thru ESIC with new test protocols being added.

Deployment and Integration Resources

Table 4-1
Useful resources for energy storage deployment and integration

Resource Application in Deployment and Integration

ESIC Technical Specification Template Information collected during procurement can be used
to support site engineering, interconnection and
protection studies, and the permitting process.
ESIC Energy Storage Test Manual Follow test protocols during commissioning or
acceptance testing to verify system performance and
functionality.
ESIC Energy Storage Safety Guide Understand safety considerations during this project
phase.
ESIC Energy Storage Commissioning Guide List of tests and design and construction verification
activities; links to examples of commissioning
procedures.

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5
PROJECT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
Introduction to Operations and Maintenance
The Operations and Maintenance phase of an energy storage project begins when the system has
been commissioned and approved for use in the operations of the electric utility. This phase
continues until the end of the project’s operational life, which could be 10 to 20 years after
installation or even longer. This should be the longest phase of an energy storage project
implementation, and many of the planning assumptions for the project may evolve over time.
Depending on a number factors, grid needs may change and availability of new solutions –
technology options or novel approaches – may arise.
As a result, in the early phases of project development, it is important to consider both current
and future needs, while assessing and communicating the inherent strengths and limitations of
energy storage technology.
Additionally, the maintenance – both planned and unplanned – of an energy storage system is
another ongoing consideration. It is also important to consider the relationship between the
operations of the energy storage system, which are expected to evolve over time, and
maintenance requirements, as well as the impact that specific use-cases could have on the life of
the storage system.
The following steps are associated with project operations and maintenance:
• Handoff to Distribution/System Operations
• ESS Maintenance
• Environmental and Safety Reporting
• Update Operational Needs (as required)
• Recommissioning (as required)

Handoff to Distribution/System Operations

At the start of the ESS project’s operations, it is important that the distribution system and
distributed energy resource operators (and other parties with control of storage system) are well
informed and trained regarding the storage system operational software, intended use of the
project, the protection systems and schemes employed, and the planned operational profile of the
storage system. This coordination should be planned and tested early in the project formulation.
Operators should understand the differences between energy storage and conventional utility
assets. For instance, energy storage is limited by timing interdependencies, that is, before energy
can be dispatched from storage, a corresponding quantity of energy must have been stored.
The details of the coordination will vary depending on the existing utility communications and
control infrastructure (e.g. whether or not a Distributed Energy Resources Management System
or DERMS is being used) and on the size and level of aggregation of the energy storage
deployment.

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Maintenance
Maintenance of any asset comes in two forms: planned and unplanned. Planned maintenance
may be scheduled relative to time, level of usage, and other factors, similar to how a car is cared
for (e.g. oil change every 3 months or 3,000 miles). Depending on the configuration and
technology employed in an energy storage project, regular diagnostic checks may be able to
identify issues with degradation of the ESS and enable a technician to strategically replace
components, rather than replacing an entire system. Provisioning of spare parts that require more
frequent replacement (e.g. air filters) should be considered as part of the initial product delivery.
The spare part inventory, replenishment plans, and storage location(s) need to be actively
managed.
Due to the relative lack of industry operational experience with integrated energy storage
devices, the maintenance requirements are not fully understood. From the perspective of the
utility, this uncertainty may be mitigated by warranties or service contracts with the supplier or a
third party. Many storage technologies are advanced and complicated, so it is likely that domain
experts will need to be available to service those pieces of equipment. The utility will likely need
to consider the availability of technicians for servicing the ESS throughout the life of the project.
Unplanned maintenance is typically costlier, because it may require unanticipated service calls or
prolonged loss of service. Additionally, if unplanned maintenance events occur when the storage
system is expected to perform a service and is unavailable, this could result in power system
reliability issues and/or financial penalties to the entity responsible for successful energy storage
operation. Unplanned maintenance is a consideration for design of warranties and service
contracts. Many instances of unplanned maintenance should be avoidable through planned
maintenance and diagnostics on system state of health. The responsibility and methodology for
determining system state of health should be established during the procurement process. This
includes identifying what data points will be needed, how the data will be collected and
transmitted, who will monitor the status of data, and what triggers maintenance or further
investigation.
If maintenance includes any replacement of major system components, such as battery cells or
PCS, the system should be recommissioned to verify proper operation.

Environmental and Safety Reporting

Depending on the type and size of the storage system used there may be an ongoing requirement
to report chemical content, operational status, and other parameters to AHJs. These requirements
should be clearly identified in the original permitting process, and steps should be taken that so
ongoing responsibilities are institutionalized to ensure that change of personnel does not result in
missed reports and subsequent fines. In particular, refer to the EPA’s Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) requirements [14].

Update Operational Needs

Because energy storage operational approaches are likely to evolve, it is important to have a
flexible view of how the system will be used, with consideration given to how it may support
other portions of the electric grid beyond the distribution system where it is connected. This
implies that the capability to have firmware updates and extend interoperability with additional

10487674 5-2
control systems may be helpful to maximize the value of the energy storage over its operational
life. It should be noted, however, that firmware updates may well trigger retesting of the system
protection and integration features and associated conformance to any interconnection
agreements.
Modeling and simulation efforts may help provide an understanding of a system’s future demand
and current operating needs for energy storage projects. Production simulations are increasingly
performed with a 5- to 10-year look-ahead for the bulk electricity system for the purpose of
generation resource adequacy planning and to understand the impacts of higher penetrations of
renewables. Power flow models used on the distribution system are also used to better predict
grid needs and improve operational approaches with existing assets. Efforts are currently under
way to advance the state of the art for energy storage operational modeling. The methodologies
and associated modeling tool requirements are being considered by the ESIC Grid Services and
Analysis Working Group (WG1).
Changes in operation outside of the warranty provision or agreed upon use-case may need to be
discussed with the vendor or supplier. Additionally, depending on the performance and
functional testing during commissioning, the changes may require the system be recommissioned
for its new intended purpose.

Recommissioning
Similar to commissioning, recommissioning is performed to confirm the system is behaving as
intended, but recommissioning is typically triggered by a major change in the system, such as a
change in operational need or the replacement of major components, as discussed earlier in this
section. The ESIC Energy Storage Commissioning Guide [13] may be used to as a reference for
test and procedures for recommissioning; however, the scope may be more limited than the
initial commissioning if only a portion of the system changed.

Next Steps
As previously mentioned, guidelines for operational best practices for energy storage are still
being developed because commercial deployment and publicly available experiences are still in
the early stages. Through continued demonstrations and commercial deployments, guidelines
may be tested and further augmented with real world data.

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Operations and Maintenance Resources
Table 5-1
Useful resources for energy storage operations and maintenance

Resource Application in Operations and Maintenance

ESIC Energy Storage Test Manual [3] Use test protocol for extended performance testing or
recommissioning
StorageVET [2] Understand cost-benefit and dispatch impacts due to
changes such as load forecast, grid services, market
pricing. It may also help in identifying when to schedule
O&M to reduce potential impact revenue impact.

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6
DECOMMISSIONING AND END OF LIFE
Introduction
The final phase of energy storage project implementation is Decommissioning and End of Life.
This phase occurs at the end of the Operations and Maintenance phase when the project is no
longer viable, either due to a predetermined project end date, safety or reliability issues, or
because the marginal costs of continued operation exceed marginal benefits.
The Decommissioning phase could be overlooked early in the project because it is expected to
occur many years in the future. However, having a decommissioning at the beginning of the
planning process can help to ensure that a project’s end of life is a smooth process. Some
considerations include:
• Decommissioning issues during prior project phases
• Definition of end of life
• Alternatives for end of life

Decommissioning Issues during Prior Project Phases

It is important to consider decommissioning at the front end of the project. Below are some
specific considerations as a starting point, which can be further augmented through discussion in
the Grid Integration Working Group (WG3):
• Planning – The costs of decommissioning, as well as expected salvage value, should be
considered in the cost-benefit analysis for a project. For a project with a long life and
relatively small decommissioning cost, decommissioning may be immaterial to the upfront
planning decisions. However, uncertain costs and reliability could result in an unexpectedly
high decommissioning cost and a liability for the utility.
• Procurement – Safe and environmentally compliant decommissioning should be considered
part of the “scope of supply” for the vendor, utility, or a third party. Additionally, the energy
storage system could be either an asset or liability at end of life, depending on the costs of
disposing of certain components and the value of recycling, refurbishment, or reuse of other
components.
• Deployment and Integration – During the deployment and integration phase, consideration
of the decommissioning process may inform better site engineering and development
decisions that could support improved site flexibility to increase salvage value or decrease
cost of decommissioning. Additionally, the decommissioning plan could be relevant for
environmental compliance and permitting.
• Operations and Maintenance – Similar to operating and maintaining a car, the choices
made for operating and maintaining an energy storage system will impact the timing of end-
of-life conditions, as well as the costs associated for the project. Operators should be aware
of the costs and benefits of different choices and be informed of the likely costs or benefits

10487674 6-1
 associated with decommissioning the project. Front end permitting may dictate actions on
decommissioning that need to be memorialized to ensure compliance.

End of Life Conditions

At the beginning of a project, an end-of-life condition should be defined for energy storage
projects to ensure the safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness of the project. For energy storage
technologies, especially batteries, these conditions may be defined by a threshold for energy
storage capacity (kWh) as a percentage of nameplate or a roundtrip efficiency threshold.
However, in practice, the end-of-life conditions may be defined by a major maintenance event
that operators determine is not worth the cost of repair (like a new transmission for an old car) or
if there is a perceived safety risk. Close communication between the energy storage supplier and
the utility may help to support decision making around this topic. Another option to
decommissioning could include re-specifying the project to perform less demanding tasks that
are less taxing on the plant and may extend its life with lower maintenance costs

Decommissioning Plan
When the decision to decommission an energy storage system is made, a well-defined
decommissioning plan can help ensure a safe, efficient process. The Commissioning Guidelines,
Section 6 outlines the key steps and considerations in a successful decommissioning plan [13].
Additionally, EPRI has published a report on battery disposal and recycling details some
considerations for handling battery-based systems during decommissioning [15].

Decommissioning Resources
Table 6-1
Useful resources for energy storage decommissioning

Resource Application in Decommissioning

ESIC Energy Storage Commissioning Guide [13] Understand key components of a decommissioning
plan.
Electric Utility Battery Disposal and Recycling [15] Reference for disposal and recycling of lithium ion
battery systems.

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7
REFERENCES
1. The Integrated Grid: A Benefit-Cost Framework. EPRI. Palo Alto, CA: 2015. 3002004878.
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/3002004878/
2. StorageVET™ V1.0 Software User Guide: User and Technical Documentation for the
Storage Value Estimation Tool. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2016. 3002009357.
http://www.storagevet.com/
3. Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC) Energy Storage Test Manual 2017. EPRI, Palo
Alto, CA: 2017. 3002011739
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/summary/000000003002011739/
4. Common Functions for Smart Inverters: 4th Edition. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2016.
3002008217. https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002008217/
5. Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC) Energy Storage Request for Proposal Guide
2017. Palo Alto, CA: 2017. https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/3002011738/
6. The Integrated Grid Phase II: Development of a Benefit-Cost Framework. EPRI, Palo Alto,
CA: 2014. 3002004028. https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002004028/
7. ESIC Energy Storage Technical Specification Template v2.0. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2017.
3002011737. https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002011737/
8. DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA. Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM: 2015. http://www.sandia.gov/ess/handbook.php
9. Energy Storage Safety: 2016, Guidelines Developed by the Energy Storage Integration
Council for Distribution-Connected Systems. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2016. 3002008308.
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002008308/
10. DOE OE Energy Storage Systems Safety Roadmap Focus on Codes and Standards. Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA; Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque,
NM: 2017. http://www.sandia.gov/energystoragesafety/publications/roadmap-cs-report-
june-2017-final/
11. 2017 Lithium Battery Guidance Document. International Air Transport Association,
Montreal, Canada: 2017. http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/dgr/Documents/lithium-
battery-guidance-document-2017-en.pdf
12. http://dictionary.ieee.org/index/c-10.html (Not publicly available; IEEE membership access
required.)
13. Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC) Energy Storage Commissioning Guide 2016,
EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2016. 3002009250.
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002009250/
14. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/epcra/what-epcra
15. Warren, C. "Ensuring a Clean Grid—Batteries Not Excluded". EPRI Journal, January 18,
2016. http://eprijournal.com/ensuring-a-clean-grid-batteries-not-excluded/

10487674 7-1
10487674
A
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AHJ authorities having jurisdiction
CAISO California Independent System Operator
CEC California Energy Commission
CONE cost of new entry
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
CSR codes, standards, and regulations
DER distributed energy resource
DERMS distributed energy resources management system
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
EH&S Environmental Health & Safety
EMS emergency management system
EPC engineering, procurement, and construction
EPRI Electric Power Research Institute
ESIC Energy Storage Integration Council
ESS energy storage systems
FAT factory acceptance test
IATA International Air Transport Association
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods
IT information technology
MSDS Materials Safety Data Sheet
NAATBatt National Alliance for Advanced Transportation Batteries
NEC National Electrical Code
NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation

10487674 A-1
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NISTIR National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency Report
NMV net market value
NRECA National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory
PCS power conditioning system
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PV photovoltaic
RFI request for information
RFO request for offers
RFP request for proposal
RFQ request for quote
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SOW scope of work
T&D transmission and distribution
TCOES total cost of ownership for energy storage
USDOT U.S. Department of Transportation
WECC Western Electricity Coordinating Council
WG1 ESIC Working Group 1 – Grid Services and Analysis
WG2 ESIC Working Group 2 – Testing and Characterization
WG3 ESIC Working Group 3 – Grid Integration

10487674 A-2
B
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR ENERGY STORAGE
IMPLEMENTATION
ESIC Product Guide
The table below provides an overview of ESIC work products linked to specific functional
objectives by stakeholder through the process of energy storage project implementation.
Working drafts of ESIC publications are available through the ESIC collaboration website;
access may be obtained through the ESIC website.

10487674 B-1
Table B-1
ESIC Product Guide

Phase Tool Stakeholder Objective How to use

Planning Technical Specification Distribution Planning Understand technical Include template in an RFI to
Template Engineer, Standards performance suppliers
Engineer, SCADA characteristics that could
Engineer, Operators, feed into simulation tools
Protection Engineer

Safety Guidelines EH&S Engineer Think through safety Read guidelines and
issues that could occur communicate requirements
within project life from an and/or considerations for
early on project stage; project management team
Define minimum safety or
environmental
requirements
StorageVET Distribution Planning Screen for cost- Run simulations using
Engineer effectiveness and information from RFI or
compare alternatives to based on minimum technical
see which can meet the requirements
technical requirements
and anticipated project Identify Secondary Services
economics

Common Functions for Distribution Planning Describe smart inverter Read for a common
Smart Inverters – 4th Engineer, Standards functionality found across understanding
Edition Engineer, SCADA the industry in an easy-to- of how smart inverter
Engineer, Operators, read format. A common functionality is implemented
Storage Supplier, Utility understanding across the in the industry.
Project Manager industry is important for
successful interoperability.

10487674 B-2
 Phase Tool Stakeholder Objective How to use
Cost Tool Utility Project Manager, Understand all cost Include tool in request for
Distribution Planning components that should budgetary quote
Engineer be considered in a cost-
benefit analysis Use as a checklist to ensure
total scope of work is
accounted for
Commissioning Guide Utility Project Manager Understand which aspects Read and use as a checklist
of commissioning should for commissioning tasks;
be considered during this engage other departments
phase as necessary

Procurement Technical Specification Distribution Planning Clear communication of Utility – Develop the
Template Engineer, Standards utility requirements and technical requirements and
Engineer, SCADA understanding what issue as part of RFP; Review
Engineer, Protection suppliers are offering and confirm proposal meets
Engineer, Operators, utility standards and
Storage Supplier operational guidelines

Supplier – Respond with

requested information
Test Manual Utility Project Manager, Clear communication of Utility – Identify which tests
Field Engineer, Protection how utilities will test and procedures will be used for
Engineer, Storage ensure adherence to acceptance testing
Supplier contractual performance
requirements Supplier – Review and
understand test procedures
and how certain
specifications will be verified
Cost Tool Utility Procurement team, Clear communication of Utility – Clarify required
Storage Supplier costs and understanding scope/cost inclusion,
what suppliers are offering exclusions

Supplier – Specify costs for

required scope

10487674 B-3
 Phase Tool Stakeholder Objective How to use
StorageVET Distribution Planning Comparison of cost- Run simulations using
Engineer benefit between proposals information from RFP
Safety Guidelines EH&S Engineer, Storage Define EH&S Utility - Include lists of
Supplier requirements or standards in RFP (Table 4-1,
specifications to include in 4-2)
RFP; Understand how to
evaluate and compare Supplier– Review to
proposals from an EH&S understand utility
perspective expectations for FEMA and
SSA
Commissioning Guide Utility Project Manager Understand which aspects Use as a checklist for
of commissioning should commissioning tasks;
be considered during this engage other departments
phase as necessary

Deployment and Test Manual Distribution Engineer, Execute performance, Use detailed prescriptive
Integration Storage Supplier functional and other procedures
acceptance tests

Safety Guidelines EH&S Engineer, Storage Incorporate safety into Review standards in Table 4-
Supplier design, installation and 3, 4-4 and other
commissioning considerations highlighted in
Section 3.3
Commissioning Guide Utility Project Manager Well executed Use as a checklist for
commissioning plan and commissioning tasks
procedures
Operations and StorageVET Distribution Engineer Support decisions to Run simulations to
Maintenance operate and maintain understand:
system to maximize • Impacts to system life
performance, revenue and based on operational
system life changes
• When to schedule
maintenance based on
system commitments and
potential revenue losses

10487674 B-4
 Phase Tool Stakeholder Objective How to use
Test Manual Field Engineer, Storage Re-execute tests to Use detailed prescriptive
Supplier confirm compliance to procedures
performance or warranty
term or to verify
performance after major
maintenance or equipment
replacement
Safety Guidelines Transmission or Understand safety related Review standards in Table 4-
Distribution Engineer to operating and 3 and other considerations
maintaining system highlighted in Section 3.4
Decommissioning Commissioning Guide Utility Project Manager, Understand the Use decommissioning plan
and End of Life Distribution Engineer, decommissioning process steps section as an
EH&S Engineer and create a outline/checklist in
decommissioning plan development of a detailed
plan. Review other
considerations for
decommissioning.

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Bibliography for Energy Storage Integration
The list below includes a variety of resources that ESIC Working Groups have found useful
when considering issues related to energy storage implementation.
California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) Storage OIR use case document – Energy Storage
Order Instituting Rulemaking (OIR) Proceeding, R. 10-12-007
(http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/electric/storage.htm)
The NIST PAP07 Task 4 ES-DER (http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP07Storage and http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP07Task4)
EPRI Smart Grid Use Cases (http://www.smartgrid.epri.com/Repository/Repository.aspx)
DOE/EPRI 2015 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA. 2015.
SAND2015-1002. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2015-1002.pdf
U.S. DOE International Energy Storage Database (http://www.energystorageexchange.org/)
California Energy Commission (CEC)-DNV KEMA, “Public Interest Energy Research (PIER)
Program Interim/Final Project Report – Energy Storage Cost-Effectiveness Methodology and
Preliminary Results,” June 2013 (http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/A7FF0A4E-44FA-
4281-8F8F-CFB773AC2181/0/DNVKEMA_EnergyStorageCostEffectiveness_Report.pdf)
National Alliance for Advanced Technology Batteries (NAATBatt) –DNV GL, “Distributed
Energy Storage Roadmap: Final Report,” Feb 17, 2014
(http://www.dnvkema.com/Images/DNV%20GL%20NaatBatt_Distributed%20Energy%20Stora
ge%20Roadmap%20Report_FINAL_021814.pdf)
White paper on Southern California Edison’s Approach to Evaluating Energy Storage, “Moving
Energy Storage from Concept to Reality,” 2013.
Sandia Report, SAND2010-0815, “Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid: Benefits and Market
Potential Assessment Guide,” February 2010
(http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2010-0815.pdf)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), “National Assessment of Energy Storage for
Grid Balancing and Arbitrage: Phase 1 WECC,” June 2012
(http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/pdf/PNNL-
21388_National_Assessment_Storage_Phase_1_final.pdf)
Eurelectric, “Decentralised Storage: Impact on Future Distribution Grids,” June 2012
http://www.eurelectric.org/media/53340/eurelectric_decentralized_storage_finalcover_dcopy-
2012-030-0574-01-e.pdf
White paper on First Energy Approach: Energy Storage Systems: Using Batteries for Substation-
Scale Peak Saving, January 2014.

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Protocol for Uniformly Measuring and Expressing the Performance of Energy Storage Systems.
PNNL-22010 Rev 2/SAND2016-3078 R, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,
Washington, and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2016.
http://energymaterials.pnnl.gov/pdf/PNNL-22010Rev2.pdf
Utility Perspective Reference Test Protocol Evaluating Energy Storage System Performance.
Current EPRI Project 00-10001096, Palo Alto, California. 2014.
USABC – EV Battery Test Procedures Manual. 1996.
Revised protocol from PNNL/Sandia will include Users’ groups experience with the protocols
and their recommendations for modification. It will also address thermal storage for peak
shaving.
PNNL/Sandia Protocol for ESS integration with Microgrid is near completion.
Measuring Energy Storage System Performance: A Government/Industry-Developed Protocol,
Briefing Summary. PNNL-SA-946-06.
Requirements for Defining Utility Drive Cycles: An Exploratory Analysis of Grid Frequency
Regulation Data for Establishing Battery Performance Testing Standards Hafen RP, VV
Vishwanathan, K Subbarao, and MCW Kintner-Meyer. 2011. Requirements for Defining Utility
Drive Cycles: An Exploratory Analysis of Grid Frequency Regulation Data for Establishing
Battery Performance Testing Standards. PNNL-20849, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, WA.
Energy Management and Control System: Desired Capabilities and Functionality Hatley DD, RJ
Meador, S Katipamula, MR Brambley, and C Wouden. 2005. Energy Management and Control
System: Desired Capabilities and Functionality. PNNL-15074, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, WA.
Protocol to Measure and Express Energy Storage System Performance Brochure Conover DR.
2013. Protocol to Measure and Express Energy Storage System Performance Brochure. PNNL-
SA-94706, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.
Protocol to Measure and Express Energy Storage System Performance Brochure - ESA
Conference Conover DR. 2013. Protocol to Measure and Express Energy Storage System
Performance Brochure - ESA Conference. PNNL-SA-95119, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, WA.
Measuring Energy Storage System Performance: A Government/Industry-Developed Protocol
Conover DR. 2014. Measuring Energy Storage System Performance: A Government/Industry-
Developed Protocol. PNNL-SA-100758, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.
Measuring and Expressing the Performance of Energy Storage Systems Conover DR, and D
Schoenwald. 2013. "Measuring and Expressing the Performance of Energy Storage Systems." In
2013 Electrical Energy Storage Applications and Technology (EESAT). PNNL-SA-99814,
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.

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Draft Guide for Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems Integrated with the Electric Power
Infrastructure. IEEE2030.2D8.0, under IEEE final review.
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/2030.2/2030.2_index.html
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging Energy
Storage Technologies in Stationary Applications. (IEEE1679-2010)
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1679-2010.html
Glossary of Terms used in NERC Reliability Standards. Updated October 1, 2014.
http://www.nerc.com/files/Glossary_of_Terms.pdf
Energy Storage Association (ESA) Glossary, http://energystorage.org/energy-
storage/glossary?search=power)
USABC FreedomCAR test manuals. http://www.uscar.org/guest/article_view.php?articles_id=86
Energy Information Agency. EIA http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=187&t=3
Technology Performance Report, Smart Grid Demonstration Project, Public Service Company of
New Mexico, PV Plus Battery for Simultaneous Voltage Smoothing and Peak Shifting.
https://www.smartgrid.gov/sites/default/files/pdfs/PNM_TPR_rev2_09_24_12.pdf.
IEEE Std 2030-2011 - IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and
Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use
Applications, and Loads [Not Publicly Available].
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/2030-2011.html.
IEEE P2030.2D8.0 Draft Guide for the Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems Integrated
with the Electric Power Infrastructure [Not Publicly Available].
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/2030.2/2030.2_index.html.
IEEE Std 1547.3M-2007 - IEEE Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of
Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems [Not Publicly Available].
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1547.3-2007.html.
AN2013-001 DNP3 Profile for Advanced Photovoltaic Generation and Storage [Need to create
free user account]. http://www.dnp.org/default.aspx.
NISTIR 7628 - Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security: Vol. 1, Smart Grid Cyber Security
Strategy, Architecture, and High-Level Requirements.
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/ir7628/nistir-7628_vol1.pdf.
EPRI Report 1025573- Technical Specifications for Transportable Lithium-Ion Energy Storage
Systems.
http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001025573&
Mode=download.
NERC Reliability Standards Complete Set_RSCompleteSet.
http://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standards%20Complete%20Set/RSCompleteSet.p
df.

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IEC 61850 – Power Utility Automation [Not Publicly Available].
http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/standards/.
SunSpec Alliance Interoperability Specification Security Recommendations [Need to create free
user account]. http://www.sunspec.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/security-final.pdf.
SunSpec Alliance June 2013 Specifications [Need to create free user account].
http://www.sunspec.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2013-June-Specifications.zip.
MESA Open Standards for Energy Storage [Not Yet Published]. http://mesastandards.org/mesa-
standards/.
IEEE Std 1159-2009 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality
[Not Publicly Available].
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5154067&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fieeexplo
re.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F5154052%2F5154066%2F05154067.pdf%3Farnumber%3D5154067.
C37.111-2013 - IEEE/IEC Measuring relays and protection equipment – Part 24: Common
format for transient data exchange (COMTRADE) for power systems [Not Publicly Available].
http://www.techstreet.com/ieee/products/vendor_id/3795.
IEEE Std 1547™-2003 - IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems [Not Publicly Available]. http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1547-
2003.html.
IEEE Std 1547.2TM-2008 - IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547™, IEEE Standard for
Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems [Not Publicly Available].
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=4816078.
IEEE Std 1815™-2012 - IEEE Standard for Electric Power Systems Communications –
Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) [Not Publicly Available].
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1815-2012.html.
IEEE Std 1679™-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation
of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies in Stationary Applications [Not Publicly Available].
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1679-2010.html.
Designing a new IEC 61850 substation architecture.
http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/powersystems/products/grid_automation/re
sources/Designing_a_new_IEC61850_substation_architecture.pdf.
ISO Smart Grid Roadmap - IS-1 ISO Uses Energy Storage for Grid Operations and Control.
http://www.caiso.com/285f/285fb7964ea00.pdf.
EPRI Report 1023056- Common Language for Distributed Storage Integration.
http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001023056&
Mode=download.
EPRI Report 1021674- Specification for Smart Inverter Interactions with the Electric Grid Using
IEC 61850.

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http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001021674&
Mode=download.
Securing SCADA Communications following NERC CIP Requirements.
http://www.ruggedcom.com/pdfs/white_papers/security-scada-asia-energy-week.pdf.
NISTIR 7628 - Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security: Vol. 3, Supportive Analyses and
References. http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/ir7628/nistir-7628_vol3.pdf.
Guide for Assessing the High-Level Security Requirements in NISTIR 7628.
http://www.energycollection.us/Energy-Security/Guide-Assessing-High-Level.pdf.
CAISO: Energy Communication Network Connectivity Security Requirements and Agreement –
Remote Intelligent Gateway Devices.
http://www.caiso.com/Documents/EnergyCommunicationNetworkConnectivitySecurityRequire
ments-Agreement_RemoteIntelligentGatewayDevices.pdf.
NERC Guidance for Secure Interactive Remote Access.
http://www.nerc.com/pa/rrm/bpsa/Alerts%20DL/2011%20Alerts/A-2011-08-24-1-
Remote_Access_Guidance-Final.pdf.
OWASP ASVS 2013 Beta _v1.0.
http://download2.polytechnic.edu.na/pub4/sourceforge/o/ow/owasp/ASVS/OWASP%20ASVS%
202013%20Beta%20_v1.0.pdf.
Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity.
http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/Energy%20Delivery%20Systems%20Cybersecurity%20
Roadmap_finalweb.pdf.
IEC TR 61850-90-7 Technical report defining standard smart inverter functions and the
supporting information model (future addition of 61850-7-420).
http://webstore.iec.ch/Webstore/webstore.nsf/ArtNum_PK/47564!opendocument&preview=1.
IEC 61850-7-420 Standard information model for distributed energy resources.
http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/042706!opendocument.
SIWG Use Cases for Phase 3 Functions v3

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C
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The following is a list of other publicly available documents that may guide projects through the
implementation process. ESIC compiled the list based on gathered user input and has not fully
vetted the documents below. The intent is to share provide available resources to support project
planners and engineers during implementation of future energy storage projects.
“Recommended Practice: Safety, operation and performance of grid-connected energy storage
systems.” DNV-GL. DNVGL-RP-0043. December 2015
“Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets.” FM Global. FMDS0533. January 2017
“Use case methodology - Part 2: Definition of the templates for use cases, actor list and
requirements list” International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 62559-2. April 2017
“Energy Storage System Safety: Plan Review and Inspection Checklist.” Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. PNNL-SA-124486 / SAND2017-3066 R.
March 2017
“A Good Practice Guide on Electrical Energy Storage” EA Technology. December 2014
“Qualifying Capacity and Effective Flexible Capacity Calculation Methodologies for Energy
Storage and Supply-Side Demand Response Resources” Resource Adequacy Proceeding R.11-
10-023 California Public Utilities Commission. September 2013
“Joint Workshop Report and Framework Multiple-Use Applications for Energy Storage” CPUC
Rulemaking 15-03-011 and CAISO ESDER 2 Stakeholder Initiative. California Energy
Commission. May 2017
“Energy Storage Handbook.” K&L Gates. October 2017

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10487674
10487674
 The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
(EPRI, www.epri.com) conducts research and
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electric utility revenue in the United States with
international participation in 35 countries. EPRI’s
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