CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL VIEWPOINT

2.1. Structure Structure is the way ini which something is arranged or organized, in writing well constructed sentences, we must consider the structure. Thus, we know now that the structure is a very basic and important in learning and mastering language so we can make grammatical sentence. As Websters New World Dictionary says that, Structure is defined as: to heap together, arrange. (s.v. Structure) While another definition in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary states that structure is : the way in which something is organized, build or put together. ( s.v. Structure) Based on the quotation above, we can see that to make a well constructed sentence, the structure is very important and basic thing, A sentence will be a good sentence if a word, we combine it with another. People can study structure of language in variety ways. For example, we can study English classes of word (parts of speech), how words are organized in relation to each other and in larger construction (syntax), how words are formed from smaller meaningful unit (morphology), the sounds of words (pronunciation or articulation), and how they patterns of knowledge in the speakers mind (phonetics and phonology). We can also study English Structure by studying sentence transformation.

For example : Positive form: Rice is harvested three time a year. The structure of this sentence is : S + to be + V2 + Adv

Negative form: Rice is not harvested three times a year The structure of this sentence is : S + to be + not + V2 + Adv Interrogative form : is rice harvested three times a year ? The structure of this sentence is : to be + S + V2 + Adv

A good sentence means that it has good structure too. A sentence can be consisted of some kinds of type of word which linked up with a queer good structure, so it has meaning. To make it clearer we see the example of sentence in the following. Example : - The defect is obvious The structure of this sentence is : S + to be + Adj

Another way of representing some of the possible arrangements of the sentence is described by tree diagrams. S NP

VP

ART

ADJ

The

defect is

obvious

As we concentrate on nominal phrase, tree diagrams representing the nominal phrase in English can be described like this : a. NP b. NP

N (plural)

Det

c. NP

d. NP

Det

Premod

Det

Premod

Postmod

Examples : - my book det noun

- the school uniforms det adj noun

2.2. Phrase There are a number of source what we can refer to concern that study of phrase. Some of the ideas mentioned in the sources concerning phrase are quoted so that we can have a more complete understanding about phrase. A phrase is a group of two or more grammatically linked words without a subject and predicate (s.v. Phare). Examples : The house at the end of the street

 Both teachers and students Across the bay Another definition about phrase can find in The American College Dictionary : Phrase is a sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in the sentence.(s.v.Phrase) A Phrase is a group of words that lacks a subject, a predicate, or both and does not express a complete thought. Therefore, a phrase can never stand on its own as a complete sentence. Understanding how different kinds of phrases function and are constructed enables writer to create informative and descriptive sentences that vary in structure. If we talk about phrase, it means that trying to describe the function of the words and the relationship between the words in grammatical unit. Every word or phrase in a sentence is interrelated, to one another and will influence one another. This relation is called as the syntactic relation function. It means this analysis is based on syntax. So it would first be better to get clear idea about what syntax is. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Syntax : (the rules of grammar for) the arrangement of into phrases and of phrases into sentences. (s.v. Syntax) In linguistics, Syntax, originating from the Greek words (syn, meaning coortogetherand taxis., meaning sequence, sequence, order, arrangement), is the study of the rules, or patterned relation that govern the way the words in a sentence come together.

There are five classification of phares, according to this category: 1. Nominal Phrases Nominal phrase is defined : A nominal phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun or pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.(s.v. Nominal Phares) For examples : Two women Some money Their old sister

2.

Verbal Phrases Verbal phrase is defined :

A verbal phrase is a phrase headed by a verb.(s.v. Verbal) For examples : Jhon gave Mary a book They were being eaten alive She kept creaming like a maniac There are three types of verbal phrases : 1. 2. 3. Infinitive phrases Participial phrases Gerund phrases

1.

INFINITIVE PHRASE Infinitive phrases start with an infinitive which is followed by any objects, and/or

modifiers. (s.v. Infinitive) Examples : To tour Australia slowly is my dream I must study to pass my winter exams with good remaks The infinitive verbal is easy to recognize. It consists of to plus a base : to eat, to sleep, to read, to think. Infinitives may function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, but they always have the same basic form and look same way; thus are easy to identify. 2. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES Participial phrases consist of past or present participle and any objects, and / or modifiers. (s.v. Participial). Participal phareses always function as adjectives within a sentence. Participles are sometimes the most difficult verbal to identify because they may have several endings. Participles function as adjectives, patterning with nouns or sometimes with whole sentence modifiers. Examples : The car sliding out of control toward building is going to hit the window. Cameron spotted his brother throwing rocks at the passing cars. That dog keenly hunting the ducks must be a throunghbred.

3.

GERUND PHRASES Gerund phareses consist of a gerund and any objects and/or modifiers. ( c.v

GERUND) A gerund pharase can look similar to a participial phrase because the gerund has the same form as the present participle. The main difference is that the gerund (pharese) function as a noun (subject, object, subject complement), and the participial phrase as an adjective. Examples : 3. I enjoy riding my bike in the evening Flying above the lake at this time of night seems a little dangerous Bill decide that scrambling over the pile of debris was not safe

Adjectival Phrases Adjectival phrase is define :

An Adjectival phrase is a pharase is a pharese with an adjective as its head. (s.v Adjectival) Examples : Very happy Cold enough Too awkward

Adjectival phareses may occur as pre modifiers to a noun for example : a bin full of toys, or as predicative to verb for example : the bin is full of toys.

4.

Adverbial Phrases Adverbial pharese is define :

An adverbial pharese is a linguistic term for a pharese with an adverb as head. (s.v Adverbial) Adverbial phareses can consist of single adverb or more than one. An adverbial phrase can modify a verb phrase, an adjectival phrase or an entire clause. Examples : 5. Oddly enough Very nicely Very happily indeed

Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrase is defined :

A prepositional phrase is a pharese with prepositional as its head. (s.v Prepositional) Examples : At lunchtime For an interview In the drawer

Prepositional phrase generally act as complements and adjucts of noun phrases and verb pharases. For examples : The cat from Chine was enjoiying his noodles. (adjucts of a noun phrase) She ran under him. (adjunct of a verb phrase)

A student of physics. (Complement of noun phrase)

2.3. PRINCIPLE OF ANALYSIS This study concerns with nominal phrases in Javanese. For the clarification terms, this study is made clearly and completely with giving definition of that related to the subject matter. Nominal phrase is defined : A nominal phrase is phrase whose head is a noun of pronoun, opyionally accompanied by set of modifiers. (s.v Nominal phrase) For examples: 1. A beautiful young girl won the race. 2. The French boy will leaved on june. 3. The very little boy broke leg. 4. The old buiding opposite our school is being pulled down. The sentences above are nominal because they function as noun in the sentence. A nominal phrase is typicalally consists of noun plus an unlimited number of modifiers. The nominal phrase is string of words that all depend or focus in some way on a single noun. The words may be added before or after the noun. The noun is the head, or chef word, of the phrase and gives the starting point analysis. Example : That big elephant

A nominal phrase cconsists of noun and all of its modifiers. It can function in a sentence as subject, object, or complement. Examples : 1. Some American school boards have begun to consider compensating teachers base on how well they teach rather than long. (as subject) 2. Criticcs reject these controversial pay-for-performance plans, maintaining than they are unfair to teacher who have unusually difficult students. ( as direct object) 3. According to both sides of the debate, teaching is a valuable profession, and compensation for this important job must be improved. (as complement) The constituents of the English nominal phrase can be analyzed into functional analysis. From the functional analysis, the constituents of a nominal phrase generally can be analyzed into four major components, accurring in fixed order : a. The determinative, that constituen which determines the reference of the nominal phrase in its linguistic or situational context; b. Premodifier (premodificaation), which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners; c. The head, around which the other constituents and cluster, and d. Postmodifier (postmodifacation), those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.

A. DETERMINER A determiner is anoun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. (s.c. determiner) It is noticed that determiners are words which come before nouns and are use to identify them and give the range of reference of the noun. English determiner: Articles: a, an ,the Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, which, etc. (when used in nominal phrase ) Possessives: my, our, your, her, his, its, their, whose, ( and the possessives nouns : Johns, the teachers) Quantifiers : all, few, many, several, some, every, each, any, no, etc. Number: one, two, fifty, etc. Ordinals : first, second, last, next, etc.

B. PREMODIFIER In the construction of nominal phrase, a premodifier may be realize in the form of: 1. Noun The head of nominal phrase can be premodified by another noun. Many of such combinations are fixed and often hard to distinusinh them from compound nouns.

For examples : sign language Science project Car battery

traffic jam circus act news summary

It also possible for the head of nominal phrase to be premodified by coordinated nous as the following : Cheese and cucumber sandwich The mickey and Minnie festival 2. Adjective Adjective is defined : An adjective is a part of specch which modifies a noun, usually describing it or making its meaning more specific. (s.vv Adjective) The choice of an adjective in the structure of nominal phrase is independent of previous choices from determiner. In other words, there are no restrictions on a number of adjectives which may occur before the head, such as : Both my sisters Half this cheese Our last decision 3. Participle Apart from adjective in (2), - ing particle and ed participle as premodifier in the nominal phrase can also be found, such as : The winning team The rising sun Those barking dogs the wanished jewels a mixed company these divorced couples both my younger sisters half this big French cheese our last comprehensive acceptable decision

The ing and ed participles in premodifying the nominal phrase are put after adjectives, such as : The black moving shadows Those expensive vanished jewels C. HEAD The head of a nominal phrase is commonly realized by a noun. In traditional school grammar, a definition based on meaning is usually given, such as this one: a noun is a word that names a persons, place, or things. Noun can be categorized into: 1. The common noun names one of a class of person, plces, or things. Examples: captain, house, man, school 2. The proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. Example: Captain John Smith Central High School Garfield Monument 3. The abstract noun an idea, condition, or quality. Example : kindness Heaven Proverty 4. The collective noun names a number of persons or things considered together as a unit Examples :Orchestra Army Jury

Look at the following examples: The engineer started Sidney. My father has bounght a very expensive car. That beautiful lady likes medieval music. The head of a nominal phrase may also be realized by an adjective (in this case it is commonly introduced by the definite article and often has generic reference), by a participle numeral: - the poor The dying The impossible There are nominal phrase whose head is realized by a noun in the genitive or a genitive- like noun in which the apostrophe s is dropped. For examples : I am staying my aunts. The grocers is at the corner of the street. Tonys is the best in the world. D. POSTMODIFIER In the nominal phrases constructing, postmodifier may be realized by means of : 1. Prepositional phrase (PP) A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by a nominal phrase. It can be stated as a phrase structure rule: PP Prep + NP. It is known prepositional phrase seems to occur at the end of sentences, for it is part of the verb phrase ( both transitive and intransitive verbs). Yet, not

every prepositional phrase occurs within a verb phrase. It may postmodify a nominal phrase. Consider the following sentence: The house on the hill overlookd valley The cover of the book attracted attention The old man with the moustache won the award for best poem.

2. Relative Clause A relative clause as postmodifier is formed follows : If a nominal phrase is modified by a clause that contains a nominal phrase identical to the one being modified, the nominal phrase that clause is replaced by the appropriate relative pronoun (who(m), which, whose, that); That nominal phrase is then moved to the beginning of the clause (if it is not alredy there). Relative clauses of the nominal phrases are printed in italics in these following sentences: The woman who sings in the choir is my sister. The shirt that jane wore was pink. Maria reached a decision which John agreed with.

A nominal phrase can function as (1) subject, (2) object of a verb (3) subject complement (always a predicate nominative), object complement, (5) appositive, or (6) object of a preposition. Modifiers of a noun phrase include words, phrases, or

clauses functioning as (1) adjectives, (2) appositives, and (3) possessive noun modifiers. Nominal phrases may include verbal (gerunds & infinitives). There are six types of nominal phrases according to the function in the sentences : 1. Nominal Phrase as subject For examples : Tall buildings abound in New York City An old table sits in the center of the garden

2. Nominal Phrase as subject complement For example : Berts job is his life Making lemonade out of lemons is an idiomatic phrase Following surgery, dehydration becomes a serious threat to the patient

3. Nominal Phrase as object of verb For examples : I have two brown crayons Please fetch me the box on the shelf Keryn and I enjoy running in 10k marathon

4. Nominal Phrase as object complement For examples : You have to call her a teacher

You should call him a thief The jury judged this my mysterious man a criminal

5. Nominal Phrase as object of preposition For examples : We left the party at nine oclock that evening The car skidded off the road and into a huge ditch The girl in the pink dress is acting like a spoiled brat

6. Nominal Phrase as appositive For examples : Our nearest neighor, the Coulter Family, has a wonderful swimming pool My lifelong ambition to grow long hair has been finally realized I found the movie My Dinner with Andre a fascinating film