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Some More Abt SQL

This document discusses various SQL concepts like the DUAL table, handling NULL values, single row functions, grouping functions, and date functions. The DUAL table is a special one row table that can be used to evaluate expressions or call functions without needing data from an actual table. Functions like UPPER(), LOWER(), ROUND(), SUBSTR() operate on single rows, while COUNT(), SUM(), AVG() aggregate over multiple rows. Date functions like SYSDATE, ADD_MONTHS, MONTHS_BETWEEN allow manipulating and comparing dates.

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DINESH BHADIAR
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31 views

Some More Abt SQL

This document discusses various SQL concepts like the DUAL table, handling NULL values, single row functions, grouping functions, and date functions. The DUAL table is a special one row table that can be used to evaluate expressions or call functions without needing data from an actual table. Functions like UPPER(), LOWER(), ROUND(), SUBSTR() operate on single rows, while COUNT(), SUM(), AVG() aggregate over multiple rows. Date functions like SYSDATE, ADD_MONTHS, MONTHS_BETWEEN allow manipulating and comparing dates.

Uploaded by

DINESH BHADIAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some more Concept About

SQL
Dual
• The DUAL is special one row, one column table
present by default in all Oracle databases.
• The owner of DUAL is SYS but DUAL can be
accessed by every user.
• The table has a single VARCHAR2() column called
DUMMY that has a value calculated dynamically.
• Oracle DUAL table is a special table used for
evaluating expressions or calling functions.
• Used when you're not actually interested in the
data, but instead want the results of some
system function in a select statement.
Dual
• In Oracle, the SELECT statement must have a FROM
clause. However, some queries don’t require any
table for example converting string to uppercase.
• To use the built in function UPPER, which will convert
a string to uppercase oracle don’t allow
• SELECT UPPER(‘This is a string’)
• But we can use select statement using dual as
• SELECT  UPPER('This is a string‘) FROM  dual;
• Besides calling built-in function, you can use
expressions in the SELECT clause of a query that
accesses the DUAL table:
• SELECT  (10+ 5)/2 FROM  dual;
Handling Null Value
• To find NULL values or NOT NULL
values, you need to use the IS NULL
operator.
• The = or != operator will not work
with NULL values.
• For example to find employees
whose commission is null we can
write sql as:
• Select * from emp where commission
IS NULL;
Functions in SQL
• SQL has built in function that can be used
for variety of tasks.
• There are two classes of functions:
– Single Row functions
– Group function
• Single row function know number of
arguments in advance
• Group function don’t know amount of data
to be handled until all data is fetched and
grouped in categories.
Single Row Functiom
• Act on each row
• Produce one result per row.
• Classified as
– Character
– Number
– Date
– Conversion
– General
Character Function
• CHR(x) : Give character First
corresponding to value x. --------------
– Select CHR(97) first from dual; a
• CONCAT(c1,c2): Concatenate two
strings. ColgName
– Select CONCAT(‘Modi’,’College’) --------------
colgName from dual;
Modi College
• Length(C): returns length of string
• LOWER(c): Convert to lower case
• UPPER ( c ) : Convert to upper
case.
Character Function
• LTRIM(c1, c2 ) : Trim all characters of c2 from left side
of c1
• RTRIM(c1,c2): Trim all characters of c2 from right side
of c1
• REPLACE(c1,c2,c3): return c1 with all ocuurence of c2
replaced with c3.
– Select REPLACE(‘uptown’,’up’,’down’) from dual;
– Results in ‘downtown’
• SUBSTR(string [,m,n]): returns specified characters
from character value starting at position m and n
characters long.
– SELECT substr('ORACLE DATA RECOVERY',8,4) FROM DUAL;
– Results in Data
Numeric Function
• ROUND : rounds the value to the n decimal values. If
n is not specified, there won't be any decimal places.
– Syntax: round(number,n)
– SELECT round(123.67,1) FROM DUAL;
• MOD: returns the remainder of m divided by n.
– Syntax: mod(m,n)
– SELECT mod(10,5) FROM DUAL;
• ABS(n): returns Absolute value.
• EXP(n): returns en
• POWER(n1,n2) : returns n1n2
• SQRT(n) : returns square root of n.
Date Functions
• SYSDATE: The Sysdate function returns the
current oracle database server date and time.
– SELECT sysdate FROM DUAL;
• Arithmetic with Dates
You can add or subtract the number of days or
hours to the dates. You can also subtract the
dates
– SELECT sysdate+2 "add_days" FROM DUAL;
– SELECT sysdate-3 "sub_days" FROM DUAL;
– SELECT sysdate+3/24 "add_hours" FROM DUAL;
– SELECT sysdate-2/24 "sub_hours" FROM DUAL;
Date Functions
• MONTHS_BETWEEN : returns the number
of months between the two given dates.
– Syntax: months_between(date1,date2)
– SELECT months_between(sysdate,hire_date)
FROM EMPLOYEES;
• ADD_MONTHS: used to add or subtract the
number of calendar months to the given
date.
– Syntax: add_months(date,n)
– SELECT add_months(sysdate,3) FROM DUAL;
Conversion function
• Used to convert from one datatype to other
• To_char (number|date): convert a number or
date to varchar2 character string.
– Select to_char(sal) Salary from emp where
ename=‘ABC’;
• To_date(char,[fmt]): convert a character value
into date value and fmt is format of date.
– Select TO_DATE('070903', 'MMDDYY') from dual
– Result: date value of July 9, 2003
• To_number(text): convert text to number
– Select to_number(‘49583’) from dual;
Grouping function
• Also called aggregate functions, return a
value based on number of inputs.
• Exact number of input is not determined
until query is executed.
• Do not process NULL value and never
return a NULL value.
• Some of functions are: COUNT, SUM,
MAX, MIN, AVG etc.
• Already covered.

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