Chapter 1 Basic information

The left pannel is the console where I can type R codes and run it by pressing enter.

On the top right there is environment which shows all the variables that are being used. This is
where you can check if I preformed the code correctly.

Bottom right are the tabs on the laptop where I can upload files from in R. Clicking on plot will show
the last plot I made.

When opening a file click on the green + on the top left corner and choose R script; if you click on the
green + with R it will open a new project.
Chapter 2 reporting in Rmarkdown
Exercise 1 =

# = main title

## = second title

**bold** = to type in bold

**italics** = to type in italics

Markdown sheet = https://github.com/adam-p/markdown-here/wiki/Markdown-Cheatsheet

My creations = https://dillinger.io/

1. Using codes

‘some code’ = is a code

in a code block “‘ = 3 x ‘ is a block code

running the code =“‘{r} print(4+4) “‘

 Exercise 2 =

First to create a markdown you click on the green + and choose markdown. A code always starts
with

“ ‘{r}

The code

“‘

1. eval = showing the code. eval = FALSE

2. Include = the code and output to be shown. Include = FALSE
3. Echo = include the output but not the code. Echo = FALSE
4. Message and warning = Hide the warning. Message = FALSE or Warning = FALSE
5. Fig.cap and tab.cap = fig.cap = "A figure"

Example 1 =

Importing data = file -> import data -> copy code in R markdown file
Chapter 3 Basic R: Operations, functions and variables
Variables = name, type and value

1. Name = it cannot start with a number and not all characters are allowed. No abbreviations
unless these are incredibly common abbreviations.
- Dot separation: miles.per.gallon
- Camel case: milesPerGallon
- Snake case: miles_per_gallon

So a variable like 2pairs is not possible since it starts with a number. However, two.pairs is possible.
Two pairs is not possible cause spaces should be filled with _.

2. Type = Data types restrict the amount of information a variable can contain. A logical
variable (also called boolean) has two options: TRUE and FALSE. Every value type has
restrictions on the kind of contents it allows for. You will encounter the following, from strict
to lenient.
- Logical, TRUE or FALSE (equivalent of 0 and 1)
- Integer, any whole number (no decimals allowed)
- Numeric, any number (decimals allowed)
- Character, any character allowed.
3. Value = The value has to fit within the possible values that the data type can take

Exercise 1 creating a variable.

R=

Word (variable) <- word (value)

- So, I typed miles_per_gallon <- 6.4. And if I type miles_per_gallon

it will automatically give the value 6.4
- If I would overwrite the value 6.4 into 10.5 and then enter miles
per gallon it will autatically update the value 6.4 into 10.5

Overwriting a value = so if I first did animal <- cat and then do animal <- dog
the first value is overwritten

Rstudio =

I can also do this in Rstudio, when typing in the script miles_per_gallon <- 6.4 and then select the
line and enter run it will show this;
Exercise 2 operations

Mathematical operators

+ addition

- subtraction

* multiplication

/ division

ˆ or ** exponentiation

%% modulo

%/% floor division (division result without decimals, always rounded down)

Example 1 =

First number = 47

Second number = 3.14

Entered in R; first_number <- 47 second_number <- 3.14

Print(first_number + second_number)

- R directly knows the anwers

Logical operators

== for equality

!= for difference

> and >= Greater than and greater equal

< and <= Smaller than and smaller equal

Example 2 =

How can you check is something is true or false?

- Enter the variable with its value

- e.g first_number > second_number

In the next example I asked R if the first number equals

to the second number and it said false. Then I did a
multiple code if the first number is equal to the third
number or if the first number is greater than the third
number. R said true but this is based on only one of the two codes.
How can you check is a number is odd or even?

1. x <- 1:5 (run)

2. x_logical <- x %% 2 == 0 (run)
- when doing this R shows what numbers give a false and what numbers give a true result
from the code
3. when entering x_even <- x[x_logical] it gives the
numbers 2 and 4.
4. When entering x_odd <- x[!x_logical] it gives the
numbers 1,3 and 5

Example 3

Combining logicals like && | and

Did some combinations with && and | which is

shown in the figure on the right.

When I did amount_of_jeans && (!

amount_of_shoes) > 30 it said false. The ! illustrates that R should not take into account that
category.

Exercise 3 functions

print() is a function, as is class().

Function signature =

- Function name. Same naming conventions apply as for variables.

- Function arguments. The input a function takes. These are named and names should be
informative.
- Return type. The thing a function outputs (returns). In R, this is not strictly part of the
signature, but is always in the documentation.

Structure function =

function_name <- function(arguments) {

# code

return(variable) }

Example 1 =

square_root <- function(number) {

# Takes the square root of a function

return(number ** .5) }

Then when I enter square_root and fill in as a number 5 it will give the square root of 5
Exercise 4 R internal help system

?function_name

??search_term

This opens the help file with possible solutions. Other possibilities are the internet.
Chapter 4 Vectors, list, and data frames
Vectors
Making a vector = c(…)
- Heights <- c(1,92, 1,87, 1,63, 1,84)
- Names(height) <-c(“Max, “Bob”, “Rose”,
“Emily”)

When clicking on height data in the environment it shows

this;

Index
When coding print(heights[3]) R automatically gives the third value 1.63
Slice = [first_index:last_indext]
Changing values = number[2] <- 9

Example 1 =

Created a vector Got_women and then printed the

numbers 3:5 and R directly gave the names.

Created a new vector with additional names 7 and TRUE = this vector contains a number instead of a
word.

List
There are three ways to retrieve elements from a list. Depending on (a) the type of list and (b) the
type of output you expect, you can choose from the following.

How to list = variable <- list (value=value, value2=value2, value3=value3)

Example 1 =

A list of name, type and value

awesome_women$name = it gives Arya, Xena and Kathryn Janeway

Dataframe

Print x = gives all the words

Name data 1 = gives the first word

Print names data = all the changed names

Adding columns

# Extract vector to print print(data$mpg)

# Add extra column: data$hp_per_1000lbs <- data$hp / data$wt

# Replace single value data$mpg[1] <- 22

Index [1:3,] = only the rows 1 till 3

Index [,”mpg”] = gives all the rows

Example 1 =

1. Loaded the awesome women code

2. Added a new variable ethnicity <- c(Turkish, Chinese, Canadian)
3. Changing the ages I did = age[1:3]<-
c(18,38,40)
4. When opening the mpg code in R and run it, it
resulted in this. In the data.frame Camaro Z28
drives 13.8 milles per gallon
Advanced indexing

numbers <- c(1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48)

print(numbers > 5) = this only says true or false if a

number is larger than 5.

print(numbers[numbers > 5]) = this shows what the numbers are.

Example 1 =

How to find out if numbers are odd or even. First add the variable and its values. Then say numbers
logical when the number %%2 = 0. Then say numbers even and numbers odd! It should give the
numbers that are odd and even.

numbers_odd[1:3]<-c(4,6,8) = this helps to add 1 to all the odd numbers but it isn’t done with the if
else function…

Extra functions
%in% can show whether an something is part of something else, which looks for where elements
with certain characteristics are.

print(5 %in% c(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)) # TRUE -> 5 is part of the range

print(8 %in% c(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)) # FALSE -> 8 is not part of the range

Example 1=

which(fruit_basket == "4") = tried this to find out what on position 4 is but didn’t work out