RADIO ENGINEERING I
Chapter 3: Impedance Matching
Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
The aim of our study is
· understand the operating principles of different kind of
impedande matching networks.
· learn to design impedance matching networks.
different applications.
impedance matching networks in different
cases.
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Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Telecomm.
Laboratory 2
Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• How much is reflected => reflection coefficient GL
• Real impedances: Complex impedances:
Z L - Zo Z L - Z 0*
GL = ; GL =
Z L + Zo Z L + Zo
* complex conjugate
• The power reflection coefficient is |ΓL|2.
Zo Load ZL
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• Impedance mismatching
• |ΓL|2 ⋅ P is reflected from the load
• (1-|ΓL|2) ⋅ P goes to the load.
• The power loss caused by the reflection, i.e. the reflection loss
Lrefl in decibels æ ö
1
Lrefl = 10 × log ç ÷
ç1- G ÷2
è L ø
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• The impedance matching (Z0 and ZL real, Z0 ¹ ZL)
Zo Matching
Load ZL
Network
Zin
(Z0=50 W) ZL (ZL=500 W)
– Matching network => ZL =500 W =>50 W at the
input of matching network.
– When Z0=Zin=> to maximize power delivery to
the load.
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• The impedance matching (Z1 and ZLare complex
numbers and Z1 ¹ ZL)
Z1 Matching
Load ZL
Network
Z1=50+j40 Zin=50-j40 ZL=20+j60
– Example: Z1 = 50+j40 and ZL=20+j60.
– In this case real parts should be equal and absolute
values of imaginary parts should be equal but
opposite sign.
– Z1=a +jb Zin=a - jb
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Radio Engineering I
Complex conjugate matching at the input and at
the output of a transistor
· the maximum gain is achieved
· this is not always the best solution.
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Radio Engineering I
At the input of a transistor
· the impedance level, which gives the
minimum noise figure is selected.
At the output: the complex conjugate matching is
designed. Usually the maximum gain is not achieved.
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• Here are factors what should be considered when selecting a
matching network
– Complexity: simpler, cheaper, low loss, more reliable
– Implementation: lumped components, microstripline,
combination of microstripline and lumped components.
– Size
– Bandwidth: match over a desirable bandwith.
– Adjustability: some network needs adjustment to matched a
variable load at variable frequency.
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• The simplest matching network is an L-section matching circuit. In
this circuit there are two reactive elements (capacitor/inductor)
– (X is reactance and B is susceptance)
Configuration 1 jX
When RL>Zo Zo jB ZL
ZL=RL+jXL
jX
Configuration 2
Zo jB ZL
When RL<Zo
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
Impedances for serial lumped components
Serial circuit
Component Reactance Components values
Inductor X=2pfL L=X/(2pf) f=frequency
Capacitor X=-1/(2pfC) C=1/(2pfX)
L C
R R
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• Admittances for parallel lumped components
Component Susceptance Values
Inductor B=-1/(2pfL) L=1/(2pfB)
Capacitor B=2pfC C=B/(2pf)
C
L R R
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• Examples of lumped elements for microwave integrated
circuit
Lossy film
Planar resistor
Chip resistor
Loop inductor
Spiral inductor
Dielectric
er
er
Interdigital
Metal-
gap capacitor
insulator- Chip capacitor
metal
capacitor © R. Vuohtoniemi, University of Oulu, CWC-RT 13
Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
• The simplest matching network is an L-section matching circuit. In
this circuit there are two reactive elements (capacitor/inductor)
– (X is reactance and B is susceptance)
Configuration jX
1
Zo jB ZL
When RL>Zo
ZL=RL+jXL
jX
Configuration 2
When RL<Zo Zo jB ZL
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Radio Engineering I
How the required reactance and susceptance
values are calculated for configuration 1
jX
Zo jB ZL
ZL=RL+jXL
For matching, the total impedance of L-network plus ZL should equal to Zo
1
Z o = jX +
jB + 1 / (RL + jX L )
Rearranging the formula and separating into real and imaginary parts gives us
B( XRL - X L Z o ) = RL - Z o *
X (1 - BX L ) = BZ o RL - X L **
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Radio Engineering I
jX
Zo jB ZL
Solving for X and substitute X in (**) for B, we obtain
X L ± RL / Z o RL2 + X L2 - Z o RL + capacitor
B= - inductor
RL2 + X L2
Since for configuration RL>Zo, then argument of the second root is
always positive.
The series reactance can be found as
1 X L Zo Zo + inductor
X= + - - capacitor
B RL BRL
Note that two solution for B are possible either positive or negative
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Radio Engineering I
Matching calculation for configuration 2
jX
Zo jB ZL
For matching, the total admittance of L-section network plus ZL
should equal to 1/Zo
1 1
= jB +
Zo RL + j ( X + X L )
Rearranging and separating into real and imaginary parts gives us
BZ o ( X + X L ) = Z o - RL *
( X + X L ) = BZ o RL **
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Radio Engineering I
Matching calculation for configuration 2
jX
Zo jB ZL
Solving for X and B , we obtain
+ inductor
X = ± RL (Z o - RL ) - X L - capacitor
(Z o - RL ) / RL + capacitor
B=± - inductor
Zo
Since RL<Zo,the argument of the square roots are always positive,
again two solution for X and B are possible either positive or
negative.
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
Example
Transmitter
Impedandes ZT and ZA are not complex
conjugates => we must add the
impedance matching network.
Attenuate
harmonic frequencies =>
lowpass filtering 19
Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
Example
Transmitter
Complex conjugate matching:
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
Example
Solve XL from the equation (*) and substitute it in the
equation (**)
Select the (+) sign
Substitute (***) in the equation (*)
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Radio Engineering I
Impedance matching
Example
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