66/79895 SLUICE-GATE DisCHARGE EQUATIONS By Prabhata K. Swamee! AsstAact: Sluice-gate discharge coefficient is an involved function of geometric and hydraulic parameters, For tree flow. it is related to upstream depth and gate ‘opening, whereas for submerged flow. in addition to these parameters, it depends on tail-water depth. The present practice of discharge coefficient determination is, from curves drawn relating discharge coefficient and upstream-depth gate-opening ratio with tail-water-depth gate-opening ratio being the third parameter for sub- merged flow. This method lends itself to sufficient error of judgment due to in- terpolation between two types of curves. Furthermore, the graphical information cannot be used for any analytical and/or numerical method for flow control and flow profile determination. In this paper high-accuracy discharge coefficient equa tions for free and submerged flows have been developed along with the criterion for determination of free and submerged flow. Procedures for solution of various gate-opening problems have also been given. INTRODUCTION A sluice gate is an opening in a hydraulic structure used for controlling the discharge. Fig. 1 shows flow through a sluice gate with no side or bottom contraction. Downstream free flow occurs at a (relatively) large ratio of upstream depth to the gate-opening height. However, submerged flow at the downstream would occur for low values of this ratio. For a freely issuing stream from a sluice gate. the water surface is quite smooth whereas for a submerged flow, the corresponding flow profile is extremely rough. The conventional sluice-gate discharge equation is written in the form: Q = CyabV2gh, ...... a ; re . a) in which Q = the sluice-gate discharge; a = the sluice-gate opening: b = the sluice-gate length: /, = the upstream water depth; g = gravitational acceleration; and C, = discharge coefficient. Fig. 2 shows the variation of C, under free and submerged flow conditions as obtained by Henry (1950) Henry's experimental investigation is considered most extensive and relia- ble. Henry's investigation was later confirmed by Rajaratnam and Subra- manya (1967). Presented herein are accurate equations of discharge coefficient for free and submerged flow conditions. It is hoped that these equations will find use in flow regulation in canals and flow analysis involving sluice gates. DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT EQUATIONS Free Flow Condition A perusal of Fig. 2 indicates for free flow the discharge coefficient pro- gressively increases to a saturation value of 0.611. Hydraulically the sluice gate ceases to exist when fig = a or less. Thus for ho = a the discharge "Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Roorkee, Roorkee—247 667, India Note. Discussion open until July 1, 1992. To extend the closing date one month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on December 28, 1990. This paper is part of the Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 1, January/February, 1992. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9437/92/0001-0056/$1.00 + $.15 per page. Paper No. 1113 56FIG. 2. Variation of Discharge Coefticient at which the flow is free. From Fig. 2 fig../@ can be obtained for various values of hy/a. Plotting these values on a double logarithmic paper, the following equation is obtained: Ln tm = 0.1 ('3) ; oS is beveeeeeeee A) So long as hy lies between fy and om» Submerged flow conditions will prevail. That is, for submerged flow to exist, the following condition is to be satisfied: on hy < hy < 0.81hy ) : : vee eees (5a) a On the other hand, the condition for existence of free flow is: hg = 0.81hy (2) ove eeveeeeteettetettuttitteeteseee: (5b) a Using the discharge coefficient curves of Fig. 2 for submerged flow, the following equation has been fitted to describe the curves: 7 n°? or a) (lt — hy)?” {0 22[o.st, (%) = ts] i a, a + (ho - nay} bees Eq. (6) is valid for the conditions described in 5(a). It can be seen that for hy = Romany (6) teduces to (2), which is the upper limit of its applicability. Similarly ‘at the lower limit of its applicability for to = h, Eq. (6) yields C, = 0. For intermediate values of fo, the difference between the values 58FIG. 1. Definition Sketch: (a) Free Flow; and (b) Submerged Flow coefficient C, = 0. Considering this limiting value and the coordinates of the free flow discharge curve, the following equation is obtained: ea \O™ a oa (=m) Eq. (2) has an excellent agreement with the experimental curve of Fig. 2. Using (1) and (2) the following equation for the sluice-gate discharge is obtained: - 2) oor —- (Io — 4 = 0.864 eee ete cee eee Q = 0.864 abV/Gho (a3 x) . (@) Submerged Flow Condition ‘Under submerged flow conditions the discharge coefficient is zero when Ing = hy (the tailwater depth). Any increase in hy above hz results in rapid increase in the discharge coefficient until hg attains a maximum value Homax 573. Algorithms for solution of practical problems of the sluice-gate operation have been given. APPENDIX |, REFERENCES Henry. H. R. (1950). Discussion of “Diffusion of Submerged Jets.” by M. L. Al bertson, Y. B. Dai, R. A. Jensen, and H. Rouse. Trans., ASCE. 115, 687-694. Rajaratnam. N.. and Subramanya, K. (1967). “Flow equations for the sluice gate." J. of Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 93(3). 167-186. APPENDIX II. NOTATIONS The following symbols are used in this paper: sluice-gate opening: sluice-gate length; discharge coefficient; gravitational acceleration; upstream depth; Koma = Maximum value of hy for submerged flow; hy depth at vena contracta; hy = tail-water depth; and Q = discharge. 60obtained by (6) and that from Fig. 2 is negligible. Combining (1) and (6), the sluice-gate discharge equation is given by: : ° Q = 0.864 abVGhia (a5) (hy — ha)? hy + 15a fe : -{o32 [asi (2) - hs] + (hy - nop’ joauss08 wo) PRactICAL APPLICATIONS The methodology developed in the preceding sections can be used to solve the following commonly occurring problems in the sluice-gate oper- ation: 1. To determine whether the flow is free or submerged [This problem can be solved by application of 5(a) and 5(b)]. 2 To predict the discharge [The discharge can be predicted by application of (3) for free flow; and (7) for submerged flow as per flow conditions determined earlier]. 3. To decide the gate opening for a given discharge [In this case flow can be either free or submerged. Take an arbitrary gate opening and using 5(a) and 5(b) to find the flow condition and accordingly calculate the discharge using either (3) (for free flow) or (7) (for submerged flow). If the calculated discharge is greater than the given discharge. reduce the gate opening, otherwise increase it. and repeat the process until the difference between the calculated and the given discharge is small]. ‘4. To decide the upstream depth for a given discharge [Take a trial value of hg and find the flow condition using 5(a) and 5(b) to accordingly obtain the discharge using (3) or (7). If the calculated discharge is more than the given discharge, reduce the upstream depth, otherwise increase it and repeat the process. until the difference between the calculated and given discharge is small] , To decide the tail-water depth for a given discharge [The tail-water depth has to be increased if the free flow discharge is larger than the given discharge Take a trial value of A, ensuring the submerged flow condition described by (5a) and calculate the discharge using (7). If the calculated discharge is more than the given discharge, increase the tail-water depth, otherwise reduce it, such that the condition of (a) is followed, and repeat the process until the difference between the calculated and the given discharge is small] ‘These algorithms can be adopted on computer-controlled sluice-gate Op- erations in an irrigation canal network. ConcLUSIONS From the foregoing developments, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Criteria for the existence of submerged and free flows through a sluice gate have been evolved. 2. High-accuracy discharge coefficient equations for submerged and free flows have been obtained. 59 i | |