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Lecture 9

CSS allows animation of HTML elements without JavaScript. Key properties for CSS animation include @keyframes, animation-name, animation-duration, and animation-delay. @keyframes define the animation and hold styles at certain times. Animations can gradually change styles and properties like background-color and position. Additional properties control aspects like iteration count, direction (forward, reverse, alternate), and timing functions.

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11 views

Lecture 9

CSS allows animation of HTML elements without JavaScript. Key properties for CSS animation include @keyframes, animation-name, animation-duration, and animation-delay. @keyframes define the animation and hold styles at certain times. Animations can gradually change styles and properties like background-color and position. Additional properties control aspects like iteration count, direction (forward, reverse, alternate), and timing functions.

Uploaded by

Ssip Consultation
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSS Animations

CSS allows animation of HTML elements without using JavaScript or Flash!

CSS
In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:

 @keyframes
 animation-name
 animation-duration
 animation-delay
 animation-iteration-count
 animation-direction
 animation-timing-function
 animation-fill-mode
 animation

What are CSS Animations?


An animation lets an element gradually change from one style to another.

You can change as many CSS properties you want, as many times as you want.

To use CSS animation, you must first specify some keyframes for the
animation.

Keyframes hold what styles the element will have at certain times.

The @keyframes Rule


When you specify CSS styles inside the @keyframes rule, the animation will
gradually change from the current style to the new style at certain times.

To get an animation to work, you must bind the animation to an element.

The following example binds the "example" animation to the <div> element.
The animation will last for 4 seconds, and it will gradually change the
background-color of the <div> element from "red" to "yellow":
Example
/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
  from {background-color: red;}
  to {background-color: yellow;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */


div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
}

@keyframes example {
from {background-color: red;}
to {background-color: yellow;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

<p><b>Note:</b> When an animation is finished, it changes back to its


original style.</p>

</body>
</html>

Note: The animation-duration property defines how long an animation should


take to complete. If the animation-duration property is not specified, no
animation will occur, because the default value is 0s (0 seconds). 

In the example above we have specified when the style will change by using the
keywords "from" and "to" (which represents 0% (start) and 100% (complete)).

It is also possible to use percent. By using percent, you can add as many style
changes as you like.

The following example will change the background-color of the <div> element
when the animation is 25% complete, 50% complete, and again when the
animation is 100% complete:

Example
/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
  0%   {background-color: red;}
  25%  {background-color: yellow;}
  50%  {background-color: blue;}
  100% {background-color: green;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */


div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color: red;}
25% {background-color: yellow;}
50% {background-color: blue;}
100% {background-color: green;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>
<div></div>

</body>
</html>

The following example will change both the background-color and the position
of the <div> element when the animation is 25% complete, 50% complete, and
again when the animation is 100% complete:

Example
/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
  0%   {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
  25%  {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
  50%  {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
  75%  {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
  100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */


div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

div {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;
background-color: red;

position: relative;

animation-name: example;

animation-duration: 4s;

@keyframes example {

0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}

50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}

75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}

100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>

</html>

Delay an Animation
The animation-delay property specifies a delay for the start of an animation.

The following example has a 2 seconds delay before starting the animation:
Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-delay: 2s;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-delay: 2s;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>
</html><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-delay: -2s;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Using negative values: Here, the animation will start as if it had


already been playing for 2 seconds:</p>

<div></div>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

</body>
</html>

Negative values are also allowed. If using negative values, the animation will
start as if it had already been playing for N seconds.

In the following example, the animation will start as if it had already been
playing for 2 seconds:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-delay: -2s;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-delay: -2s;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Using negative values: Here, the animation will start as if it had


already been playing for 2 seconds:</p>

<div></div>
<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and
earlier versions.</p>

</body>
</html>

Set How Many Times an Animation Should


Run
The animation-iteration-count property specifies the number of times an
animation should run.

The following example will run the animation 3 times before it stops:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-iteration-count: 3;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: 3;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>
</html>

The following example uses the value "infinite" to make the animation continue
for ever:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and
earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>
</html>

Run Animation in Reverse Direction or


Alternate Cycles
The animation-direction property specifies whether an animation should be
played forwards, backwards or in alternate cycles.

The animation-direction property can have the following values:

 normal - The animation is played as normal (forwards). This is default


 reverse - The animation is played in reverse direction (backwards)
 alternate - The animation is played forwards first, then backwards
 alternate-reverse - The animation is played backwards first, then forwards

The following example will run the animation in reverse direction (backwards):

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-direction: reverse;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-direction: reverse;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>
</body>
</html>

The following example uses the value "alternate" to make the animation run
forwards first, then backwards:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-iteration-count: 2;
  animation-direction: alternate;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: 2;
animation-direction: alternate;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>
</html>

The following example uses the value "alternate-reverse" to make the animation
run backwards first, then forwards:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  position: relative;
  background-color: red;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 4s;
  animation-iteration-count: 2;
  animation-direction: alternate-reverse;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>

<style>

div {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: red;

position: relative;

animation-name: example;

animation-duration: 4s;

animation-iteration-count: 2;

animation-direction: alternate-reverse;

@keyframes example {

0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}

50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}

75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}

100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

</style>
</head>

<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>

</html>

Specify the Speed Curve of the Animation


The animation-timing-function property specifies the speed curve of the
animation.

The animation-timing-function property can have the following values:

 ease - Specifies an animation with a slow start, then fast, then end slowly
(this is default)
 linear - Specifies an animation with the same speed from start to end
 ease-in - Specifies an animation with a slow start
 ease-out - Specifies an animation with a slow end
 ease-in-out - Specifies an animation with a slow start and end
 cubic-bezier(n,n,n,n) - Lets you define your own values in a cubic-bezier
function

The following example shows some of the different speed curves that can be
used:

Example
#div1 {animation-timing-function: linear;}
#div2 {animation-timing-function: ease;}
#div3 {animation-timing-function: ease-in;}
#div4 {animation-timing-function: ease-out;}
#div5 {animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;}

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

div {

width: 100px;

height: 50px;

background-color: red;

font-weight: bold;

position: relative;

animation: mymove 5s infinite;

#div1 {animation-timing-function: linear;}

#div2 {animation-timing-function: ease;}

#div3 {animation-timing-function: ease-in;}

#div4 {animation-timing-function: ease-out;}

#div5 {animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;}

@keyframes mymove {
from {left: 0px;}

to {left: 300px;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> The animation-timing-funtion property is not supported in Internet


Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>

<div id="div1">linear</div>

<div id="div2">ease</div>

<div id="div3">ease-in</div>

<div id="div4">ease-out</div>

<div id="div5">ease-in-out</div>

</body>

</html>

Specify the fill-mode For an Animation


CSS animations do not affect an element before the first keyframe is played or
after the last keyframe is played. The animation-fill-mode property can override
this behavior.
The animation-fill-mode property specifies a style for the target element when
the animation is not playing (before it starts, after it ends, or both).

The animation-fill-mode property can have the following values:

 none - Default value. Animation will not apply any styles to the element
before or after it is executing
 forwards - The element will retain the style values that is set by the last
keyframe (depends on animation-direction and animation-iteration-count)
 backwards - The element will get the style values that is set by the first
keyframe (depends on animation-direction), and retain this during the
animation-delay period
 both - The animation will follow the rules for both forwards and
backwards, extending the animation properties in both directions

The following example lets the <div> element retain the style values from the
last keyframe when the animation ends:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background: red;
  position: relative;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-fill-mode: forwards;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 3s;
animation-fill-mode: forwards;
}

@keyframes example {
from {top: 0px;}
to {top: 200px; background-color: blue;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Let the div element retain the style values from the last keyframe
when the animation ends:</p>

<div></div>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> The animation-fill-mode property is not


supported in Internet Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>

</body>
</html>

The following example lets the <div> element get the style values set by the
first keyframe before the animation starts (during the animation-delay period):

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background: red;
  position: relative;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-delay: 2s;
  animation-fill-mode: backwards;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 3s;
animation-delay: 2s;
animation-fill-mode: backwards;
}

@keyframes example {
from {top: 0px; background-color: yellow;}
to {top: 200px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Let the div element get the style values set by the first keyframe
before the animation starts (during the animation-delay period):</p>
<div></div>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> The animation-fill-mode property is not


supported in Internet Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>

</body>
</html>

The following example lets the <div> element get the style values set by the
first keyframe before the animation starts, and retain the style values from the
last keyframe when the animation ends:

Example
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background: red;
  position: relative;
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-delay: 2s;
  animation-fill-mode: both;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

div {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;
background: red;

position: relative;

animation-name: example;

animation-duration: 3s;

animation-delay: 2s;

animation-fill-mode: both;

@keyframes example {

from {top: 0px; background-color: yellow;}

to {top: 200px; background-color: blue;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Let the div element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts,
and retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends:</p>

<div></div>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> The animation-fill-mode property is not supported in Internet


Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>
</body>

</html>

Animation Shorthand Property


The example below uses six of the animation properties:

Example
div {
  animation-name: example;
  animation-duration: 5s;
  animation-timing-function: linear;
  animation-delay: 2s;
  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
  animation-direction: alternate;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 5s;
animation-timing-function: linear;
animation-delay: 2s;
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
animation-direction: alternate;
}

@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and


earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>
</html>

The same animation effect as above can be achieved by using the


shorthand animation property:

Example
div {
  animation: example 5s linear 2s infinite alternate;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

div {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: red;

position: relative;

animation: myfirst 5s linear 2s infinite alternate;

@keyframes myfirst {

0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}

50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}

75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}

100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p><b>Note:</b> This example does not work in Internet Explorer 9 and earlier versions.</p>

<div></div>

</body>

</html>

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