Engineeting Growth Connoclion
EXPERIMENTAL WATER CoOLING ToWER
1. OBJECTIVE
tower for different flow
& thermo
water cooling
To study mass transfer operation in
dynamic conditions.
2. AIM:
liquid and
tower for various
lo calculate the tower characteristic (Tc) of water cooling
air flow rates.
2
3.
3. INTRODUCTION:
3 cooled by an air stream in spray
exchangers is usually
Water from condensers and heat
draft by flow of the air.
towers using natural draft or forced
3 ponds or in cooling into the tower
forced draft type, where the air is blown
Mechanical draft towers are of the of the
4 effectiveness
reduces the
forced draft materially
by a fan at the bottom. The
6
cooling
A. THEORY:
8 the wet bulb
the air as long as its temperature is above
Water may be
cooled by
is used which is based
on enthalpy
Lemperature of
the entering air. Markel's theory
difference as the driving force.
potential
For mass transfer operation
be surrounded by a film of air and the enthalpy
water is assumed to
Each particle of the driving force for the
the film and the surrounding air provides
difference between
integrated form Markel>'s
equation can be written as
In the
cooling process.
' * ' ' ' ' ' ' '
(1)
KaV
6 h h
can be evaluated numerically by:
Tower characteristic
.. (2)
KaV dT 4
.Ah, ' * ' * * *
L h-h,
TOWER
EXPERIMENTAL
WATER COOLING
1)
PageNo 1 of 9 (Rev
Limited, Ambala
K.C Engir.eers P t
Engineenng Growth Co
f 1 1 1.1
"AhAh, Ah Ah, ah
Then the above equation becomes
(3)
hT,+0.1(T, -T.)
h=T, +0.4(T, -T)
h=T,-0.4(T, -T)
hTs -0.17, -T.)
h =h, +0.1(LIGNT, -T)
h =h, +0.4(LIG)NT, -T)
h, =h, -0.4(LIG(T, -T)
h h , -0.1LIG)X7, - T)
KaV
Where is tower characteristics also called mass transfer coefficient group. Ah is
L
summation of reciprocal of enthalpy difference. hwr-hw4 are enthalpy of water, ha1-ha4 are
enthalpy of air. L/G is liquid to air flow ratio. h-h2 are enthalpy of airat wet hulb
temperature.
The carrying of liquid with the gas stream is termed as liquid entrainment. This may be
due to a high rate of air flow. This should be avoided to get better performance.
5. DEsCRIPTION:
The set-up consists of tower which is forced draft countercurrent type. Blower is
provided at the bottom of the tower. There is an orifice with its taps connected to a
manometer to measure the flow rate of air. Butterfly valve is given to control the air flow
rate. A distributor is provided for distribution of water on the packing. Rotameter is given
to control the water flow rate. A water tank at the bottom fitted with level gauge is
provided. Magnetic pump is provided for circulation of hot water. Temperature sensors
are provided to measure the dry bulb & wet bulb air temperatures at inlet and outlet. The
cooling tower is packed with alluminium expanded wire mesh.
Pn Limited, Ambala EXPERIMENTAL WA TER COOLING TOWER
K.C. Engineers
Page No 2 of 9 fRey 1)
Engmeenng Growth Cornecion
6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
socKet
6.1 Electrical Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp combined
with earth connection.
6.2 Water Supply
6.3 Floor Drain Required
6.4 Floor area required: 1.2 m x 1m.
7. ExPERIMENTAL PRoCEDURE:
7.1 STARTING PRoCEDURE
7.1.1 Close all the valves V,-Vs.
the panel are at OFF position.
7.1.2 Ensure that switches given on
valve Vi and fill the water.
7.1.3 Open the
supply to the set up.
7.1.4 Connect electric
the increment
temperature in the DTC by operating
7.1.5 Set the desired water
DTC.
or decrement
and set button of
valve Vs and switch ON the pump.
7.1.6 Open by pass
achieves.
desired temperature
heater and wait till
7.1.7 Switch ON the
blower.
7.1.8 Switch ON the
tower and adjust the flow rate by
to flow through cooling
7.1.9 Alow hot water
rotameter and control valve V2
control
tower and adjust the flow rate by
Allow air to flow
through cooling
7.1.10
line.
Va provided pipe
in
valve
record the temperatures.
temperature)
state (constant water
7.1.11 At steady
manometer reading.
7.1.12 Record
the flow rate of water &
rates.
different water & air flow
for
the experiment
7.1.13 Repeat
temperature.
for different water
the experiment
7.1.14 Repeat
COOLING TOWER
EXPERIMENTAL WATER of 9 (Rev 1)
Page No. 3
Ambala
Pvt Limited,
K.C Engineers
1.2 , Pyaty
8.1 D1
8.2 Ors1wYATIKON TAeLE
1 T 7
No ) )
8.3 CALCULATIONS:
100
")
d,tm
4
1miled Anbeis
K, tngunars P'A
Engneening Growth CorineclIon
V2M Ca2A (m'/s)
M,-.P. (kg/s)
M
1000x 3600 (kg/s)
(kg/s m)
L (kg/s m)
R-
T =T +0.1(7, -7,) (°C)
T2Tot+0.4(T, -T,) Cc)
TuT-0.4(T, -T) (°c)
Tw4Ts0.1(T, -T)(°C)
To calculate the property of water (hw) at temperature Twi, (hw2) at temperature
Tw2. (hws) at temperature Twa, (hma) at temperature Tw.
(kJ/kg dry air)
hr
(kJ/kg dry air)
h2
hs (kJ/kg dry air)
hva (kJ/kg dry air)
of air (h1) at temperature T2.
To calculate the property
h (k(kJ/kg dry air)
h, =
h, +
R(T, -
7,)) (kJ/kg dry air)
h, h, +0.1R(7, -T) (kJ/kg dry air)
h h, +0.4 R(, -
T7,) (kJ/kg dry air)
EXPERIMENTAL WATER COOLING TOWER
C Engineers Pt irnited. Amthala
Page No 5 of 9 (Rev )
Engineerung Growth Conned
h,, =
h, -0.4 x
R(T, -T,) (kJ/kg dry air)
h4 h = -0.1x R(T, -T) (kJ/kg dry air)
Ah, = h1 - hat (kJ/kg dry air)
Ah, = hw2 - ha2 (kJ/kg dry air)
Ah, = ha - hs (kJ/kg dry air)
Ah, = h,-h, (kJ/kg dryair)
a
.LL.L
Ah Ah, Ah, Ah
T.Ty 4
CALCULATION TABLE:
S.No. Tc R
To plot the graph of T vs. R.
9 NoMENCLATURE:
Nom Column Heading
Units
a Cross section area Type
m Given
ao Area of orifice
ap Area of pipe Calculate
m
Coefficient of discharge Calculate
Diameter of orifice Given
m
p Diameter of pipe Given
m
G Mass flow rate of air Given
kg/s m Calculate
V Cooli Vouue
K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala
EXPERIMENTAL WATER COOLING TO
Page No. 6 of 9
(R
Acceleration due to
gravity m/s Given
Enthalpy of air at wet bulb temperature kJ/kg ary ai Caiculated
na-a4 Enthaipy of air at characteristics temperatures KJkg dry ar Caiculated
hh Enthalpy of water at characternstics
temper atures KJkg dy ar Caicuiated
Mass transter coetticient Calculated
ks
Mass velocity of water kgs m Caicuiated
M Mass flow rate of ar Caiculated
M Mass flow rate of water Caiculated
Volumetric flow rate of a alcula'ed
ow rate of water LPH Measured
R L gud fo ar flow ratio aiculated
R.R Manometer reading cm Measured
nlet dry-bulb temperature Measured
A niet we1-bulb temperaturee Measured
Ar outlet dry-buib temperature Measured
Ar outle! wet-buib temperature Measured
Water iniet temperature Measured
Water outlet temperature Measured
Tower charactensti cs Calculated
T-T Charactenstics temperatures ofwater C Calculated
Density of ar kgim Given
Density of water kg/m Given
Head loss m Calculated
Summation of reciprocal of enthalpies dfference kJ/kg dry air Calculated
Ah
difference at characterstics kJ/kg dry air Calculated
Ahy-Ah Enthalpies
temperature
Symbols are unt less
PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS
10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and more than 230
volts.
10.2 Never switch ON the mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF
switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
ngineers Pvt Limited, Ambala EXPERIMENTAL WATER COOLING TOWER
Page No 7 of 9 (Rev 1
Engineenng Growth Connec
10.3 Operator selectors switch OFF the temperature indicator gently.
10.4 Aways keep the apparatus free from dust.
T. Wet bulb bottle should be filled with water before starting the experiment.
10.6 Heater should not be switched ON before filling the water in tank.
11. TroUBLESHOOTING:
11.1 If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light, check the
supply.
12. REFERENCES:
12.1 Green, D.W. Pery, R.H. (2008). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 8"
NY: McGraw-Hill. pp 12.17-12.20.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
12.2 Green, D.w. Perry, R.H. (2008). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 8
NY: McGraw-Hill. p 12.7.
Engineering Growth Connection
13. BLocK DiAGRAM:
WET BULP B o T L
TOWER
MANOMETER
ORIFICE
WET BULB BOTTLE
FURHE
Ra AMETBR
WATER TAHK
MOTOR
LOWER
BAGR VIEW
RONT VEW
VAL VE OCK DIAGRAM
1 A VE IF FUHHEL
NAME EArENIMENTAL WAIEN 0ON Na tuwEN
V YPAD9 YvAL YE A
YALYE Ur WATER 1AA
9Y9 A
COOLING 1OMR
LXPLRIMENIAL WALR
(uded Aribala
