APP 002: EAPP

Reviewer

Module #1 (Determining the Structure of Academic Texts)

● Text Structure
- how information is organized in a passage.
- the structure of a text can change multiple times in a work, and even within a
paragraph.
- refers to the way authors organize information in text.
- how the author give information to the readers.

7 commonly used patterns of organization

1. Cause and Effect (Antecedent-Consequence)
- the results of something are explained.
- carries the implication that effect is produced by specific cause or that follow
from the specified antecedents.
- this might be found in a discussion of science investigation results or historical
articles linking multiple causes and effects.
- mostly uses fishbone diagram
2. Chronological/Time Order/Chronology
- information in the passage is organized based on time.
- found in most narrative texts, where the plot unfolds over time.
- more complex texts use literary devices, such as flashbacks and foreshadowing to
empathy established time order/chronology.
- mostly uses timeline
3. Compare and Contrast
- two or more things are described.
- their similarities and differences are discussed.
- show similarities and dissimilarities between objects, actions, ideas, or processes.
- headings and subheadings generally provide extra support/signals to readers about
the structure.
- often one paragraph is dedicated to similarities and another to differences.
- mostly uses venn diagram
4. Order of Importance
- information is expressed as a hierarchy or priority.
- information can be structured from most important to least important or least
important to most important.
- both structures would be considered as the order of importance text structure.
5. Problem and Solution (Hypothetical)
- a problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or explained.
- may follow a number of different forms.
- the problem and solution are labeled as such.
- the pattern is a series of questions and answers that may or may not lead to a
resolution of the problem or issue.
6. Sequence/Process Writing
- information is organized in steps or a process explained in the order in which it
occurs.
- step or phases of a process or project are specified without cause-effect
relationships being implied.
- a recipe or procedure for a science investigation would be example of differing
complexity.
7. Spatial/Events/Enumeration/Descriptive Writing
- information is organized in order of space (top to bottom, left to right).
 - usually covers a large piece of writing rather than a single paragraph.
- an introductory paragraph is provided which states the topic and facilitates the
listing or elaboration of important descriptions, characteristics, or attributes.

Module #2 (Summarizing and Paraphrasing Academic Texts)

● Summary
- is a short or abbreviated version of a longer text (about a quarter of its original
length).
- a statement presenting the main points.
- shorter version of a text.
● Textual Evidence
- it is an evidence from a text that you can use to illustrate your ideas and support
your arguments.

All textual evidence should:

● Support a specific point
● Be cited with the page number the end of the sentence.
● Be followed by a "connection" that explains the relationship of the evidence to your main
point.

How To Summarize
1. Select Keywords
2. Reject
3. Substitute
4. Merge
5. Make it a Point to be Succinct

Purpose Of Summary
1. To help you understand the main points and structure of the author's statement.
2. To convey understanding to others.
3. To present background information quickly.
4. To refer to another writer's ideas in the course of making your own original statement.

Three Importance Summarization Techniques:

1. Selection
- select major idea, keywords and phrases, special terms, and interpretations
presented in the original text.
2. Rejection
- remove unnecessary data or the specifies.
3. Substitution
- replace long sentences/phrases with shorter ones.
- combine several sentences into one.

● Paraphrase
- is a restatement and restructuring of ideas for the purpose of clarifying the
meaning of a text.
- Restatement - means that you rephrase the original using your own words.
- also need to change the flow of ideas in the effort to make the original meaning
clearer.
- expressing the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken)
using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity.
How To Paraphrase
1. Read
2. Reword
3. Rephrase
4. Gist

Steps in Paraphrasing:
1. Read the original passage several times and then you understand it fully. Look for
synonyms for unfamiliar words.
2. Take note of the important details.
3. Write your paraphrase referring only to your notes.
4. Check your paraphrase against the original to make sure you have not copied vocabulary
or the sentence structure too closely.

Module #3 (Stating the Thesis Statement and Textual Evidence)

● Thesis Statements
- it is a sentence or two that tell/s the reader your topic and what you say about it.
- it is a single declarative statement usually found at the last part of the
introduction.
- it is expressed through stating the topic, followed by the claim (assertion) or
opinion about the topic, and lastly, the reasons or supporting evidence.

Remember These Keywords:

● Topic (subject)
● Claim (author's argument)
● Evidence (supporting details, facts/opinion)

Types Thesis Statement:

1. Direct (stated) Thesis Statement
- outline the main idea and organization of the essay for the reader.
- a statement that explicitly indicates what your essay will discuss and talk about.
2. Indirect (implied) Thesis Statement
- introduce the topic, but they do not outline the supporting ideas.
- tells the main idea in a more general way.
- it does not include the three main supporting details.

Components Of Thesis Statement

1. Topic
- the general subject of the essay.
2. Controlling Idea
- your opinion/belief/view/feeling about the topic.
3. Sub-topics
- the areas will focus on to support your idea.

Thesis Writing Steps

1. Choose a specific topic
2. Select a related question
3. Answer the question
4. Formulate a thesis statement
Module #4 (Forming Opinions Based on Facts)

● Facts
- objective statements of truths.
- piece of information used as evidence or as support to an opinion.
- you must you supporting details (proof) if you wish to strengthen the validity of
the facts presented.
- a thing that is known or proved to be true.
- information used as evidence or as part of a report or news article.
- the truth about events as opposed to the interpretation.
- can be proven as true or false.
● Opinions
- subjective statements based on a person's beliefs or attitudes.
- opinions are not acceptable as support.
- you must support it with facts if you wish to express it.
- an expression of a person's feelings that cannot be proven.
- can deliberately mislead others.