Namaste

Syllabus
1.General Concept of capacitance
i. Charge & voltage
ii. Capacitors in series & parallel
2.General concept of inductance
i. Inductive & non-inductive circuits
ii. Inductance in series & parallel

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 Introduction
❖ In the previous lectures, we have studied circuits composed of resistance and sources.
❖ In this lecture, we will introduce two additional circuit elements i.e. Capacitor and
Inductor.
❖ Resistor converts electrical energy into heat but Capacitor and inductor are energy
storage elements.
❖ Capacitor and Inductor don't generate energy but we can extract the energy that have
been put down into theses elements.
❖ Thus like Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor are also passive elements.
❖ Here, We will learn that voltage across ideal capacitor is proportional to the time integral
of current.
❖ Also, Voltage across an ideal inductor is proportional to the time derivative of current.
❖ Different sensor use capacitor and Inductor and after this chapter we will be able to
analyze circuits containing Inductor and Capacitor using techniques learned earlier.

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 Capacitor
❖ A capacitor is a device which stores energy in its electric field.
❖ Capacitors are most common electrical components and used in power system,
communication, computers and electronics.
❖ Capacitors are constructed by separating two conducting plates, which is usually
metallic like Aluminum Foil, by a thin layer of insulating material.
❖ The insulating material between the conducting plates, called a dielectric, can be air,
ceramic, paper, mica, mylar, polyester, polypropylene or a variety of other materials.

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 Current Flow in Capacitor

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 Capacitor with Voltage Source
❖ When a voltage source v is connected to the capacitor,
the source deposits q on one side and –q on the other
plate.
❖ The amount of charge stored (q) is directly
proportional to the applied voltage v.
𝑞∝𝑣
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣

❖ Where C is Proportionality Constant and is known as

capacitance of the capacitor. Its unit is Farad (F)

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 Capacitance
❖ Capacitance is defined as “the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the
voltage between the two plates” (ability of a capacitor to store electric charge).
❖ In fact capacitance does not depend on q or v.
❖ It depends on the physical dimensions of the capacitor.
❖ For Parallel Plate Capacitor, the capacitance is given by
𝜖𝐴
𝐶=
𝑑
Where,
A= Surface Area of Each Plate
d=distance between two plates
𝜖=permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates.

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 Current Voltage Relation of Capacitor
We Know,
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣

Taking Derivative on Both sides,

𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑣
=𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
We know,
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
So,
𝑑𝑣
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
The capacitor which satisfy above equation is known as linear capacitor.

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 Voltage Current Relation of Capacitor
We know,
𝑑𝑣
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡

On Integrating on both sides,

𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑣
න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐶 න 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞ 𝑑𝑡

1 𝑡
𝑣= න 𝑖
𝐶 −∞ Equation shows that capacitor voltage depends on the past
history of the capacitor current. Hence, the capacitor has
1 𝑡 memory, a property that is often exploited.
𝑣 = න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣 𝑡0
𝐶 𝑡0
𝑞 𝑡0
Where, 𝑣 𝑡0 = is voltage across capacitor at time t0.
𝐶
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 Energy Stored in Capacitor
The instantaneous power delivered to the The capacitor was uncharged at 𝑡 = −∞ ,
capacitor is hence
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑣 −∞ = 0
𝑑𝑣 So,
𝑝 = 𝑣𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑣2
The energy stored in the capacitor is given by 𝑤=𝐶
𝑡
2
𝑤 = න 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 1 2
𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣
𝑡
−∞ 2
𝑑𝑣
𝑤 = න 𝑣𝐶 𝑑𝑡 1 2
−∞ 𝑑𝑡 𝑤= 𝑞
𝑡 2𝐶
𝑤 = 𝐶 න 𝑣𝑑𝑣
−∞
𝑣2 𝑡
𝑤=𝐶 ቚ
2 𝑡=−∞
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 Important Properties of Capacitor
1. When the voltage across the capacitor is not changing i.e. DC Voltage, then the current
through capacitor is zero.
𝑑𝑣
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
However, if DC voltage is connected to the capacitor, the capacitor will charge.
2. The voltage on the capacitor must be continuous. The capacitor resist an abrupt
change in the voltage across it. Conversely, the current through a capacitor can change
instantaneously.
3. An ideal capacitor cannot dissipate energy. When connected to source, it will store
energy in its field and return previously stored energy when delivering power to the
circuits

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 Example 1
❖ Calculate the energy stored on a 3𝜇𝐹 Capacitor with 20 Volt across it. Also find the
energy stored in the capacitor.
❖Current through 2𝜇𝐹 Capacitor is 𝑖 𝑡 = 6𝑒 −3000𝑡 𝑚𝐴. Determine the voltage across it.
Assume initial capacitor voltage is zero

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 Example 2
Current through 2𝜇𝐹 Capacitor is 𝑖 𝑡 = 6𝑒 −3000𝑡 𝑚𝐴. Determine the voltage across it.
Assume initial capacitor voltage is zero.

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 Capacitor in Series

Current will be same in the circuit, so Q across

the capacitors will also be same.

Calculation of total series capacitance is similar to

calculation of total resistance of parallel resistors
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 Capacitor in Series

𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ … + 𝑉𝑛
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟,
1 𝑡
𝑣𝑘 = න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑘 𝑡0
𝑆𝑜, 𝐶𝑘 𝑡0
1 𝑡 1 𝑡 1 𝑡
𝑣 = න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣1 𝑡0 + න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑛 𝑡0
𝐶1 𝑡0 𝐶2 𝑡0 𝐶𝑛 𝑡0
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 Capacitor in Series
1 𝑡 1 𝑡 1 𝑡
𝑣 = න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣1 𝑡0 + න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑛 𝑡0
𝐶1 𝑡0 𝐶2 𝑡0 𝐶𝑛 𝑡0

𝑡
1 1 1
𝑣= + + ⋯+ න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣1 𝑡0 + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 𝑡0
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 𝑡0

𝑡
1
𝑣= න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣 𝑡0
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑡0

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑣 𝑡0 = 𝑣1 𝑡0 + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 𝑡0
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛
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 Capacitor in Parallel

𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + ⋯ … + 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟,
𝑑𝑣
𝑖𝑘 = 𝐶𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑜,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑖 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
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 Capacitor in Parallel
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑖 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑖 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑖 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑑𝑡

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛

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 Example 3: Find Ceq

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 Inductor
❖An inductor is an electrical component that stores energy in magnetic field and
that opposes any change in electrical current.
❖It is composed of a coil of wire wound around a supporting core whose
material may be magnetic or nonmagnetic.

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 Voltage in Inductor
❖The behavior of inductor is based on phenomena associated with magnetic
fields.
❖The source of magnetic field is charge in motion or current.
❖If the current is varying with time, the magnetic field is varying with time.
❖A time varying magnetic field induces a voltage in any conductor linked by the
field.
❖If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that
𝑑𝑖
𝑣∝
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
❖Where, L is Proportionality Constant called Inductance.
❖Its unit is Henry(H).

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 Inductance
❖Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the
change of current flowing through it, measured in Henry(H).

Inductor with Air Inductor with Iron Inductor with

Core Core Varying Iron Core

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 Self Induction
❖The flux produced by the coil links with the
coil itself.
❖The total flux linkages of coil will be Nϕ Wb-
turns.
❖Now if the current 'I' is changed with the help
of variable resistance, then flux produced will
also change, due to which flux linkages will
also change.
❖Hence according to Faraday's law, due to rate
of change of flux linkages there will be The e.m.f. induced in a coil
induced e.m.f. in the coil. due to the change of its own
❖So without physically moving coil or flux flux linked with it is called
there is induced e.m.f. in the coil. The self induced e.m.f.
phenomenon is called self induction. 𝑒∝
𝑑∅
= −𝑁
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
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 Self Inductance
❖According to Lenz's law the direction of this induced e.m.f. will be so as to
oppose the cause producing it.
❖ The cause is the current I hence the self induced e.m.f. will try to set up a current
which is in opposite direction to that of current I.
❖When current is increased, self induced e.m.f. reduces the current tries to keep it
to its original value.
❖If current is decreased, self induced e.m.f. increases the current and tries to
maintain it back to its original value. So any change in current through coil is
opposed by the coil.
❖This property of the coil which opposes any change in the current passing
through it is called Self Inductance or Only Inductance.

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 Magnitude of Self Induction
❖From Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Self Induced EMF can be defined as,
𝑑∅
𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
❖Negative Sign indicates that the direction of this emf is opposing change in current due to
which it exists.
❖The flux can be expressed as,

𝑀𝑀𝐹 𝑁𝐼
∅= =
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅
𝑙
Now, 𝑅∝
𝑎
𝑙
𝑅=
𝜇𝑎
where, 𝜇= 𝜇0 𝜇r
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 H/m
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 Magnitude of Self Induction

𝑁∅
𝐿=
𝐼
𝑑𝐼
𝑒 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
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 Factors affecting Self Inductance
𝑁 2 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑎
𝐿=
𝑙
1. It is directly proportional to the square of number of turns of a coil. This
means for same length, if number of turns are more then self inductance of
coil will be more.
2. It is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the magnetic circuit.
3. It is inversely proportional to the length of the magnetic circuit.
4. It is directly proportional to the relative permeability of the core. So for iron
and other magnetic materials inductance is high as their relative
permeabilities are high.
5. If the conductor is bent back on itself, then magnetic fields produced by
current through it will be opposite to each other and hence will neutralize
each other. Hence inductance will be zero under such condition

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 Numerical 1
If a coil has 500 turns is linked with a flux of 50 mWb, when carrying a current
of 125 A. Calculate the inductance of the coil. If this current is reduced to zero
uniformly in 0.1 sec, calculate the self induced e.mf in the coil.

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 Numerical 2
A coil is wound uniformly on an iron core. The relative permeability of the iron
is 1400. The length of the magnetic circuit is 70 cm. The cross-sectional area of
the core is 5 cm2. The coil has 1000 turns. Calculate, 1) Reluctance of magnetic
circuit ii) Inductance of coil in henries. iii) E.M.F. induced in coil if a current of
10 A is uniformly reversed in 0.2 seconds.

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 Energy Stored in Inductor
The instantaneous power delivered to the 𝑖(𝑡)2 𝑖(−∞)2
inductor is 𝑤=𝐿 −𝐿
2 2
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑖 −∞ = 0
𝑝= 𝐿 𝑖 So,
𝑑𝑡
2
The energy stored in the inductor is given by 𝑖
𝑡 𝑤=𝐿
2
𝑤 = න 𝑝 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑡
𝑑𝑖 1 2
𝑤=න 𝐿 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖
−∞ 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑡
𝑤 = 𝐿 න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑖2 𝑡
𝑤=𝐿 ቚ
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