Network Devices: 

Network devices, also known as networking hardware, are physical

devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and interact with
one another. For example Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Routers, Gateway, router, and
NIC, etc.
1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal
over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted to extend the
length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An important point
to be noted about repeaters is that they not only amplify the signal but also regenerate it.
When the signal becomes weak, they copy it bit by bit and regenerate it at its star
topology connectors connecting following the original strength. It is a 2-port device. 
2. Hub –  A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires
coming from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which
connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices.  In other words, the collision domain of all hosts connected through
Hub remains one.  Also, they do not have the intelligence to find out the best path for
data packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage. 
Types of Hub 
 Active Hub: - These are the hubs that have their power supply and can clean,
boost, and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater
as well as a wiring center. These are used to extend the maximum distance
between nodes.
 Passive Hub: - These are the hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power
supply from the active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without
cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to extend the distance between
nodes.
 Intelligent Hub :- It works like an active hub and includes remote
management capabilities. They also provide flexible data rates to network
devices. It also enables an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through
the hub and to configure each port in the hub.
3. Bridge – A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on
the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of the source and
destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It
has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
Types of Bridges 
 Transparent Bridges:- These are the bridge in which the stations are
completely unaware of the bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is
added or deleted from the network, reconfiguration of the stations is
unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes i.e. bridge forwarding
and bridge learning.
 Source Routing Bridges:- In these bridges, routing operation is performed by
the source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The host can
discover the frame by sending a special frame called the discovery frame,
 which spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to the
destination.
4. Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data
link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, which
makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good
packets selectively to the correct port only.  In other words, the switch divides the
collision domain of hosts, but the broadcast domain remains the same. 
Types of  Switch
1. Unmanaged switches: These switches have a simple plug-and-play design and
do not offer advanced configuration options. They are suitable for small
networks or for use as an expansion to a larger network.
2. Managed switches: These switches offer advanced configuration options such
as VLANs, QoS, and link aggregation. They are suitable for larger, more
complex networks and allow for centralized management.
3. Smart switches: These switches have features similar to managed switches but
are typically easier to set up and manage. They are suitable for small- to
medium-sized networks.
4. Layer 2 switches: These switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI
model and are responsible for forwarding data between devices on the same
network segment.
5. Layer 3 switches: These switches operate at the Network layer of the OSI
model and can route data between different network segments. They are more
advanced than Layer 2 switches and are often used in larger, more complex
networks.
6. PoE switches: These switches have Power over Ethernet capabilities, which
allows them to supply power to network devices over the same cable that
carries data.
7. Gigabit switches: These switches support Gigabit Ethernet speeds, which are
faster than traditional Ethernet speeds.
8. Rack-mounted switches: These switches are designed to be mounted in a server
rack and are suitable for use in data centers or other large networks.
9. Desktop switches: These switches are designed for use on a desktop or in a
small office environment and are typically smaller in size than rack-mounted
switches.
10. Modular switches: These switches have modular design, which allows for easy
expansion or customization. They are suitable for large networks and data
centers.
  
5. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs
and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make
decisions on routing the data packets. The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts
connected through it.
 

  
 
6. Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks that
may work upon different networking models. They work as messenger agents that take
data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also
called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally
more complex than switches or routers. A gateway is also called a protocol converter. 
7. router – It is also known as the bridging router is a device that combines features of
both bridge and router. It can work either at the data link layer or a network layer.
Working as a router, it is capable of routing packets across networks and working as the
bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network traffic. 
8. NIC – NIC or network interface card is a network adapter that is used to connect the
computer to the network. It is installed in the computer to establish a LAN.  It has a
unique id that is written on the chip, and it has a connector to connect the cable to it. The
cable acts as an interface between the computer and the router or modem. NIC card is a
layer 2 device which means that it works on both the physical and data link layers of the
network model.