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Genlanguage

The document discusses the five generations of programming languages: 1) machine languages (1940s-1950s), 2) assembly languages (1950s-1960s), 3) high-level languages (1960s-1970s), 4) object-oriented languages (1970s-present), and 5) artificial intelligence languages (present and beyond). It provides details on each generation, including examples of languages, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they represent programs.

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Ishu Agrawal
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Genlanguage

The document discusses the five generations of programming languages: 1) machine languages (1940s-1950s), 2) assembly languages (1950s-1960s), 3) high-level languages (1960s-1970s), 4) object-oriented languages (1970s-present), and 5) artificial intelligence languages (present and beyond). It provides details on each generation, including examples of languages, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they represent programs.

Uploaded by

Ishu Agrawal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming

Generations of
Programming Language
What is a programming
language?
 English is a natural language. It has
words symbols etc…
 A programming language also has
words, symbols and rules.
 The rules are called assyntax.
Generations of Programming languages
Generations ProgrammingLanguage

First (1940-56) Machine language

Second(1956-63) Assembly language

Third(1964-71) High-level language

Fourth(1971-Present) Object oriented programming


language
Fifth(Present and Beyond) Artificial intelligence
Machine Languages(1940-56)

 Machine language is a collection of


binary digits or bits that the computers
reads and interprets.it is a machine
language.
 Itis almost impossible to understand
for humans because they consist
entirely of numbers.
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to remember machine
instructions.
 Difficult tounderstand, modify and
debug errors.
 It is not user-friendlylanguage.
 Each and every instruction
must be in numerical.
 The binary code is very difficult to
learn and
use.
 It is very complex and long
winded programming.
First generation
computers:
Assembly language(1956-63)
 Assembly language is just one level
higher than machine language.it
consists of simple codes.
 Each statement in assembly language
corresponds directly to a machinecode
understood by the microprocessor.
 We need an “assembler” to translatethe
assembly language into machine
language.
Disadvantages:
 It is a low levellanguage.
 programs are very large and difficult to
follow.
 Many instructions required to achieve

small task.
 programs are machine dependent that
they are not executed if the hardware is
changed.
Flow of representation using assembly
language:
High-level language(1964- 71)
 A programming language that provides
statements that are closer to the way the
humans solve problems than assembly
language.
 Examples : COBAL , PASCAL ,
FORTRAN, C, C++ Etc…
 The source code must be compiling by
using ‘compiler’.
Advantages:
 It is a user-friendly language.
 These programs are machine
independent.
 Ifa program written from one computer
we can also use by other computers.
 They are easy to learn, easy towrite and
easy to remember.
Disadvantages:
 The programs willtake more time to
run.
 Slower than low-level language,for

example
 Assembler is faster than C.
 Additional software i.e. compiler is
needed in order to use a high-level-
language.
Flow of representation using high-level
language:
Object oriented programming
language(1971-Present)
 Object : An object is software, bundle of
related variables andmethods.
 OOP is a programming language which uses
the objects and data structures consisting of
data fields and methods. This includes the
features such as data abstraction,
encapsulation, data hiding, polymorphism and
inheritance etc.
 Examples: C++, Java,Python
Advantages:
 It is a user-friendly language.
 We can reuse and recycle the code.
 Through the inheritance we caneliminate
redundant code.
 The principle of data hidingsecures the
program.
 We can extend the use ofexisting classes.
 Software complexity can easily manage.
Disadvantages:
 The oop programs are designedtrickily.
 To design an oop program we need to
do proper planning and properdesign.
 To develop an oop program,
programmer needs proper skills suchas
design skills, programming skills,
technical skills etc.
Flow of representation using oop
language:
Artificial Intelligence(present
and beyond)
 A.I is a science of designing and programming
computers to doing intelligent things and to
simulate human thought process.
 It is a high levellanguage.
 Itis a logic language which is done by less
programmer control.
 We need expert systems.
 Examples: Prolog.
Advantages:
 They are more accurate and speed than the
humans.
 We can use this in dangerousenvironments.
 We can access them 24/7. They don’t needsleep
or anybreaks.
 It makes our life easy, safety and more
productivity.
 Duplication of them is veryeasy.
Disadvantages:
 They required high standardof
maintenance.
 Its programming is very complex andit
is very expensive to buy.
 It doesn’t have common sense; it can
understand only commands and not
situations.
Artificial intelligence:
Reviews
Reviews
There are five generation of Programming languages. They are:
First Generation Languages :
These are low-level languages like machine language.

Second Generation Languages :


These are low-level assembly languages used in kernels and hardware drives.

Third Generation Languages :


These are high-level languages like C, C++, Java, Visual Basic and JavaScript.

Fourth Generation Languages :


These are languages that consist of statements that are similar to statements in the human
language. These are used mainly in database programming and scripting. Example of these
languages include Perl, Python, Ruby, SQL, MatLab.

Fifth Generation Languages :


These are the programming languages that have visual tools to develop a program. Examples of
fifth generation language include Mercury, OPS5, and Prolog.

The first two generations are called low level languages. The next three
generations are called high level languages.

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