DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

MTL101 (LINEAR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS)
2022-23 SUMMER SEMESTER TUTORIAL SHEET-IV

1. If A = (aij ) is an n × n matrix and trace A = a11 + a22 + . . . . . . + ann , prove that

(i) trace (A + B) = trace A + trace B.
(ii) trace (αA) = α trace A, α ∈ R.
(iii) trace (AB) = trace (BA).
(iv) trace (AT ) = trace A.
Conclude that AB − BA = I is never true.

2. By sequence of elementary row operations reduce the following matrices to upper triangu-
lar form and hence evaluate the values their determinants.
   
2 3 1 1 0 −1
(i).  1 2 3 

(ii). 
 1 2 1 

3 1 2 2 2 3

3. By sequence of elementary column operations reduce the following matrices to lower triangular
form and hence evaluate the values of their determinants.
 
  1 1 1 6
1 2 3  4 1
 2 9 
(i).  2 3 5  (ii).




 −2 4 −1 5 
7 3 −1
2 4 1 6

4. Diagonalize the following matrices through sequence of elementary row operations in other than
unit matrix form and find values of their determinants.
   
−3 3 −3 2 1 2 −1 2
 3 −4 4 −2   2 3 5 4 
(i). 

 (ii). 


 −3 4 −5 3   3 −4 −6 7 
2 −2 3 −2 4 5 8 2

5. Reduce the following matrices into row reduced echelon form and find their ranks
   
−3 3 −3 2 1 2 −1 2
 3 −4 4 −2   2 3 5 4 
   
(i).   (ii).  
 −3 4 −5 3   3 −4 −6 7 
2 −2 3 −2 4 5 8 2

6. Find ranks of the following matrices

 
2 1 2 2
   
1 12 3 14  1 1 1 1 
   
 5 6 17 8   0 1 1 1 
(i).   (ii). 



 19 10 11 12   1 1 2 1 
 
15 14 13 10  3 1 1 4 
1 1 1 2
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7. If a matrix A = (aij )m×n has rank r, prove that there exists a nonsingular square matrices P
and Q of order m and n such that [ ]
Ir 0
P AQ =
0 0

8. Find the rank of the following matrix by reducing to row reduced echelon form
 
3 −2 0 −1 −7
 0 2 2 1 −5 
 
 
 1 −2 −3 −2 1 
0 1 2 1 −6

9. If submatrices P and Q are of ranks p and q respectively, and matrix A is of the following form.
[ ]
P 0
A= .
0 Q

Show rank of A is p + q.

10. A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same order show that C, BC, CA and ACB have
the same rank where C is also a square matrix of the same order.

11. If A and B are matrices of the same order, show that

rank (A + B) ≤ rank A + rank B

12. Solve the following system of linear algebraic equations

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 0 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
(i). 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 0 (ii). 3x1 + x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 = 0
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0 + 2x2 − x3 + x4 = 0

13. Find the values of the λ for which following system has nontrivial solution

3x + y − λz = 0
4x − 2y − 3z = 0
2λ + 4y + λz = 0

14. Find the solutions of those of the following systems, which are consistent.

x1 − x2 + x3 = 2 x − 3y − 3z + 13w = −1
(i). 3x1 − x2 + 2x3 = −6 (ii). 2x + 5y + 5z − 18w = 9
3x1 + x2 + x3 = −18 3x + 2y + 2z − 5w = 8
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x + y + 2z + w = 5
(iii). 2x + 3y + z − 2w = 2
4x + 5y + 3z = 7
dA
15. Let A(x) be a matrix whose entries are differentiable functions of x. Let dx
denote the
matrix whose entries are derivatives of the corresponding entries of A. Prove that
d dB dA
(AB) = A + B.
dx dx dx
Assuming that A(x) is invertible for every x, show that

dA−1 dA
= −A−1 A−1 .
dx dx

16. The system of linear algebraic equations Ax = B, where A and B are functions of a real
variable t. Prove that
dx dB dA
= A−1 − A−1 x
dt dt dt
−1
(Assume that A exists for each t.)

17. | A − λI |= 0, λ being scalar, is called characteristic equation of a square matrix A. Say it is

reduced to
b0 λn + b1 λn−1 + . . . . . . + bn = 0.
Cayley Hamilton theorem says that every square matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation

b0 An + b1 An−1 + b2 An−2 + . . . . . . + bn I = 0.

If A is nonsingular develop a scheme of evaluating A−1 by use of it.

18. Find the inverse of the following matrices by use of Cayley Hamilton theorem
   
−2 2 −3 1 3 −5

(i).  2 1 −6 


(ii).  3 −1 5 

−1 −2 0 −5 5 −5

19. If matrices B and C are nonsingular and involved products are conformable, show that
[ ]−1 [ ]
A B 0 C −1
=
C 0 B −1 −B −1 AC −1

20. Partitioning of matrix A = (aij )n×n and its inverse B = (bij )n×n is done as follows
[ ] [ ]
A11 A12 B11 B12
A= , B=
A21 A22 B21 B22

where A11 and B11 are m × m matrices; A12 and B12 are m × k matrices; A21 and B21 are k × m
matrices and A22 and B22 are k × k matrices. If A11 is nonsingular, show that
B11 = A−1 −1
11 + (A11 A12 )P
−1
(A21 A−1
11 ), B21 = −P
−1
(A21 A−1
11 )
B12 = (A−1 A
11 12 )P −1
, B 22 = P −1
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where P = A22 − A21 (A−1

11 A12 ).

21. Find the inverse of the following matrix by the use of partitioning method
 
2 4 3 2
 3 6 5 2 
 
 
 2 5 2 −3 
4 5 14 14

22. If A and B are square matrices of same order n and A is nonsingular, prove that

(A + B)A−1 (A − B) = (A − B)A−1 (A + B) for all B.

23. Test the definiteness of following quadratic forms after reducing to the form X T BX where B
is a symmetric matrix.
(i) 6x21 + 49x22 + 51x23 − 82x2 x3 + 20x1 x3 − 4x1 x2
(ii) 3x21 + 2x22 + 2x23 + 2x1 x2 + 4x2 x3 + 2x1 x3
(iiI) 4x21 + 9x22 + 25x23 + x1 x2 − 2x2 x3 + 4x1 x3

24. If A is a matrix, whose elements are complex numbers, can be expressed as sum of Her-
mitian and skew-Hermitian matrices.

∑
25. Prove that real quadratic form Q = aij xi xj = X T AX can be expressed in the form
T
Q = X BX where B is a symmetirc matrix. Show further that symmetic matrix B is unique.

T
26. Test the definiteness of Hermitian forms X AX where Hermitian matrix A is given be-
low. Also find X ∗ AX
 
1 1−i −i [ ]
 1 −i
(i).  1 + i 2 −3 + i 
 (ii).
i 1
−1 −3 − i 3

27. Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of each of the following

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 1 1+i i 1+i
(i). (ii). (iii).
0 0 1−i 1 −1 + i −1
     
1 1 1 1 −4 −5 0 1 0
  
(iv).  −1 −3 −3  (v).  0 2 6 

 
(vi).  1 0 0 
2 4 4 0 0 3 0 0 1

28. Prove that AT has same eigenvalues as square matrix A.

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29. If A is a real square matrix, show that the eigenvalues of A are real or complex conjugate in
pairs. Show further that if the order of the matrix A is odd, it has atleast one real eigenvalue.

30. Prove the following.

(a) Show that 0 is an eigenvalue of an n × n matrix A ⇐⇒ A is singular.
(b) Let A and B be n × n matrices. Show that AB and BA have same eigenvalues.
(c) Suppose λ is an eigenvalue of an invertible matrix A. Show that λ−1 is an eigenvalue of A−1 .
(d) A and P are n × n matrices and P −1 exists. Show that A and P −1 AP have same eigenvalues.
(e) The eigenvalues of A∗ are conjugate of the eigenvalues of A.

31. If A and B are square matrices of same order such that A is nonsingular. Prove the fol-
lowing
(i) BA−1 and A−1 B have same eigenvalues.
(ii) B and A−1 BA have same eigenvalues.

32. Prove the following.

(a) The eigenvalues of hermitian matrix are real.
(b) The eigenvalues of a skew-hermitian matrix are pure imaginary or zero.
(c) The eigenvalues of a unitary matrix have absolute value 1.
(d) If A is orthogonal, det A = ±1.
(e) The eigenvectors of real symmetric matrix corresponding to different eigenvalues of real sym-
metric matrix are orthogonal.

33. For the following matrices, write adj(A − λI) = B0 + B1 λ + B2 λ2 + . . . . . . + Bn λn . Also

determine the inverse of A, if it exists, by the use of Cayley Hamilton theorem.
 
[ ] 0 1 0
1 i  
(i). (ii).  1 0 0 
i 2
0 0 1
[ ] [ ]
1 1 3 −1
34. Suppose A = and B = . Find (A + B)10 , (AB)16 and f (A + B) where
0 2 0 4
f (t) = et .

35. Let A and B be matrices such that AB=BA . If f (t) = et , show that f (A + B) = f (A)f (B).

36. If A is diagonalisable show that f (A), polynomial in A, is also diagonalisable.

37. How the eigenvectors of similar matrices are related?

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38. If p is any number, show that A − pI and A have the same eigenvectors. How are the
eigenvalues related?

39. If P is unitary matrix, show that

(a) A is Normal ⇐⇒ P ∗ AP is Normal.
(b) A is Hermitian ⇐⇒ P ∗ AP is Hermitian.
(c) A is skew-Hermitian ⇐⇒ P ∗ AP is skew-Hermitian.
(d) A is Unitary ⇐⇒ P ∗ AP is Unitary.

40. If A and B are Hermitian matrices, show that AB is Hermitian if and only if AB = BA.

41. Give examples to show that sum A + B and product AB of normal matrices may not
be normal.
42. Show that the following matrix is normal
 
1 1 1 1
 1 1 −1 −1 
 
 
 −1 1 −1 1 
−1 1 1 −1

Is it (a) Symmetric, (b) Skew-symmetric, (c) Orthogonal? Can all the eigenvalues of this matrix
be real? What can you say about the eigenvalues of this matrix?

[ ]
1 O
43. If A is a unitary matrix, show is also unitary matrix.
0 A

44. If A is Hermitian, show that B ∗ AB is Hermitian for all B. Further, if B is nonsingular

and B ∗ AB is Hermitian then A is Hermitian.

45. Let A = B + iC where B and C are Hermitian. Show that A is normal iff BC = CB.

46. If A is positive definite matrix, show that A−1 is also Positive definite matrix. If A = P + iQ
is a Positive definite matrix where P and Q are real matrices, show that P is Positive definite.