DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

MTL101 (LINEAR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS)
2022-23 SUMMER SEMESTER TUTORIAL SHEET-V

1. Find all solutions of the following equations :

(a) y ′ + 2xy = x (b) xy ′ + y = 3x3 − 1 (for x > 0) (c) y ′ + ex y = 3ex
(d) y ′ − (tan x)y = esin x (e) y ′ + 2xy = xe−x
2
(for 0 < x < π2 )

2. Consider the equation y ′ + (cos x)y = e− sin x

(a) Find the solution ϕ which satisfies ϕ(π) = π.
(b) Show that any solution ϕ has the property that ϕ(πk) − ϕ(0) = πk, where k is any integer.

3. Consider the equation x2 y ′ + 2xy = 1 on 0 < x < ∞.

(a) Show that every solution tends to zero as x −→ ∞.
(b) Find that the solution ϕ which satisfies ϕ(2) = 2ϕ(1).

4. Find all the real-valued solutions of the following :

(a) y ′ = x2 y (b) yy ′ = x (c) y ′ = x2 y 2 − 4x2
(d) y ′ = x+x (d) y ′ = 1+e
2 ex−y
y−y 2 x

5. Solve the following equations:

(a) y ′ = x−y+2
x+y−1
(b) y ′ = 2x+3y+1
x−2y−1
(c) y ′ = x+y+1
2x+2y−1

6. Suppose there is a family F of curves in a region S in the plane with the property that
through each point (x,y) of S there passes one, and only one, curve C of F , and that the slope
of the tangent of C at (x, y) is given by f (x, y), where f is continuous. If a curve in F can be
written as (x, ϕ(x)) , where x runs over some interval I, then ϕ is a solution of y ′ = f (x, y). If ψ
−1
is any solution of the equation of the equation y ′ = f (x,y) , then the curve C ⊥ given by the points
(x, ψ(x)) will have a tangent at each of its points (x, y) which is perpendicular to the curve in F
passing through (x, y). The set G of all curves C ⊥ is called the set of orthogonal trajectories to
the family F .
The following relations determine a family of curves, one curve for each value of the constant c.
Find the orthogonal trajectories of these families.
(a) x2 + y 2 = c, (c > 0) (b) y = cx (c) y = cx2
(d) e − e = c; (Ans: e + e = c ) (e) r = c(sec θ + tan θ) (Ans: r = ce− sin θ )
x −y −x y ′

(f) y 2 = 4c(c + x); (Ans: y 2 = 4c(c + x))

(g) cos x sinh y = c; (Ans: cosh y sin x = c) (h) r = ceθ ; (Ans: r = ke−θ )

7. The equations below are written in the form M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0, where M, N
exist on the whole plane. Determine which equations are exact there, and solve these.
(a) 2xy dx + (x2 + 3y 2 ) dy = 0
(b) (x2 + xy) dx + xy dy = 0
(c) ex dx + (ey (y + 1)) dy = 0
(d) cos x cos2 y dx − sin x sin 2y dy = 0
 2

(e) x2 y 3 dx − x3 y 2 dy = 0
(f) (x + y) dx + (x − y) dy = 0
(g) (2ye2x + 2x cos y) dx + (e2x − x2 sin y) dy = 0

8. Find an integrating factor for each of the following and solve them .
(a) (2y 2 + 2) dx + 3xy 2 dy = 0
(b) cos x cos y dx − 2 sin x sin y dy = 0
(c) (5x3 y 2 + 2y) dx + (3x4 y + 2x) dy = 0
(d) (ex + xey ) dx + xey dy = 0

9. Consider the equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0, where M, N have continuous first partial
derivatives on some rectangle R, where R = { (x, y) : | x − x0 |≤ a, | y − y0 |≤ b }.
Prove that a function u on R, having continuous first partial derivatives, is an integrating factor if
and only if, u( ∂M
∂y
− ∂N
∂x
) = N ∂u
∂x
− M ∂u
∂y
on R.

10. Consider the equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0, where M, N have continuous first
partial derivatives on some rectangle R, where R = { (x, y) : | x − x0 |≤ a, | y − y0 |≤ b }.
(a) Show that if the equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0, has an integrating factor u, which
is a function of x alone, then p = N1 ( ∂M
∂y
− ∂N
∂x
) is a continuous function of x alone.
(b) If p is continuous and independent of y, show that an integrating factor is given by
u(x) = eP (x) , where P is any function satisfying P ′ = p.

11. Consider the equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0, where M, N have continuous first partial
derivatives on some rectangle R, where R = { (x, y) : | x − x0 |≤ a, | y − y0 |≤ b }.
(a) Show that if the equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0, has an integrating factor u, which
is a function of y alone, then q = M1 ( ∂N
∂x
− ∂M
∂y
) is a continuous function of y alone.
(b) If q is continuous and independent of x, show that an integrating factor is given by
u(y) = eQ(x) , where Q is any function satisfying Q′ = q.

12. Use the results of the above to find the solutions of the following differential equations.
2
(a) (−x2 + y) dx + (x2 y − x) dy = 0; (Ans: x − y2 + xy = c)
(b) (2xy 2 + y) dx + (2y 3 − x) dy = 0 (Ans: x2 + y 2 + xy = c)

13. Find an integrating factor of the form xp y q and solve.

(a) (4xy 2 + 6y) dx + (5x2 y + 8x) dy = 0 (Ans: p = 2, q = 3; x4 y 5 + 2x3 y 4 = c)
(b) (5x + 2y + 1) dx + (2x + y + 1) dy = 0 (Ans: p = q = 0; 5x2 + y 2 + 4xy + 2x + 2y = c)

14. Find the most general function N (x, y) such that the following equations become exact
differential equations.
(a) (x3 + xy 2 ) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0; Ans: N (x, y) = yx2 + g(y))
(b) (x−2 y −2 + xy −3 ) dx + N (x, y) = 0; Ans: N (x, y) = 2x−1 y −3 − 32 x2 y −4 + f (y))

15. Solve the following differential equations:

(a) y ′ + y tan x = sec x; (Ans: y sec x = tan x + c)
(b) dr
sin θ dθ + 2r cos θ + 1 = 0; (Ans: r sin2 θ = cos θ + c)
(c) y ′ + y = ex ; (Ans: 2yex = e2x + c)
 3

(d) (x2 + y)y ′ = 6x; (Ans: (x2 + y + 3)e−y/3 = c)

2 2 3
(e) dy
y dx + x = x2 ln x; (Ans: x +y 2
− (ln x − 13 ) x3 = c)
(f) xy ′ + y = y 2 ln x; (Ans: xy
1
− 1+ln
x
x
= c)
3y dx
(g) e dy + 3(xe + y) = 0; (Ans: 2xe + 3y 2 = c)
3y 3y
√ √
(h) y x2 − a2 dxdy
+ y 2 = x2 − a2 − x

16. Reduce to the following second order differential equations to the first order and solve
(a) y ′′ + 9y ′ = 0; (Ans: c1 e−9x + c2 )
(b) xy ′′ + y ′ = 0; (Ans: y = c1 ln x + c2 )
(c) y ′′ + e2y y ′3 = 0; (Ans: x = 14 e2y + c1 y + c2 )
(d) y ′′ − (1 − y −1 )y ′2 = 0; (Ans: (y − 1)ey = c1 x + c2 )

17. By computing appropriate Lipschitz constants, show that the following functions satisfy
Lipschitz conditions on the sets S indicted:
(a) f (x, y) = 4x2 + y 2 , on S : | x |≤ 1, | y |≤ 1
(b) f (x, y) = x2 cos2 y + y sin2 x, on S : | x |≤ 1, | y |< ∞
(c) f (x, y) = x3 e−xy , on S : 0 ≤ x ≤ a, | y |< ∞, (a > 0)
2

18. (a). Show that the function f given by f (x, y) = y 1/2 does not satisfy a Lipschitz con-
dition on R :| x |≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
(b). Show that this f satisfies a Lipschitz condition on any rectangle R of the form R : | x |≤
a, b ≤ y ≤ c, (a, b, c > 0)

19. For each of the following problems compute the Picard’s first three successive approxima-
tions
(a) y ′ = x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 0 (b) y ′ = 1 + xy, y(0) = 1
′ 2
(c) y = y y(0) = 0, (d) y ′ = y 2 y(0) = 1
(d) y ′ = x + y, y(1) = 2 (Ans: 2, x2 + 2x − 12 , 56 − x2 + 3x2 + x6 )
2 2 3

(e) y ′ = 2xy + 1, y(0) = 0, (Ans: 0, x, 2x3 + 1)

3

(f) y ′ = −2xy, y(0) = 1, (Ans: 1, 1 − x2 , 1 − x2 + x4 − x3 )

6

20. Discuss the existence and uniqueness of solution of IVP y ′ = y + y 2 , y( π2 ) = 1 for the
domain R :| x − π2 |≤ 3, | y − 1 |≤ 1. Obtain the solution with the help of standard
method as well as by Picard’s iterates. Discuss the validity of the solution in the neighborhood of
π
2
. (Ans: Unique solution in [ π2 − 16 , π2 + 16 ])