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Rebar ESTIMATE by Max Fajardo

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Roland Cepeda
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11K views27 pages

Rebar ESTIMATE by Max Fajardo

Uploaded by

Roland Cepeda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‘SIMPLIFIED CQNSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, ‘TABLE 3-1 STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAIN OR DEFORMED ROUND “~~ STEEL BARS IN KILOGRAM H Length of Steel Bars in Meters i Dam | 500} 600 | 750 | 900] 1050] 1200 | 1360 amm| 198| 237 | 206 | 356] 418] 474] 533 tomm | 308} 370 | 462} sss| 647] 730] az 12mm | 444] 833 | 666 | 799] 932] toes | 1190 tamm | S21} 625 | 793 | 938| 1094] 1250 | 1407 1omm | 790} 947 | 1104 | 1421 | 1658] 1895 | 12 2mm | 1233 | 1480 | 1850 | 2219| 2560 | 2050 | 3329 25mm | 1927 | 23.12 | 2890 | 3468 | 4048 | 46.24 | s202 28mm | 2417 | 29.00 | 2625 | 4380 | 50.75 | 58.00 | 6525 30mm | 27.75 | 33.29 | 4162 | 4094] 58.26 | osso | 7401 Samm | 3187 | 37.88 | 4795 | seez| 66.20] 75.76 | e529 26mm | 3998 | 4795 | 5093 | 71.92] 391 | 95.0 | 10750 TABLE 3.2 DEFORMATION REQUIREMENTS Nominal | MexAverage | Height | Tolerance | Max. Vaie Diameter | Spacing of Lugs | Minkmum | Maximum | Summation Ot vgs 9p 8 70 03 08 55 10 70 o4 os 78 12 a4 os 10 a4 13 aa os 12 102 18 12 o7 14 126 2» 140 10 20 187 B 175 12 24 16 2B 198 14 28 20 ~ 21.0 15 30 136 2 m4 18 32 24 % 245 18 36 25 88 METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘TABLE 3-3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL BARS yt | ronnie — ime onde | hne” | “tee” [ren Paces” | ge” |e me | me woe | ore | Surat Berea eee HarRoned 230 | 200 | aco | o2| 16 “ Non vi aatieaet|275 | 275 | 420 | 0<25] 10 | 100 | a toe bar o>as| 8 60 as | as pes] 8 | 10 | 50 ona] 7 od HarRoted 220 | 290 | 300 | | 19 | Wlste p>as| te “s Detomed| 275 | 480 | 420 | jena reeled tng (ees as ioral Hook Length = L+n for Bend HOOK PEND: FIGURE 3.3 HOOK AND BEND ALLOWNCE 92, . METAL REINFORCEMENT A Ca (eer Leare L = 2h+96 +204 = 2(A¢B)+ 204 Total Length = A+B+C+0 Total Length = ASB 121-4 ee FIGURE 3-4 LENGTH OF HOOK AND BEND 93 ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Tek Conga: Total Length = A+h a L Gr t -——e—— (Gao) Total Length =A+B- 121-4 Total Length = A+2h a (a rym * =") Beer el Total Length = A+h Total Length = A+ 2h fotal Length = A+B+C-r-24 FIGURE 3-8 LENGTH OF HOOK AND BEND 94 METAL REINFORCEMENT To those who have not yet been exposed to detailed drafting ‘work or actual field construction of reinforced concrete, will find Itdifficult to make a detailed estimate of the various types of re- inforcement required. The various type of metal reinforcement that an estimator should be familiarized with ar A. Concrete Hollow Block Reinforcement. This is the simplest type of vertical and horizontal reinforce- ment placed in between’the layers and the hollow core of the blocks. This type of reinforcement is installed and spliced pro- Gressively with the rise of the concrete blocks. B. Focting Reinforcements 1. Footing slab reinforcement for small and medium size footings, Dowels, cut bars, anchor, and bend bars Beam reinforcement for medium construction Beam and slab for large construction Stiups gaen C. Post and Column Reinforcements 1. Main vertical reinforcement a. Single or b. Bundled bars 2. Lateral Ties ‘a. Outer ties bj Inner ties c. Straight ties / 3, Spiral Ties for circular column 4, Dowels for partitions and other future attachments. 95 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE D. Beam and Girder Reinforcements 1. Main Reinforcement a, Straight bars b. Bend bars ©. Additional cut bars for tension and compression d, Dowel bars for future attachment 2, Stirrups: ‘a. Open stirups b. Closed stirups ©. Straight stirrups or ties 3. Cut Bars ‘a, Over and across the support b. Between supports ¢. Dowels and hangers for celling and partition E. Floor Slab Reinforcement 1. Main reinforcements ‘Straight main reinforcing bars extending from one beam to the other b. Altemate main reinforcing bars with bend between ‘and over the beam support. (seé figure floor slab reinforcement) ©. Main alternate bars over support (beam or girder) 2. Temperature bars tied perpendicular to the main rein- forcement. 3. Additional alternate cut bars over the support (beam). 4. Dowels and hangers for ceiling and other attachment. E. Other Types of Reinforcement Other special types of reinforcement designed for a particu- lar structure which may be presented in details. Not until after familiarizing with these different parts and types of reinforce- ‘ment could one make a sound and reliable estimate. 96 METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘Suggested Procedures in Estimating Stee! Bar Reinforcement 1. The main reinforcement of post, column, beam, girder and the like structures, are determined by the simple Direct ‘Counting Method, that is, by counting the number of main vertical reinforcement on one structure then multiplied by the total number of the same type or category in the plan. 2. Do not forget to include the additional length for hook, bend ‘and splices for end lapping joints. The additional length is the one most often overlooked in ordering length of stee! bars. In ordering stee! bars, always think of minimizing the splices if it cannot be totally avoided. 3. For other reinforcement parts such as lateral ties, stirrups, spirals, dowels, cut bars and the like should be treated or estimated separately one at a time taking into consideration the additional length for the hook, bend, and splicing length. 4, After knowing the length of the lateral ties, stirrups and + other similar parts, select the steel bars from the various ‘commercial length of 6.00 to 13.50 meters long where these cut bars could be obtained avoiding or minimizing unnecessary extra cuts. Extra cuts are waste when classi- fied as junk materials, 5. Considering its cost, Tie Wire for reinforcement joints is a big item in large construction work. The length of each tie ‘wire should be cut to the minimum required length based on the diameter of the bars to be tied on. indiscriminate cut- ting of tie wire should not be permitted. 3-4 REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS Steel bar as reinforcement is a requirement for all types of concrete and masonry works. The National Building Code has promulgated guidelines on how and what kind of reinforcement 7 ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE is appropriate for a certain type of work depending upon the purpose for which it is to serve, The size and spacing require- ments for concrete hollow block reinforcement must be indi- cated on the pian or specifications. ‘Concrete hollow block reinforcement could be determined in three different ways: 1, By the Direct Counting Method 2. By the Area Method 3. By the Unit Block Method ‘The Direct Counting Method Under the direct counting method, the vertical and horizontal reinforcements are counted individually in the plan. The length \s also determined from the elevation. The hook, bend and lap- ping splices are imeginebly calculated and added to its length because it Is very rare (o See a plan in a large scale drawing showing this particular raquirements of reinforcing steel bars. Thus, estimators must be familiar with the hook, the bend and splicing requirements to be able to work effectively even if the plan Is not accompenied with such details In the event that estimating by the Direct Counting Method is, somewhat difficult, one can use the Area Method with the aid of Table 3-5 prepared for this purpose. Estimating by the Aren Method ‘The Area Method is the simplest approach in computing the steel bar reinforcement for CHB with the aid of Table 3-8, The values presented in the table include the allowances required for standard bend, hook and lapping splices. ILLUSTRATION 3-2 From Figure 3-6, determine the number of: (@) 10x 20 x 40. cm CHB (b) Vertical reinforcement spaced at 80 cm. (©) Horizontal reinforcement at every 3 layers, METAL REINFORCEMENT CHE, 7 CHB Votcal Rent. @ 80 en. oc & ar en 200m Natural ground oem = Fectna «00m FIGURE 36 ‘TABLE 3.6 LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS FOR CHB IN METERS \Vatical Reinforcement Horizontal Reinforcement spacing | Length of bars in meter _| Spacing |_Length of bars in metor vam. | Per Block | PerSq.M. | Layer | PerBlook | PerSq.M. 40 | 0295 | 293 | 2 | 0264 3.30 eo | om | 219 | 3 | 0172 218 eo | o128 | 160 | 4 .| 0198 172 SOLUTION ( By the Area Method ) 4, Solve for the Area of the fence ‘Area = Length x Height ‘A= 4,00 x 3,00 m. A= 128q.m. 2. For vertical reinforcement spaced at 80 centimeters, re- fer to Table 3-5. Under column length per sq. m. muitiply: 12.89. m. x 1.60 = 19.20 m. long 90 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3. Solve for the horizontal bars at every 3 layers. From Ta ble 3-5 under Horizontal Reinforcement per square me- ter, multiply: 12 sq, m.x 2.15 = 25.80 meters long 4, Add the results of 2 and 3 19.20 + 25.80 = 45.00 meters 5. Convert this value to the commercial length of steel! bar, Say 6.00 meters long, divide: 45,00 m, = 7.8 order 8 pes, 10mm x 6.00 m. long. 6.00 SOLUTION (By the Unit Block Method) Solving the same problem of illustration 3-2, by the Unit Block Method, we have the following solution: 1. Find the area of the wall. ‘Area: = 4,00x3.00m. = 128q.m. 2. Determine the number of hollow blocks. Refer to Table 2-2. Multiply; CHB: = 12sq.m.x12.5 = 150 pieces 3. Refer to Table 3-5. a.) Vertical reinforcement at 80 cm. spacing, length of steel bar per block; multiply: 180 x 0.128 = 19.2 meters long. b)) Horizontal bars at every after 3 layers, refer again to Table 3-5. length of steel bar per block; multiply: 150 x 0.172 = 25.80 meters long. 400 METAL REINFORCEMENT 4, Add the results of (a) and (b) 19.2 + 25.80 = 45.00 meters long 8. Convert this length to the commercial size of steel bars, Say 6,00 meters long. Divid ~45.00.m, = 7.5 order 8 pieces 10 mm x6.00 m. 3-5 TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT Tie wire refers to gauge No.16 galvanized iron wire popularly known as G.I, tie wire. Tie wire is used to secure the steel bars into its designed position. Ordering tie wire is not by feet nor by ‘meter length but in kilograms or roll. One roll is equivalent to 45 kilograms, or approximately 2,385 meters at 53 meters per kilo- gram. The length of each tie wire depends upon the size of the bars to be tied on. Tie wire is cut into length ranging from 20 to 40 centimeters for small and medium size steel bars. For larger stee! bars, the length of ties varies depending upon the conven- ience of the steel man, This particular item of construction material is always in- cluded in the bill of materials but never been computed. The quantity is determined through a more or less calculation. In shor, itis a quantity with uncertainty of its accuracy. The only thing that is certain is either it is over estimated or under est mated which is as bad as the other. Length of Tie Wire Reinforcement The common size of steel bar reinforcement specified for concrete hollow block work is either, 10 mm, 12 mm or 16 mm diameter depending upon the plan and specifications. For this Particular size of reinforcement, a 25 to 40 centimeters long tie wire folded at the center is satisfactory. 101 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE 3-4 No, 16 Gi, TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT PER SQUARE METER co NEC ee eee eee Kilograms per Square Mater Vertical | Horizontal Spacing | Layer Specing | 250m. ce | S00m.Te | Adem. Te 0 2 | SC “086 0 3 036 07 053 0 4 ‘924 28 ‘038 ey 2 036 on 057 © 3 028 02 042 ©. 4 020 024 032 0 2 027 033 0M 50 a 20 024 os2 Cy 4 ots 018 024 ILLUSTRATION 3-3 Continuing the solution of illustration 3-2, find the required Tie Wire in kilograms if the reinforcements are spaced at: 4. Vertical bars spaced at 80 centimeters and one horizontal bars ai every after 3 layers of the block. 2. Vertical hars at 0 centimeters and one horizontal bar at every after 2 layers of the block 3. Tie wire in kilograms. SOLUTION - I 4. Solve for the wall area. Area = 4,003.00 A = 125q.m. 2. Refer to Table 3-6, Along 80 om. vertical spacing and 3 layers horizontal spacing of reinforcement at 30 cm. tong tie wire, multiply 42sq. m. x .024 = .29 kgs. # 16- G.1. wire 102 METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION - 2 4. Find the wall area. ‘Area = 4.00x 3.00 = 1259. m. 3. Refer to Table 3-6. Along 60 cm. vertical spacing with ‘one horizontal bar at 12.sq.m. x .044 = 0.53 kilograms # 16 G.I. wire. More of this Tie Wire will be presented in the succeeding examples on stee! reinforcement. 3-6 INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEMENT Independent column footing is also referred to as individual or isolated footing. The ACI Code provides that the minimum underground protective covering of concrete to steel reinforce ‘ment shall not be less than 7.5 centimeters. The reinforcement {or this type of structure is determined by direct counting from the detailed plan under the following procedures: fn Bar Length = L Bar Length =1.+4(75em) FIGURE 3-7 INDIVIDUAL FOOTING REINFOMCENENT 41. Know the actual dimensions of the footing as to ils length and width. 103 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2. Consider the 7.5 om. minimum underground protective covering of concrete to the steel reinforcement. 3. If the plan does not specify hook or bend of the footing reinforcement, the length af the bar is equal to the length (oF width of the footing minus the 7.8 protective covering at both ends. 4. If the plan indicate hook or bend of the reinforcement, the bar cut should include the allowances for the hook and band as presented in Figure 3-4 and 2-8. 5. Know the spacing distance of the stee! bars both ways to determnine the exact number required. As much as pos- sible, select the appropriate commercial length of ste bar which is divisible by the required cut length to avoid ‘unwanted cuts. One important consideration in estimating steel bar rein- forcement is to find the required length and quantity of @ particular reinforcement then choose a commercial length bars ‘which when cut into the required sizes will minimize unwanted cuts. For instance, if 5 pieces at 1.20 meters long is needed, the most ideal order is 6.00 meters long steel bar. Likewise, if the ‘work requires 2.50 meters cut length, the order will not be 6.00 ‘meters but 7.50 meters long steel bars. 150m, 2 PLAN CROSS SECTION FIGURE 3.8 INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEMENT 104 METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-4 From Figure 3-8, find the number of 12 mm steel bars re- Quired if there are 24 footings having a general dimensions of 1,50 x 1.50 meters, SOLUTION 1. Find the net length of one cut reinforcing bar. Net Length is = 1.50 m. - 2.075) L = 1.35 meters. 2. Find the total number of these cut bars in one footing, 10 x 2 = 20 pieces of 12mm at 1.35 m. long. 3. Find the total number of cut bars in 24 footings. Total cut bars: 24x20 = 480 pieces 4. If 6.00 meters long steel bar will be used, we obtain the following cuts. 8,00m. = 4.44 pieces ~ 1.35 m. 5. The result simply mean that in one 6 metérs long steel barwe could get 4.44 pieces at 1.35 meters long. We will Not consider the fractional value of .44 because itis less, than 1.35 meters length of one cut bar. Instead, we will ‘only use the whole value 4.0, ©. Divide the result of step 3 by 4.0 to get the number of 6 meters stee! bars required. 480 = 120 pieces steel bars at 6 meters long. 40 105 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE N= 6x2 (crosswise) = 12 pieces per footing 3. Find the total cut bars for 30 footings. 12 cut bars x30 footings = 360 pieces. 4. Find the total length of 360 pes. cut bars at 1.20 m. long, 360x 1.20 = 432 meters 5. Divide by 6.00 m. length of one commercial steel bar 492m. = 72pieces 12 mm x 6,00 m. ste! bars. Comment : 1. The above solution is correct because in dividing 6.00 m. by 1.20 (length of one cut bar), we got an exact amount of 5.0. Meaning, there is no extra cut in one 6.0 meters. steel bar. 2, In step 5, dividing 432 by 6.00 meters, yield an exact number of 72 pieces at 6.00 meters steel bar. Therefore, all cuts are exactly the same without excesses, Solving the Same Problem by the First Method 1. The net length of one cut bar is 1.20 meters and the total ‘umber of bars in 30 footings is 360 pieces, 2. Select a commercial length of steel bar which is divisible by 1.20 without extra cut. Try 6.00 meters jong steel bars. $.00m_ = Spieces 1.20, 3. This simply mean that in a 6.00 meter long steel bar, we ‘obtain exactly 5 pieces at 1.20 m. long out bar. Divide the total cut bars for 30 footings by 5 108 _METAL REINFORCEMENT 360. = 72 pieces 12 mm x 6.00 meters steel bars 5 ‘The question now is, when to use the first method and when to use the second. The following rules will help in making the 1. Determine the net length of one reinforcing cut bar 2. Divide 6.00 meters or any chosen commercial length of Stee! bar by the result of step 1. 3. If the result in dividing the length of one steel bar by the {ength of one cut bar is a whole number (exact value) use the second procedure. 4. Ifthe result has a fractional value, use the first method, Estimating The Footing Tie Wire Estimating the Tie Wire was initially discussed in Section 3-5 under the reinforcement for CHB. Applying the same principles {in ilustration 3-4 and 3-6, we have the following examples. A) Solving the Tie Wire for Iustrat 34 1. Looking at the plan of Figure 3-8 there are: 10x10 = 100 intersections of.steel bars to be tied er footing 2. Solve for the total ties of the 24 footings: 100 x 24 = 2,400 ties. 3. Using a 30 centimeters long ties, multiply: 2,400x.30m. = 720 meters G.!. wire. 4. Convert this length to kilograms. (One kilogram of No. 16 te wire is appruximately 53 meters long.) Divide ; ‘720m. = 13.58 say 14 kilograms # 16 G.}. wire, 53 109 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, B) Solving the Tie Wire ror Dlustration 3-6 1. Looking at the plan of Figure 3-9. There are 36 steel bar intersections to be tied with G.1 wire 6x6 = 36 ties per footing 2. Solve for the total ties of 30 footings. 36 x 30 = 1,080 ties. 3 If one tie is 30 cm. long, find the total length of 1,080 ties; .30 m. x 1,080 = 324 meters long. 4. Convert this length to kilograms. Using the value of 53 meters per kilogram, divide: 324m. = 6.1 kilograms # 16 G.l. wire. 53. 3-7 POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMMENT ‘The reinforcement of post and column to be considered in this study are: (a.) The main or vertical reinforcement, (b.) The lateral ties or (¢.) Spiral ties for circular column, FIGURE 3-10 POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMENT 110 ‘METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘The quantity and length of the main reinforcement is deter- mined by the "Direct Counting Method” giving special attention to the additional length for: Lap joints of end splices Allowance for bending and or hook ‘Additional length for beam depth and floor thickness if the height indicated in the plan is from floor to ceiling. Distance from floor to footing slab. Provisions for splices of succeeding floors. 9a psp ILLUSTRATION 3-7 From the following figure, list down the main reinforcement {rom the footing to the second floor using 20 mm if there are 10, ‘columns in the plan. 8- 20mm 40 m Dowel for 2 Foor — 18 Concrete slab FIGURE 3-11 LENGTH OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT 111 ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE SOLUTION 1, Determine the total length of the main steel bar reinforce- ments. a, Bend at the base footing 4 20 . Length from footing to ground floor 20 ©. Height from ground line to beam. 50 d. Depth of beam....... 50 ©. Thickness of the floor slab .. 15 1. Dowel for second floor (20x 20 mm) ....._40__ Total Length of the Reinforcement... 5.95 M. 2. Select a 6.00 meters long steel bar 3, Multiply by number of bars in one post x 10 post. 8x 10 = 80 pieces 4. Onder, 80 pes. 20 m™ x 6.00 meters long steel bars. 3-8 BEAM AND GIRDER REINFORCEMENT The Direct Counting so ‘er js the best ethod in determining the number of main reinforc=ment of beain and girder. The length however, is determined by the physical condition of the structures in relation wit their support 4. Verify the plan if the span or distance of the column where the beam is resting indicates the following condi- tions: ‘) Center to center of the column b) Outer to center of the column ©) Outer to outer side of the column 0) Inside to inside span 2. Verity the splicing position of the reinforcement if itis ad- justed to the commercial length of steel bars, Take note ‘that “the lesser the splice the lessor Is the cost”. 412 METAL REINFORCEMENT 3. Identify the bars with hook and bend for adjustment of their order length. Sk Slab cot i Bear Beam rc |} com ‘Center te Center ‘Center Outer side Slab ‘stb ———— asian a Bear = L-com. Inside to Inide (Outer to Outer side FIGURE 3-12 * 3-9 LATERAL TIES Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a position by lateral reinforcement called tateral ties. ‘The ACI Code provides that: “All non fire-stressed bars for tied column shail be enclosed by lateral ties of at least No. 3 in ‘size for longitudinal bars No. 10 or smaller and at least No. 4 in size for No. 11 to 18 and bundled longitudinal bars". The Code Provisions Simply Mean that: a.) If the main fongitudinal reinforcement of a tied column is 113 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE No. 10 bars or smaller in size (lower than 30 mm), the Lat- eral Ties should not be smaller than No. 3 bar or 10 mm. diameter. | b.) If the main reinforcement of a tied colin is No. 11 to No. 18 (35 mm to 68 mm) and bundled bars, the Lateral i Ties should not be less than No. 4 or 12 mm diameter. | The Code further provides that Lateral Ties Spacing shall not exceed the following: 1, 16x the longitudinal bar diameter 2. 48x the lateral tie bar diameter or 3. The least dimension of the column ILLUSTRATION 3-8 Determine the spacing distance of the lateral ties for a tied column as shown in the following figure. co Retramt20 soem me Late Th San ia uaviron stern chose seérion FIGURE 3-13. SPACING DISTANCE OF LATERAL TIES 114 -METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION 4. Determine the spacing distance of the lateral ties. a) 18x20mm = 320mm or32.cm. b) 48x10 mm = 480 mm or 48 cm. ©) The least side of the column is = 30cm. 2. The lowest value is 30. Therefore, adopt 30 centimeters, spacing of the lateral ties ‘TABLE 3-7 NUMBER AND DIAMETER OF STEEL BARS Bat No, Designation inches mm. 2 % 6 5 38 10 4 ip 12 5 58 6 6 % a 7 78 2 8 40 2 8 118 B 10 4 31 cit 138 3s 2 112 38 3 158 a 14 134 “ 16 20 50 18 aia 6 ILLUSTRATION 3-9 A building has 26 square columns 7.00 m. high with cross sectional dimensions of .50 x .50 m. with 8 pieces 20 mm main reinforcement. Find the lateral ties required using 10 mm and the corresponding tie wire. SOLUTION 1. Determine the spacing of the lateral ties. 16x 20 mm, = 320 mm or 32 om 18 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 48x10 mm. = 480 mm or 48 cm. ‘The least dimension of the column is 50 cm. 2. Adopt 32 cm. spacing of the lateral ties being the small- est value. 3. Determine the number of lateral ties in one column, ‘Spacing = 700m. ht. = 21.875 say 22 32em. 10mm, Lateral Ties ELEVATION SECTION CROSS SECTION FIGURE 3-14 4, Take note that this 22 is the spacing distance between lateral ties. What we are after is the number of ties in one column height. Add one to get the number of lateral ties, No, of Lateral Ties: 22+! = 23 places. 5. Solve for the total lateral ties in the 26 columns, Total ties: 23 x 26 columns = §98 ties 6. Determine the length of one Lateral Tie. By Inspection, the tie is 180 om. or 1.80 meters long. 116 METAL REINFORCEMENT 7. Find how many 1.80 meters could be derived from a ‘commercial lenath of steel! bars ranging from 6.00; 7.50 (or 9.00 meters long. By trial division we have: 600-333 7250-416 900 = 50 1.80 1.80 1.80 8. From the above results, select 5 for having exact value which means exactly 5 pieces could be detived from a 9.00 meters long stee! bar. 8. Divide the total number of ties in step § by the values found in step 7 to get the number of steel bars required. 598 = 1196 say 120 50 10. Order: 120 pes. 10 mm x 9.00 meters long steei bars. Comments: 4. Step 7 is very important because without these trial div- sions, cutting could be done on a 6.00 m. or 7.5m. steel bars making so many extra cuts to be classified later as surplus or junks. ‘an exact quotient, it becomes the estimator’s choice to decide which length to use that will not produce exces- sive waste. 3. In this example, we have leamed how to program the buying and cutting of steei bars for lateral ties minimiz~ ing if not totally avoiding unwanted cuts. Solving for the Tie Wire 1. Find the number of main reinforcement in one column multiplied by the number of intersections with the lateral ties. 47 ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 8 bars x 23 lateral ties = 184 i lersections per column 2. Find the total intersections in the 26 columns: 184 x 26 = 4,784 ties 3. This 4,784 is the total nuniber of Tie Wires. If each tie is, 40 cm. long, multiply to get the total length in meters. 40 x 4,784 = 1,914 meters G.L. wire 4, One kilogram of No. 16 G.I. wire is approximately 53 me- ters, divide: 1,914 m. = 36.1 say 37 kilograms 53 ILLUSTRATION 3-10 From the following figure, find the number of 10 mm. lateral ties if there are 30 columns at 8 meters high each including the tie wire in |_ 8-20mm inner Ties main rent s2em. ELEVATION SECTION (CROSS SECTION FIGURE 3-15 118 METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION 1, Determine the spacing of the lateral ties 16x 20mm = 320mm, Or 32cm 48x 40mm = 480 mm. Or 48 cm, The least dimension of the column is 40 cm, Adopt 32 om. spacing, the smallest value found, Determine the number of lateral ties in one column Spacing = 8,00m ht = 25 pieces+1 = 26 32m. Find the total lateral ties in the 30 columns. a) Inner Ties: 26x30 = 780 pieces b) Outer Ties: 26x30 = 780 pieces By Inspection, the length of the lateral ties are: a) Innerties = 100 cm. or 1.00 meter b.) Outer ties = 140 cm. or 1.40 meters Find how many 1.00 meter and 1.40 meters could be de- rived from a commercial length of stee! bars. By trial divi- sion we have: a) 6.00 m. = 6.0 pes. the result has no fraction. 1.00 b) ot m f 3 B 3B 3 1 & m. = 6.42 pcs. still with fraction, 4.28 pes. with fraction, try another length 5.35 pes. with fraction, try another length 7. The results dictate that we use 6.00 meters steel bars. } 119 i SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE METAL REINFORCEMENT | @) Forinner Ties: 780 = 130 pieces No. of Ties: 8x 26x30 columns = 6,240 ties | 6 | 2. Using .40m, long Tie Wire, find the total tength of the ») ForouterTies: 730 = 195 wire, 28 (disregarding 28) 8. Add (a) and (6) = 325 pcs. 10 mmx 6 m. steel bars. 40 x 6,240 m. = 2,496 meters. 3. Convert to kilograms. 2.498. = 47 kilograms 53. ‘TABLE 3-8 NUMBER OF LATERAL TIES IN ONE STEEL BAR AND QUANTITY PER METER LENGTH OF COLUM are ‘Table 3-8 was prepared to simplify further the estimate of sete eee ree ete eee eo column lateral ties and stivups for beam and girder. The x -en- Spacing | perMt mt | Hook & Bena tty simply mean’that such length of steel bars, is not recom. SMjemirsulom| im mended for economical reasons. ees The table wil guide the estimator in selecting reinforcing Ctl ca tin fated ha tS a bars whose commercial length when divided by the length of 20 5.18 80 Beil ieea leer | ae each Lateral Tie or Stirrups will minimize extra cut of unwanted (ids evel eel eee and length. To use the table, consider the folowing example: 28 .4sae ete done of eel Be [tea fiay. (ite BS Uats 8 Linehan we a,x TRA’ 20; il ccaagn econ Heeaiiaale ge kites ILLUSTRATION 3-11 HBS ex la(er [ox | 36 | oO ito Re nepal aad ak AA building has 20 columns with cross sectional «mensions m5, 2h Seer wl | of 30x40 em, each with a clear height of 7.00 meters, Find the Roa fl Wad feel ‘umber of 10 mm steel bars for iateral ties using Table 2-2. 120i |che| ae |i few ol ce AE] Rt cota cl etliweb eg teeal e - 15 o [aah m, leet oes BO aad (tao © | eclea | dee ae ms {xla}sie| x s | 19 | 1 |xlalsfte| & 4001 3E[eeslex [ee] x Lf 80; Abit e ely ele | x Col. Rein. —] wo fxfxfals| x A 40m 400 1 x(a] alae be au meets Ply |S [10mm aera X ~ Not advisabe length for economical reasons. f Soiving for the Tie Wire ELEVATION SECTION cross secrion 1. Find the number of intersections be ; lumber of intersections between the main rein ese forcement and the lateral ties, 2 121 120 i SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE SOLUTION i, 122 By Inspection, there are two types of lateral ties, a.) Outer ties = 125 cm. with hook b) Innerties = 80cm. with hook Find the total length of the 20 columns. 7.00 x 20 column = 140 meters. Refer to Table 3-8. Under spacing of lateral ties at 20 om. distance, there are 3.43 pieces per meter height. Multiply 140 m.x 3.43 = 480 pes. outer ties 480 pes. of Inner ties, Refer again to Table 3-8. Under length of ties along 125, centimeters, 4 and 6 pieces could be derived from a 5.0 and 7.50 meters steel bars respectively. If 6 cuts is cho- sen, divide! 480 = 80 pes-10 mm x 7.50 m. steel bars 6 For the 80 cm. long lateral ties, 6; 11 and 15 cuts can be obtainied from a 5.0 m., 9.0 m. and 12 meters steel bars respectively. If 11 is chosen, divide: 480 = 43.6 say 44 pes.-10 mm x 9.00 m. steel bars 1 Order: 80 pes. 10 mm x 7.50 m. steel bars 44 pcs. 10 mm x 9.00 m. steel bars Finding the Tie Wire we have: 480 lateral ties x 8 main reinforcement = 3,840 ties METAL REINFORCEMENT 8. Ifthe length of each tie is 40 om. find the total length: 3,840 x.40 = 1,536 meters 9. Convert to kilograms, divide by §3 m. 1,536 m. = 28.9 say 29 kilograms. 53 Problem Exercise From the following figure, find the number of 10 mm lateral ties and tie wire if there are 36 columns with cross sectional di- ‘mensions of 60 x 90 cm. at 12.00 meters long per column. -— 10 -25 mm main reinforcement— 90m 60m, Ross SECTION FIGURE 3.17 3-10 STIRRUPS FOR BEAM AND GIRDER Stimup is the structural reinforcing member that. holds or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position. The two types of stirrup commonly used are the open stimups and the closed stimups. 123 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, ‘The procedures adopted in estimating the number of stirrups. for beam and girder is the same as that of the lateral ties as ex- lained using Table 3-8. However, the spacing distance of the stimip requires special consideration because they are gradu- ally becoming closer towards the support. Hence, itis important to get the average number of stirups per span or by direct Counting from the detailed plan. EE FIGURE 3-18 OPEN AND CLOSED STIRRUPS 230m. FIGURE 3-19 STIRRUPS ONBEAM ILLUSTRATION 3-12 A.reinforced concrete beam with a cross-sectional dimen- sions as shown aLove specify the use of 10 mm open stimups 124 METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘spaced as shown in Figure 3-19. If there are 16 beams of the ‘same design, find the materials required for the stirrups. SOLUTION 4, By‘direct counting, there are 17 stimups at 99 om. long say 1.00 meter, 2. Find the total number of stirrups 17x 16 beams = 272 pieces. 3. Refer to Table 3-8. For a 1.00 m. jong stimup the choice is either 6.0 m.; 9.0 m.; or 12 meters long steel bar. For easy handling use 6.0 meters long. Divide 212 = 45.3 say 46 pes. - 10 mm x 6.00 meters 6 FIGURE 3.20 STIRUPS ON GIRDER 128 | ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE | ILLUSTRATION 3-13 From Figure 3-20, compute the number of 12 mm stirrups required if there are 12 girder of the same design. SOLUTION 4. By direct counting, there are 15 stirrups per span, ifthere are 12 girders; multiply = 15x12 girders = 180 stirups 2. ‘By inspection the length of one stimup is 150 cm. Refer to Table 3-8, along 150 om. length of ties, 4, 5, 6 and 8 ‘cuts could be derived from 6.00; 7.50; 9.00 and 12 me- ters steel bars respectively. If we chose 6.00 m. long. 180 = 45 piece 12 mm x 6.00 m. steel bars. 4 3, Ifwe chose 7.50 meters long steel bars we get: 480 = 36 pieces 12 mm x 7.50 m. = 3-11 SPIRAL AND COLUMN TIES ‘The spiral reinforcement consist of evenly spaced continu- ous spirals held firmly in piace by at least three vertical bar ‘spacers under the following considerations 4. ‘That the center to center spacing of the spiral should not + exceed 6th part of the diameter core. 2. That, the clear spacing between the spirals should not ‘exceed 7.5 centimeters nor less than 5.0 centimeters. 3, That the clear spacing between the spirals be less than 4-1/2 times the biggest size of the coarse aggregate. 126 METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-14 A spiral column with a cross sectional diameter of 50 om. re- quires 10.mm spiral reinforcement as shown in the following figure. If there are 14 columns at 7.00 meters high, find the number of 10 mm steel bars needed for a 5 cm. pitch spirals. FIGURE 3.21 SPIRAL COLUMN SOLUTION A. Solving the Spiral Reinforcement - 4. Total length of 14 columns: 7.00 m. x14 = 98 meters. 2. Find the number of 10 mm bar spirals. Refer to Table 3- 9. For a 50 cm. column diameter, 5.0 cm. pitch using a 6.00 meters steel bars, multiply 98 m.x 4,919 = 482.1 say 483 x 10 mm x 6.00 m. 3, If 9.00 meters will be used as spiral, from Table 3-9. along 50 om column diameter, 5 cm. pitch under 9m. steel bars the entry is 3.223. Multiply 98 m. x 3.223 = 316 pieces. 10 mmx 9.00 m. ‘ sar SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. -METAL REINFORCEMENT . ‘TABLE 3.9 NUMBER OF SPIRAL. BARS PEK meen iT eee 210 au | ara | ss04 709 170 s8s6 | aes7 | 2883 Geran [Pach | No.of Tum | Number of Stel Bars oma 143 496 | 32s | 2408 oi im aa paver etom Tt ooom Tiz00m— . \| mo aor | saat | ove 500 210 2606 | 1700 | 1260 0 A707) 8 apes Sa) 74ers ase wo | 625 170 2108 | tae | ica aes Sra eehysaTea oI 2700 750 : 143 7 | 1465 | oes Alrigity, eat tse el aad 5.00 210 2808 | 1896 | 1410 0 0 ec eeliere sas | 625 i79 23a | i535 | sta 143 ese et ete ae 750 ue ger lige len 5.00 zo, | 176 | 704 | sae a eetst | ateee ltr sooo | 625 170 667 | 5873 | 4222 wo |] ae | as | ae | se Ma |S ee |e 780 143 |. are | taza | 1.088 5.00 210 sar | 2275 | 1602 ee sms | 625 i10 zen | tae | 1303 B. Finding the Tie Wire 780» | 143 23m | ism | 1464 s Ph das a aiescc| aaah 41. Find the number of vertical bars per column = 12 pieces so | 625 7 ‘ : er aS ear eee aloe 2. Referto Table 3-9. Under 50 cm. column diameter, § cm i, pitch, the number of tum per meter height is 21. = 5.00 20 .| 40st | 205¢ | 1574 Multiply as |" 625 ito sz | 2100 | 1500 yen Sea leona lies abated, : 12x21 = 252 Ties per meter height 5.00 20 ‘40 }- 204 | 2115 : : meat \ese 10 aaiae soap ans 3. Total Ties for 14 oplumn at 7.00 m. high i 750 143 2902 "| 1940 | 1443 : 252 x 7.00 x 14 ‘500 210 asso J a033 | 2256 eet 475 625 170. 3748) 2455 | 1.828 = 24,696 ties 750 143 3159 | 2070 | t's30 500. 210 Mois uiltees | Casey ; 4. Total length of the wire at .30 m. long per tie: soo | 625 iro *| 3002 | 2600 | 190 au 2 750 143 [+3357 | 2109 | 1.635 ~_24,696x.30, . 500 210 sae | 3602 | 2678 + =, 7,409 meters. sso | 625 170 45 | 3017 | 2253 xe : : 750 143 3762 | 2526 | ja6e . . : 5. Convert to kilograms. Divide by 53, woo | 32 Zio som | asst | 2960 ‘ A 625 170 asia | 3220 | 2306 cgi 30 nes dinis| Sears ieee, 7.409 = 139.8 say 140 kilograms 53 4 128 ‘ F 129 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, 3-12 ONE WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ‘One of the most commonly used concrete floor systems is the solid stab that is continuous over parallel supports. The sup- ports may consist of bearing walls of masonry or a set of evenly ‘spaced concrete beams. The principal reinforcement runs in cone direction parallel to the slab span and perpendicular to the supports. One method used in finding the number of steel bars for a one-way reinforced concrete slab is either by the direct, counting or by the area method. Sedoem 20mm dew 4 i FIGURE 3- 22 ONE WAY SLAB REINFORCEMENT 130 : METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-15 From Figure 3-22 of a one-way reinforced concrete slab, de- termine the number of 12 mm. steel bars including the tie wire required, ‘A. SOLUTION ( By Direct Counting ) Given Data: ‘Spacing of main reinforcement = 15 cm. ‘Temperature bar spacing 30 cm, Size of the reinforcement 12mm diameter Type of reinforcement = One way 1. Find the number of main reinforcements at 15 m. spacing 5.70 = 38 pieces 15 2. This 38 is the spacing between bars, and to get the number of steel bars add 1 38+ 1 = 39 pieces x 6.00 m. main reinforcement. This 39 bars are the alternate straight and bend bars. 3, Find the number of cut bars in between the bent bars. 5.10+1 =(20 x 2sides) = 40 pcs. at 1.40 m. 30 4, Using a 6.00 meters stee! bar, divide by 1.40 to get the number of cut in one steel bar. 6.00 m. = 4.28 cuts (use 4 disregarding .28 ) 1.40 5. Divide the result of step 3 by is 4 cuts 40. = 10 pieces at 6.00 m. steel bars 4 431 i SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE | 6. Find the main reinforcement; add step 2 and step 5. 38+ 10 = 49 pieces 12mm x 6,00 m. Finding the Shrinkage and Témperature Bars 1. Across the main reinforcement, divide by .30 spacing 5,50 + 1 = 19.33 say 20 pieces x 6.00 m. 30 2. Along the 1.40 m. spari top bars. 1.40 + 1 = 5.6 say 6 pieces at 6.00 meters. 30 3. Since there are 2 sides at 1.40 m. multiply: 6x2 sides = 12 pieces at 6.00 meters long 4, Add the results of step | and step 3. 20+ 12 = 32 pieces 5, Summary: Main reinforcement: 39 + 10 = 49 pcs. 12 mm x6.00 m. Temperature bars: 20 + 12 =_32_pcs, 12 mm x 6.00 m. Total 81 pes. 12mm x6,00™m. tt will be noted that the preceding, solution by Direct Count- ing Method is some what complicated considering that there are three different items of reinforcement involved: a)_The main reinforcement composed of straight and bend bars; ) The cut altemate bars between the bend bars and ©) The shrinkage and temperature bars. Table 3-10 was prepared for a more simplified solution in finding the reinforcement of a one way slab by the so called ‘Square Meter Area Method. » 132 t: METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘TABLE 3-10 QUANTITY OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS IN A ONEAWAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB Bar Number of Stee! Bars per Square Meter Spacing , soom. | 750m | 900m | 1200m, 100 3764 | 2937 2.421 1.789 125 3.062 | 2381 11934 1.427 15.0 2584 | 2004 tess | 1.197 475 2.232 1.728 1.407 1.033 20.0 1-980 1.528 1258 | 0914 2s 4.786 11360 1109 | 0810 25.0 1.627 11250 1014 | 0.736 * The ACI Code provides thatthe cenier io center bar spacing must not be ‘greater than five tes the slab thickness. Barspacing |_6oom |" 750m | 900m | 200M in TABLE 3-11 QUANTITY OF TIE WIRE ON A ONE WAY REINFORCED ‘CONCRETE SLAB IN KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE METER Length of Stee! ‘Bars Centimeters | 20} 40 | 20| 40 | 30 | 0 | 30 | «0 100 }.474 |.622| 462] 616 | .460| 614) .448 | 598 425 |.318 1.422 | .307| 409 | ‘295 | 304 | \293 | (391 15.0 |.228 |.303 | 217] 280 |-214| '285| 207 | 276 175-468 | 224 | “162|.216 | 158 | 210! 153} 204 200 |.432 [178 | 426) 168 | (125 | 167 | 120| ‘160 228 {410 | 147 | 102] .135 | ‘099 | -132| 095 | 126 25.0 |.089'} 118 | (086) 114 | .081 | 108 | 077 | 103 . SOLUTION ( By the Area Method ) 1 Determine the floor area, Area: 5.70 x 5.50 = 31.35 square meters 2. Refer to Table 3-10. Using a 6.00 meter iong steel bars at 15 cm. spacing distance, multiply: 133 | SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 31.35 x 2.584 = 81 pieces 12 mm x 6,00 meters. Solving the Tie Wires at . 30 cm. long Refer to Table 3-11, along bar spacing at 18 cm. using a 30 cm. tie wire, multiply: 91.35 x .228 = 7.18 say Bkg. #16 G.I. wire. ILLUSTRATION 3-16 From the following floor plan, find the quantity of steel! bars ‘and the tie wire required using 12 mm x 7,50 meters steel bars. FIGURE 3.23 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR PLAN SOLUTION 1. Solve for the Area of the floor: 7.20 x 7.00 = 50.40 sq. m. 2. Refer to Table 3-10 along 12.5 spacing, under 7.50 m. steel bars, multiply 50.40 x 2.381 = 120 pieces 12mm x 7.50 m. 3. Fortie wire, refer to Table 3-11. using a .30 m. long multiply ‘50.40 x .307 = 15.5 kilograms 134 METAL REINFORCEMENT 3-13 TWO-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB A two-way reinforced concrete slab consists of a multiple bays of sold twpzway spanning-slab supported by beams or girders. 1 rT Temp. Bar Spee ac fs Sa aly 4 LAN 187 cut bare Concrete Siab 187 cut bars Temperathre Bars 2 layers, SECTION FIGURE 3.24 REINFORCEMENT OF TWO WAY CONCRETE SLAB 195 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 3-17 From Figure 3-24, determine the number of 12 mm stee! bars spaced at 10 cm. on center including the tie wire required. SOLUTION ( By Direct Counting Method ) 1. Solve for the number of main reinforcement. 360+ | = 37 pioces 40 2. There are two cross run of main re:nforcement, multiply: 37x2 = 74 pieces 3. For additional cut bars at 1.80 m. long, 4 cuts can be ob- tained from a 7.50 m. steel bars. Divide 18.5 say 19 pos 12 mm x 7.50 m. steel bars 4, Find the Temperature bars across the 1.80 m. span spaced at .20 m. on center. 180 + 1 = 10 pieces 20 5. Multiply by 4 sides at 2 layers, one at the bottom and one at the bend bars. (see figure 3-24) 10x 8 = 80 pieces bars at 7.50 m. long 6. Summary of steel bars from step 2, 3 and 5. 74+ 19+ 80 = 173 pieces 12 mm x 7.50 m. SOLUTION ( By the Area Method ) 4. Find the area of floor stab 196 METAL REINFORCEMENT Floor Area = 7.20 x 7.20 = 51.84 sq. m. 2. Refer to Table 3-12. Using a 7.50 m. steel bars at 10 cm spacing of main reinforcement, multiply 51.84 x 3.337 = 173 pieces 12mm x 7.50 meters ‘TABLE 3-12 QUANTITY OF STEEL BARS IN A TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB PER SQUARE METER Bar Spacing| Number of Steel Bars per Square Meter in Centimeters [600m | 750M | 900M 12000 10.0 ase | 33397 | 2772 2022 125 3e03 | 2662 | 2245 4.635 15.0 3221 229 | 1921 4.382 175 2647 | 2025 | 1.050 4.196 20.0 2.360 41775 | 1.461 1.086 25 2.168 1.601 4.312 0.907 25.0 4.977. 1486 | 1.217 0.862 * The ACI Code provides that the center to center spacing of temperature bars ‘must not be greater than five times the slab thickness. ‘TABLE 3-13 TIE WIRE IN A TWO-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE ‘SLAB IN KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE METER ‘Length of Steel Bars BarSpacing | _6com | 750m | 00m | 1200M in centimeters | 20 | 40 | 30 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 40 70.0 | 502 |.e06 | 648 | 063 | 648) 264) soo] 704 125 |.416 | 554 | .420| 560 | .431| 574] 421] 561 46.0 _ |.350 | 466 | 307) 409 | '257| 343 297| 396 475 | 247 |.330 | 231 | 308 | ‘223 | 208) 206| 275 20.0 |.474 |232 | ‘171 297 | 173] 231 | 163] 217 225 |.168 |.224 | 160] 200 | 148] 198) .130| 173 25.0 |.142 | 180 | 134] 178 | 114] 152) 116] 155 137 ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Solving for the Tie Wire 1. Refer to Table 3-13, along 10 cm bar spacing and 30 cm. Jong tie wire, muttiply by the area: 51.84 x.648 = 33.6 2. Order 37 kilograms of No.16 G.l. wire. 3-14 CONCRETE PIPE REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-18 From the following Figure, determine the quantity of 10 mm steel bars and the tie wire required. Sonate Fe Reint.Ring | SOLUTION 1. Solve for the circumference of the circle at midpoint of the concrete thickness “t* c= C= 3.1416 x (.90 +10) = 2.1416 m. 138 + METAL REINFORCEMENT 2. Total length of one ring plus .15 m. splice. 3.1416+.15 = 3.29 meters 3. Find the total number of ring at 15 cm. spacing distance 1.00 m.= 6.7 number of spacing distance 15 4, Add one to get the number of ring: 6.7 +1= 7.7 say 8 pieces at 3.29 meters. 5. Find the number of shrinkage and temperature bars at say .20 m. on center. 3.28 = 16.45 say 17 pieces 20 6. Summary of the Reinforcements 8 pes. 10 mm. x 3.29 m. long 17 pes. 10 mm. x 1.00 m. long Solve for the Tie Wire 1. Total numberof ring multiplied by the number of shrinkage ‘and temperature bars. ‘8x17 = 136 ties x.30 cm. long pertie = 41 meters 2. Convert this length to kilograms. Divide by 53. 44 = .77 say 1.0 kilograms # 16.1. wire 53 Problem Exercise 1. A road construction requires 75 pieces concrete pipe at 60 centimeters diameter. Compute the number of 8 mm steel bars, tie wires and the concrete required using class A mixture, 139 ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2.) A flood control project requires 80 and 50 pieces con- crete pipes with 120 and 90 centimeters diameter respectively. ‘Compute for the following: 8) 10 mm reinforcement for the 120 cm. pipe b) 8 mm reinforcement for the 90 cm. pipe ©) Tie wire ) Concrete using class A mixture 3.) From the following figure, find the main and lateral ties steel reinforcement for 20-columns each with a height of 15 me- ters. le coLuMN A COLUMN B FIOURE 328, Main Reinforcement = 16mm Main Reinforcement = 20 mm Lateral Ties= 10mm Lateral Tee = 10 mm Number of column ="29. Number of column = 20 Height = 16 meters Height = 24 meters ‘Suggested Estimating Procedures ‘a. For accuracy of the lateral ties cut length make a full scale drawing then measure the actual length. b. Check the length of your tie wire from the actual size of main steel bars and the lateral ties, c. Remember the additional length for hook and bend. METAL REINFORCEMENT _3. From the following circular column, determine the spiral reinforcement and the tie wires required under the following: specifications: ? Spiral reinforcement = 10 mm Pitch of spiral = 5 om. Number of columns = 12 Height of each column = 5,00 m. Diameter of the column = 55 centimeters Number of main reinforcement 16 ~ 16 mm meas FIGURE 3-27 SPIRAL COLUMN 4. Determine the required reinforcement and tie wire of a one way reinforced concrete slab using 12 mm steel bars de- signed as follows: a.) Main reinforcement 12 mm at 5 inches on center. b.) Temperature bars 12 mm at 10 inches on center. FIGURE 3.28 ONE WAY CONCRETE SLAB “t ‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 5. A two way reinforced concrete slab will be reinforced by 42 mim steel bars space at 7 inches and the temperature bars at 44 inches on center. List down the metal reinforcement required 870m. FIGURE 3-29 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB CHAPTER LUMBER 4-1 WOOD ‘Wood Is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk land the branches of a tree that lies between the pith and the bark. The versatility of using wood in every construction has lifted itto its present importance and high demand in almost all types of construction. Even with the introduction of new materials and methods of construction, wood is evidently much in use. Wood, because of its strength, light in weight, durability and ease of fastening be- ‘come one of the most important building materials. 4-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS Lumber - is the term applied to wood after it has been ‘sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber etc. Rough Lumber - is the term applied to unplaned or un- dressed lumber. in short, those lumber with rough ‘surfaces. ‘S2s and S4g - are dressed lumber wherein the number con- notes the smooth sides. For instance, S28 means lumber hav- ing two smooth sides and S4s with four sides, Slab - is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the anriual ‘ings running through the full length of the 1og containing at least one flat surface. Surface or Dressed Lumber - is a planed lumber having at least one smooth side. 143

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