Web Technology KCS602

Unit 1
Introduction to Web Development Strategies

Web development is the process of creating a website. It includes the planning,

design, development, and maintenance of websites. Web developers use a variety of
programming languages, tools, and technologies to create websites.

There are many different strategies for web development. Some common strategies
include:

• Agile development: This is a method of software development that

emphasizes iterative development and continuous delivery. Agile
development is often used for web development because it allows for
changes to be made to a website quickly and easily.
• Waterfall development: This is a more traditional method of software
development that involves a linear progression from planning to development
to testing to deployment. Waterfall development is less flexible than agile
development, but it can be more efficient for large, complex projects.
• Hybrid development: This is a combination of agile and waterfall development.
Hybrid development can be a good choice for projects that require both
flexibility and efficiency.

The best web development strategy for a particular project will depend on the
specific requirements of the project.

History of Web and Internet

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents

accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may
contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via
hyperlinks.

The history of the web begins with the development of the Internet, which began in
the 1960s as a way for scientists to communicate with each other. In 1989, Tim
Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, proposed the creation of a global hypertext
system. He called this system the World Wide Web.

Berners-Lee developed the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, in 1990. In

1991, he released the first web server software, called HTTPd. These two pieces of
software made it possible for anyone to create and share web pages.
The web quickly gained popularity in the early 1990s. In 1993, the first commercial
web browser, called Mosaic, was released. In 1994, the first search engine, called
AltaVista, was launched.

The web has continued to grow and evolve in the years since its creation. Today, the
web is a global network of billions of computers. It is used for a wide variety of
purposes, including communication, commerce, education, and entertainment.

Protocols Governing Web

The World Wide Web is governed by a set of protocols. These protocols define how
computers communicate with each other on the web.

The most important protocol for the web is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
HTTP is a set of rules that define how web browsers and web servers communicate.

Other important protocols for the web include:

• The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): HTML is a markup language that is

used to create web pages.
• The Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): CSS is a style sheet language that is
used to control the appearance of web pages.
• The JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language that is used to add
interactivity to web pages.

These protocols work together to allow users to view, create, and interact with web
pages.

Writing Web Projects

A web project is a collection of web pages that are related to each other and share a
common purpose. Web projects can be created for a variety of purposes, such as to
provide information, sell products, or provide entertainment.

To write a web project, you will need to:

1. Choose a web development framework. A web development framework is a

set of tools and libraries that make it easier to create web projects. There are
many different web development frameworks available, such as Ruby on
Rails, Django, and Laravel.
2. Design your web pages. Once you have chosen a web development
framework, you will need to design your web pages. This includes creating the
layout of your pages, the content of your pages, and the style of your pages.
 3. Develop your web pages. Once you have designed your web pages, you will
need to develop them. This involves writing the code for your pages, including
the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
4. Deploy your web project. Once you have developed your web pages, you will
need to deploy them. This involves uploading your pages to a web server so
that they can be accessed by others.

Connecting to Internet
To connect to the internet, you will need to have a device that is capable of
connecting to the internet, such as a computer, smartphone, or tablet. You will also
need to have an internet service provider (ISP). An ISP is a company that provides
access to the internet.

To connect to the internet, you will need to do the following:

1. Find an ISP. There are many different ISPs available, so you will need to find
one that is right for you. You can compare ISPs by their price, their features,
and their customer service.
2. Sign up for an internet service plan. Once you have found an ISP, you will
need to sign up for an internet service plan. This will involve providing the ISP
with your name, address, and payment information.
3. Install your internet service. Once you have signed up for an internet service
plan, the ISP will send a technician to your home to install your internet
service.

Introduction to Internet Services and Tools

The internet provides a wide variety of services and tools that can be used for a
variety of purposes. Some of the most common internet services and tools include:

• Email: Email is a service that allows you to send and receive messages to
other people.
• Web browsing: Web browsing is a service that allows you to access websites.
• Social media: Social media is a service that allows you to connect with friends
and family and share information with them.
• Online shopping: Online shopping is a service that allows you to purchase
goods and services from businesses that are located all over the world.
• Streaming media: Streaming media is a service that allows you to watch
movies, listen to music, and watch TV shows online.

Introduction to Client-Server Computing

Client-server computing is a type of computing architecture in which client computers
request services from server computers. The client computers are typically used for
tasks such as displaying information, entering data, and controlling applications. The
server computers are typically used for tasks such as storing data, processing data,
and providing services to the client computers.

Client-server computing is a popular computing architecture because it allows

businesses to share resources and data more efficiently. It also allows businesses to
scale their computing infrastructure more easily.

Here are some of the benefits of client-server computing:

• Efficiency: Client-server computing can help businesses to share resources

and data more efficiently. This can lead to cost savings and improved
productivity.
• Scalability: Client-server computing can help businesses to scale their
computing infrastructure more easily. This can be important for businesses
that are growing or that need to be able to handle sudden increases in
demand.
• Security: Client-server computing can help businesses to improve the security
of their data. This is because the data is stored on a central server, which can
be more easily secured than individual client computers.

Here are some of the challenges of client-server computing:

• Complexity: Client-server computing can be more complex to set up and

manage than other computing architectures.
• Cost: Client-server computing can be more expensive than other computing
architectures.
• Security: Client-server computing can be more vulnerable to security threats
than other computing architectures.

Overall, client-server computing is a powerful and flexible computing architecture

that can be used to meet the needs of a wide variety of businesses.

Introduction to Core Java

Core Java is a set of basic classes and interfaces that provide the foundation for
Java programming. These classes and interfaces are used to create objects,
manipulate data, and perform input and output operations.

Core Java is a powerful and versatile language that can be used to create a wide
variety of applications, including:
 • Web applications: Core Java can be used to create dynamic and interactive
web applications.
• Desktop applications: Core Java can be used to create stand-alone desktop
applications.
• Mobile applications: Core Java can be used to create mobile applications for
smartphones and tablets.
• Server applications: Core Java can be used to create server-side applications
that run on web servers.

Core Java is a popular choice for Java programming because it is:

• Efficient: Core Java is a very efficient language that can be used to create
high-performance applications.
• Secure: Core Java is a secure language that can be used to create
applications that are resistant to attack.
• Portable: Core Java is a portable language that can be used to create
applications that can run on a variety of platforms.

Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and expressions. There are
many different types of operators in Java, including:

• Arithmetic operators: These operators are used to perform arithmetic

operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• Relational operators: These operators are used to compare two values and
determine if they are equal, greater than, less than, etc.
• Logical operators: These operators are used to combine Boolean expressions
and determine if they are true or false.
• Bitwise operators: These operators are used to manipulate bits in binary
numbers.
• Assignment operators: These operators are used to assign values to
variables.

Data types

Data types are used to define the type of data that can be stored in a variable. There
are many different data types in Java, including:

• Primitive data types: These data types are built-in to the Java language and
include byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char.
 • Reference data types: These data types are objects that are created using
classes and interfaces.

Variables

Variables are used to store data. A variable is declared using the keyword var
followed by the variable name and the data type. For example, the following code
declares a variable named name of type String:

String name;

Variables can be initialized with a value when they are declared, or they can be initialized
later using the = operator. For example, the following code declares and initializes a variable
named age of type int:
int age = 25;

Arrays

Arrays are used to store a collection of data of the same type. An array is declared
using the keyword array followed by the array name, the data type, and the size of
the array. For example, the following code declares an array named numbers of type
int and size 5:

int[] numbers = new int[5];

Arrays can be initialized with values when they are declared, or they can be initialized later
using the = operator. For example, the following code declares and initializes an array
named names of type String with the values "John", "Mary", "Peter", "Susan", and "David":
String[] names = new String[] { "John", "Mary", "Peter", "Susan",
"David" };

Arrays can be used to store a variety of data, such as numbers, strings, and objects. Arrays
are a powerful tool that can be used to simplify the code of many Java programs.

Methods & Classes

Methods are blocks of code that perform a specific task. Classes are blueprints for
creating objects. Objects are instances of classes.

Methods are defined inside classes. They can be called by other methods or by the
main() method. Methods can take parameters and return values.

Classes can have multiple methods. They can also have fields, which are variables
that are associated with a class.

Inheritance
Inheritance is a mechanism in Java that allows one class to inherit the properties and
methods of another class. The class that inherits the properties and methods is
called the subclass. The class that is being inherited from is called the superclass.

When a subclass inherits from a superclass, it can access all of the public and
protected members of the superclass. It can also override the methods of the
superclass.

Package

A package is a group of related classes and interfaces. Packages are used to

organize code and to prevent name conflicts.

Packages are defined using the package keyword. The name of a package must be
unique.

Interface

An interface is a blueprint for a class. It defines the methods that a class must
implement.

Interfaces are defined using the interface keyword. The name of an interface must
be unique.

Interfaces cannot have fields or constructors. They can only have methods.

Methods in an interface are abstract, which means that they do not have a body. The
body of the method is implemented in the class that implements the interface.

Interfaces are used to achieve polymorphism. Polymorphism is the ability to use

different objects of different types in the same way.

Here are some of the benefits of using methods, classes, inheritance, packages, and
interfaces:

• Methods: Methods can help to make code more modular and reusable.
• Classes: Classes can help to organize code and to make it easier to
understand.
• Inheritance: Inheritance can help to reduce code duplication and to make
code more maintainable.
• Packages: Packages can help to organize code and to prevent name
conflicts.
• Interfaces: Interfaces can help to achieve polymorphism and to make code
more flexible.
Here are some of the challenges of using methods, classes, inheritance, packages,
and interfaces:

• Methods: Methods can be difficult to debug if they are not well-written.

• Classes: Classes can be difficult to understand if they are not well-designed.
• Inheritance: Inheritance can be difficult to understand if it is not used correctly.
• Packages: Packages can be difficult to manage if they are not well-organized.
• Interfaces: Interfaces can be difficult to implement if they are not well-
designed.

Overall, methods, classes, inheritance, packages, and interfaces are powerful tools
that can be used to write efficient, reusable, and maintainable Java code.

Exception handling is a mechanism in Java that allows you to handle

errors that occur during the runtime of your program. Errors can be caused by a
variety of factors, such as incorrect input, hardware failure, or software bugs.

When an error occurs, Java will throw an exception. An exception is an object that
contains information about the error, such as the type of error, the line of code where
the error occurred, and the message that describes the error.

You can handle exceptions using try-catch blocks. A try-catch block is a block of
code that is executed when an exception is thrown. The try block contains the code
that you want to execute, and the catch block contains the code that you want to
execute when an exception is thrown.

For example, the following code uses a try-catch block to handle an error that occurs
when you try to divide by zero:

try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Division by zero");

In this example, the try block contains the code that tries to divide 10 by 0. The catch
block contains the code that is executed when an exception is thrown. In this case,
the exception is an ArithmeticException, which is thrown when you try to divide by
zero. The catch block prints the message "Error: Division by zero".

You can also use finally blocks to execute code after a try-catch block, regardless of
whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, the following code uses a finally
block to close a file, even if an exception is thrown:
File file = new File("myfile.txt");

try {
// Read from file
} catch (IOException e) {
// Handle error
} finally {
// Close file
file.close();

In this example, the finally block will always be executed, even if an exception is
thrown in the try block. This ensures that the file is always closed, even if an error
occurs.

Exception handling is a powerful tool that can help you to write robust and reliable
Java code. By using try-catch and finally blocks, you can ensure that your code will
handle errors gracefully and continue to run even when unexpected problems occur.

Here are some of the benefits of using exception handling in Java:

• Robustness: Exception handling can help to make your code more robust by
preventing errors from causing your program to crash.
• Reliability: Exception handling can help to make your code more reliable by
ensuring that your program can continue to run even when errors occur.
• Readability: Exception handling can help to make your code more readable by
making it easier to understand how your program handles errors.

Here are some of the challenges of using exception handling in Java:

• Complexity: Exception handling can add complexity to your code.

• Overhead: Exception handling can add overhead to your code.
• Misuse: Exception handling can be misused, which can lead to problems.

Overall, exception handling is a powerful tool that can be used to write robust and
reliable Java code. However, it is important to be aware of the challenges of using
exception handling so that you can use it effectively.

Throw

The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. An exception is an object

that represents an error that has occurred. When an exception is thrown, the
execution of the current method is stopped and control is transferred to the nearest
catch block.
The syntax for using the throw keyword is as follows:

throw exception;

Where exception is an object of type Exception or one of its subclasses.

For example, the following code throws an ArithmeticException exception:

int x = 10;
int y = 0;

try {
int z = x / y;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Division by zero");

In this example, the value of y is 0, which is an invalid value for division. The try
block tries to divide x by y, but an ArithmeticException exception is thrown. The
catch block prints the message "Error: Division by zero".

Throws

The throws keyword is used to declare that a method can throw an exception. When
a method declares that it can throw an exception, the caller of the method must be
prepared to handle the exception.

The syntax for using the throws keyword is as follows:

public void method() throws Exception {

// ...

Where Exception is the type of exception that the method can throw.

For example, the following method declares that it can throw an ArithmeticException
exception:

public int divide(int x, int y) throws ArithmeticException {

if (y == 0) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero");
}

return x / y;

}
The caller of the divide() method must be prepared to handle the
ArithmeticException exception. For example, the following code calls the divide()
method and uses a try-catch block to handle the ArithmeticException exception:

int x = 10;
int y = 0;

try {
int z = divide(x, y);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Division by zero");

Finally

The finally block is a block of code that is executed regardless of whether or not an
exception is thrown. The finally block is often used to clean up resources, such as
closing files or releasing memory.

The syntax for using the finally block is as follows:

try {
// ...
} finally {
// ...

Where the code in the finally block is executed regardless of whether or not an
exception is thrown.

For example, the following code uses a finally block to close a file, even if an
exception is thrown:

File file = new File("myfile.txt");

try {
// Read from file
} catch (IOException e) {
// Handle error
} finally {
// Close file
file.close();

In this example, the finally block will always be executed, even if an exception is
thrown in the try block. This ensures that the file is always closed, even if an error
occurs.
Exception handling is a powerful tool that can help you to write robust and reliable
Java code. By using try-catch, throws, and finally blocks, you can ensure that your
code will handle errors gracefully and continue to run even when unexpected
problems occur.

Multithreading is a programming technique that allows multiple tasks

to run concurrently in a single program. This can be used to improve the
performance of a program by allowing multiple tasks to run at the same time, or to
improve the responsiveness of a program by allowing users to interact with the
program while other tasks are running in the background.

Threads are lightweight processes that can run concurrently in a single program.
Each thread has its own stack, registers, and program counter. This allows threads
to run independently of each other, without interfering with each other.

Java supports multithreading through the use of threads and locks. Threads are
objects that represent a single unit of execution. Locks are objects that can be used
to synchronize access to shared resources.

To create a thread in Java, you can use the Thread class. The Thread class provides
a number of methods that you can use to control the execution of a thread, such as
the start() method, which starts the thread, and the join() method, which waits for the
thread to finish.

To synchronize access to shared resources in Java, you can use the synchronized
keyword. The synchronized keyword can be used to lock a block of code, which
prevents other threads from executing the code until the lock is released.

Here are some of the benefits of using multithreading in Java:

• Performance: Multithreading can be used to improve the performance of a

program by allowing multiple tasks to run at the same time.
• Responsiveness: Multithreading can be used to improve the responsiveness
of a program by allowing users to interact with the program while other tasks
are running in the background.
• Scalability: Multithreading can be used to make a program more scalable by
allowing it to handle more concurrent users.

Here are some of the challenges of using multithreading in Java:

• Concurrency: Multithreading can introduce concurrency problems, such as

race conditions and deadlocks.
• Complexity: Multithreading can make a program more complex, making it
more difficult to understand and debug.
 • Thread safety: Multithreaded programs must be written to be thread-safe,
which means that they must be designed to prevent concurrent access to
shared resources from causing errors.

Overall, multithreading is a powerful tool that can be used to improve the

performance, responsiveness, and scalability of Java programs. However, it is
important to be aware of the challenges of using multithreading so that you can use it
effectively.

Here are some of the best practices for multithreading in Java:

• Use threads only when necessary: Not all programs need to be multithreaded.
If a program does not need to perform multiple tasks at the same time, then
there is no need to use threads.
• Use the right number of threads: Using too many threads can actually slow
down a program. The ideal number of threads depends on the specific needs
of the program.
• Avoid using shared resources: Shared resources can lead to concurrency
problems. If possible, avoid using shared resources in multithreaded
programs.
• Use locks to synchronize access to shared resources: If you must use shared
resources, then use locks to synchronize access to them. This will prevent
concurrent access to the resources from causing errors.
• Test your multithreaded programs thoroughly: Multithreaded programs can be
more difficult to test than single-threaded programs. It is important to test your
multithreaded programs thoroughly to ensure that they are free of errors.

By following these best practices, you can write multithreaded Java programs that
are safe, efficient, and reliable.

There are two ways to create a thread in Java:

1. By extending the Thread class

To create a thread by extending the Thread class, you need to create a subclass of
the Thread class and override the run() method. The run() method is the entry point
for the thread. It is where the code for the thread will be executed.

Here is an example of how to create a thread by extending the Thread class:

Code snippet
class MyThread extends Thread {
 @Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("This is my thread!");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
}
}

2. By implementing the Runnable interface

To create a thread by implementing the Runnable interface, you need to create a

class that implements the Runnable interface and override the run() method. The
run() method is the entry point for the thread. It is where the code for the thread will
be executed.

Here is an example of how to create a thread by implementing the Runnable

interface:

Code snippet
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("This is my thread!");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thread thread = new Thread(new MyRunnable());
thread.start();
}
}

Once you have created a thread, you can start it by calling the start() method on
the thread object. The start() method will cause the thread to begin executing the
code in the run() method.

Here is an example of how to start a thread:

Code snippet
thread.start();

When a thread is started, it will run in parallel with the main thread. This means that
the code in the run() method will be executed at the same time as the code in the
main thread.
Threads can be very useful for performing tasks that can be done in parallel. For
example, you can use threads to download multiple files at the same time or to
process multiple pieces of data at the same time.

However, it is important to use threads carefully. If you are not careful, threads can
cause your program to become unstable or to crash.

Here are some tips for using threads safely:

• Use synchronization whenever multiple threads access the same data.

• Avoid using blocking operations, such as sleep() and wait(), in threads that
are not supposed to block.
• Use join() to wait for a thread to finish before continuing execution.

By following these tips, you can use threads safely and effectively in your Java
programs.

I/O in Java

I/O in Java is the process of reading and writing data to and from external devices.
Java provides a comprehensive I/O API that allows developers to read and write
data to a variety of devices, including files, networks, and databases.

The Java I/O API is based on the concept of streams. A stream is a sequence of
data that can be read or written one byte at a time. The Java I/O API provides a
variety of classes for representing different types of streams, including:

• InputStream: Represents an input stream of bytes.

• OutputStream: Represents an output stream of bytes.
• Reader: Represents an input stream of characters.
• Writer: Represents an output stream of characters.

The Java I/O API also provides a variety of classes for working with files, networks,
and databases.

Java Applets

A Java applet is a small, self-contained Java program that can be embedded in a

web page. Applets can be used to add interactive content to web pages, such as
games, calculators, and animations.

To create a Java applet, you must extend the java.applet.Applet class. The Applet
class provides a number of methods that you can use to interact with the user, get
information about the browser environment, and draw graphics on the screen.
When a user views a web page that contains an applet, the applet code is
downloaded to the user's computer and executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
The applet then interacts with the user and the browser environment as specified by
the applet code.

Here are some of the benefits of using Java applets:

• Portability: Java applets can be run on any platform that has a JVM installed.
• Security: Java applets can be sandboxed to prevent them from accessing the
user's system files or network resources.
• Interactivity: Java applets can be used to create interactive web pages that
are more engaging than static web pages.

Here are some of the limitations of using Java applets:

• Security: Java applets can be used to launch malicious attacks against users'
computers.
• Performance: Java applets can be slow to load and run, especially on older
computers.
• Support: Not all browsers support Java applets.

Overall, Java applets can be a useful tool for creating interactive web pages.
However, it is important to be aware of the security and performance limitations of
Java applets before using them.

String Handling in Java

• Strings in Java are objects. This means that they have properties and
methods that can be used to manipulate them.
• Strings are immutable. This means that once a string is created, it cannot be
changed.
• The Java String class provides a number of methods for manipulating
strings. These methods include methods for finding and replacing characters,
converting strings to other data types, and formatting strings.
• The Java StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes are mutable. This means that
the strings they represent can be changed after they are created.
• The StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes are often used when strings need
to be changed frequently. This is because they are more efficient than the
String class when it comes to making changes to strings.

Here are some examples of how to use the Java String class to manipulate strings:

Code snippet
// Find the first occurrence of the letter "a" in the string "Hello,
world!"
int index = "Hello, world!".indexOf('a');

// Replace all occurrences of the letter "o" with the letter "x" in the
string "Hello, world!"
String newString = "Hello, world!".replace('o', 'x');

// Convert the string "Hello, world!" to a character array.

char[] chars = "Hello, world!".toCharArray();

Here are some examples of how to use the Java StringBuffer and StringBuilder
classes to manipulate strings:

Code snippet
// Create a new StringBuffer object.
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer("Hello, world!");

// Append the string "Goodbye!" to the end of the buffer.

buffer.append("Goodbye!");

// Overwrite the first occurrence of the letter "o" in the buffer with the
letter "x".
buffer.replace(0, 1, "x");

// Convert the StringBuffer object to a string.

String newString = buffer.toString();

Event Handling in Java

• Event handling is the process of responding to events that occur in a Java

program. Events can be generated by user input, such as mouse clicks or key
presses, or by system events, such as changes in the state of a file or
network connection.
• In Java, events are handled by listeners. A listener is an object that
implements a listener interface, which defines the methods that will be called
when an event occurs.
• To handle an event, a listener must first register itself with the source of the
event. The source of an event is the object that generates the event.
• When an event occurs, the source of the event will send a notification to all of
the listeners that have registered for that event. The listener will then call the
appropriate method to handle the event.

Here is an example of how to handle a mouse click event:

Code snippet

// Create a new JButton object.

JButton button = new JButton("Click Me!");

// Create a new ActionListener object.

ActionListener listener = new ActionListener() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// Do something when the button is clicked.
}
};

// Register the listener with the button.

button.addActionListener(listener);

When the user clicks on the button, the actionPerformed() method of the
ActionListener object will be called. This method can then be used to do something,
such as displaying a message or changing the state of the button.

Here are some of the benefits of using event handling in Java:

• It makes code more modular and reusable.

• It makes code easier to maintain and update.
• It allows for more complex and sophisticated user interfaces.

Overall, event handling is a powerful tool that can be used to make Java programs
more user-friendly and responsive.

Introduction to AWT

The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is a set of classes that provide a basic
foundation for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in Java. AWT components
are platform-dependent, which means that they look and behave differently on
different operating systems.

AWT Controls

AWT provides a variety of controls that can be used to create GUIs. Some of the
most common AWT controls include:

• Labels: Labels are used to display text.

• TextFields: Text fields are used to allow users to enter text.
• Buttons: Buttons are used to perform actions.
• Listboxes: Listboxes are used to display a list of items.
• Scrollbars: Scrollbars are used to scroll through lists and other data.

Layout Managers

Layout managers are used to control the layout of components in a GUI. AWT
provides a variety of layout managers, including:
 • BorderLayout: The BorderLayout manager divides a container into five
regions: north, south, east, west, and center.
• FlowLayout: The FlowLayout manager lays out components in a single row or
column, depending on the container's width.
• GridLayout: The GridLayout manager lays out components in a grid, with a
specified number of rows and columns.
• CardLayout: The CardLayout manager displays one component at a time, and
allows users to switch between components.

Using AWT Controls and Layout Managers

To use AWT controls and layout managers, you must first create a container object.
A container is an object that can hold other components. Once you have created a
container, you can add components to it by calling the add() method.

When you add a component to a container, you must also specify the layout
manager that you want to use. You can do this by calling the setLayout() method.

The layout manager will then determine how the component is displayed. For
example, if you use the BorderLayout layout manager, the component will be
displayed in the center of the container.

You can also use layout managers to control the size of components. For example, if
you use the GridLayout layout manager, you can specify the number of rows and
columns that you want to use.

Conclusion

AWT is a powerful tool that can be used to create GUIs in Java. AWT provides a
variety of controls and layout managers that can be used to create a wide variety of
GUIs.

Here is an example of a simple GUI that uses AWT controls and layout managers:

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class SimpleGUI {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a frame.
Frame frame = new Frame("Simple GUI");

// Create a label.
Label label = new Label("This is a label.");

// Create a text field.

 TextField textField = new TextField("Enter text here.");

// Create a button.
Button button = new Button("Click me!");

// Add the label to the frame.

frame.add(label);

// Add the text field to the frame.

frame.add(textField);

// Add the button to the frame.

frame.add(button);

// Set the layout manager for the frame.

frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

// Set the size of the frame.

frame.setSize(300, 200);

// Make the frame visible.

frame.setVisible(true);

// Register a listener for the button.

button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// Do something when the button is clicked.
System.out.println(textField.getText());
}
});
}
}

This code will create a simple GUI with a label, a text field, and a button. When the user
clicks on the button, the text that the user entered into the text field will be printed to the
console.