110 xf.

kr

vè;k; 5

lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk

(Continuity and Differentiability)
vThe whole of science is nothing more than a refinement
of everyday thinking.” — ALBERT EINSTEIN v

5.1 Hkwfedk (Introduction)

;g vè;k; vfuok;Zr% d{kk 11 esa i<+s x, iQyuksa osQ vodyu
(differentiation) dk Øekxr gSA ge oqQN fuf'pr cgqinh; iQyuksa
,oa f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyu djuk lh[k pqosQ gSaA
bl vè;k; es a ge lka r R; (continuity), vodyuh;rk
(differentiability) rFkk buosQ ikjLifjd laca/ksa dh egRoiw.kZ
ladYiukvksa dks izLrqr djsaxsA ;gk¡ ge izfrykse f=kdks.kferh;
(inverse trigonometric) iQyuksa dk vodyu djuk Hkh lh[ksaxsA
vc ge oqQN u, izdkj osQ iQyuksa dks izLrqr dj jgs gSa] ftudks
pj?kkrkadh (exponential) vkSj y?kqx.kdh; (logarithmic) iQyu
dgrs gSAa bu iQyuksa }kjk gesa vodyu dh l'kDr izfof/;ksa dk Kku
gksrk gSA vody xf.kr (differential calculus) osQ ekè;e ls ge
T;kferh; :i ls lqLi"V (obvious) oqQN fLFkfr;ksa dks le>krs gSaA
bl izfØ;k] esa ge bl fo"k; dh oqQN vk/kjHkwr (ewy) izes;ksa Sir Issac Newton
(theorems) dks lh[ksaxsA (1642-1727)
5.2 lkarR; (Continuity)
lkarR; dh ladYiuk dk oqQN vuqeku (cks/) djkus osQ
fy,] ge vuqPNsn dks nks vukSipkfjd mnkgj.kksa ls
izkjaHk djrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr iQyu ij fopkj dhft,%
1, ;fn x ≤ 0
f ( x) = 
2, ;fn x > 0
;g iQyu okLro esa okLrfod js[kk (real line) osQ
izR;sd ¯cnq ij ifjHkkf"kr gSA bl iQyu dk vkys[k
vko`Qfr 5-1 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA dksbZ Hkh bl vkys[k ls
fu"d"kZ fudky ldrk gS fd x = 0 osQ vfrfjDr] x&v{k vko`Qfr 5-1

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 111

osQ vU; lfUudV ¯cnqvksa osQ fy, iQyu osQ laxr eku Hkh x = 0 dks NksM+dj ,d nwljs osQ lehi
(yxHkx leku) gSaA 0 osQ lfUudV ck;ha vksj osQ ¯cnqvksa] vFkkZr~ – 0.1, – 0.01, – 0.001, izdkj
osQ ¯cnqvksa] ij iQyu dk eku 1 gS rFkk 0 osQ lfUudV nk;ha vksj osQ ¯cnqvksa] vFkkZr~ 0.1, 0.01,
0.001, izdkj osQ ¯cnqvksa ij iQyu dk eku 2 gSA ck,¡ vkSj nk,¡ i{k dh lhekvksa (limits) dh Hkk"kk
dk iz;ksx djosQ] ge dg ldrs gSa fd x = 0 ij iQyu f osQ ck,¡ rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ Øe'k%
1 rFkk 2 gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ck,¡ rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ leku @ laikrh (coincident) ugha gSaA
ge ;g Hkh ns[krs gSa fd x = 0 ij iQyu dk eku ck,¡ i{k dh lhek osQ laikrh gS (cjkcj gS)A
uksV dhft, fd bl vkys[k dks ge yxkrkj ,d lkFk (in one stroke)] vFkkZr~ dye dks bl
dkx”k dh lrg ls fcuk mBk,] ugha [khap ldrsA okLro esa] gesa dye dks mBkus dh vko';drk
rc gksrh gS tc ge 'kwU; ls ck;ha vksj vkrs gSaA ;g ,d mnkgj.k gS tgk¡ iQyu
x = 0 ij larr (continuous) ugha gSA
vc uhps n'kkZ, x, iQyu ij fopkj dhft,%
1, ;fn x ≠ 0
f ( x) = 
 2, ;fn x = 0
;g iQyu Hkh izR;sd ¯cnq ij ifjHkkf"kr gSA
x = 0 ij nksuksa gh] ck,¡ rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ 1 osQ
cjkcj gSaA fdarq x = 0 ij iQyu dk eku 2 gS] tks ck,¡
vkSj nk,¡ i{k dh lhekvksa osQ mHk;fu"B eku osQ cjkcj
ugha gSA
iqu% ge uksV djrs gSa fd iQyu osQ vkys[k dks
fcuk dye mBk, ge ugha [khap ldrs gSaA ;g ,d
nwljk mnkgj.k gS ftlesa x = 0 ij iQyu larr ugha gSA
vko`Qfr 5-2
lgt :i ls (naively) ge dg ldrs gSa fd
,d vpj ¯cnq ij dksbZ iQyu larr gS] ;fn ml ¯cnq osQ vkl&ikl (around) iQyu osQ vkys[k
dks ge dkx”k dh lrg ls dye mBk, fcuk [khap ldrs gSaA bl ckr dks ge xf.krh; Hkk"kk esa]
;FkkrF; (precisely)] fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls O;Dr dj ldrs gSa%
ifjHkk"kk 1 eku yhft, fd f okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fdlh mileqPp; esa ifjHkkf"kr ,d okLrfod
iQyu gS vkSj eku yhft, fd f osQ izkra esa c ,d ¯cnq gSA rc f ¯cnq c ij larr gS] ;fn
lim f ( x) = f (c ) gSA
x→ c

foLr`r :i ls ;fn x = c ij ck,¡ i{k dh lhek] nk,¡ i{k dh lhek rFkk iQyu osQ eku dk
;fn vfLrRo (existence) gS vkSj ;s lHkh ,d nwljs osQ cjkcj gksa] rks x = c ij f larr dgykrk
gSA Lej.k dhft, fd ;fn x = c ij ck,¡ i{k rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ laikrh gSa] rks buosQ mHk;fu"B

Rationalised 2023-24
112 xf.kr

eku dks ge x = c ij iQyu dh lhek dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ge lkarR; dh ifjHkk"kk dks ,d vU;
izdkj ls Hkh O;Dr dj ldrs gSa] tSlk fd uhps fn;k x;k gSA
,d iQyu x = c ij larr gS] ;fn iQyu x = c ij ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj ;fn x = c ij iQyu
dk eku x = c ij iQyu dh lhek osQ cjkcj gSA ;fn x = c ij iQyu larr ugha gS rks ge dgrs
gSa fd c ij f vlarr (discontinuous) gS rFkk c dks f dk ,d vlkarR; dk ¯cnq (point of
discontinuity) dgrs gSAa
mnkgj.k 1 x = 1 ij iQyu f (x) = 2x + 3 osQ lkarR; dh tk¡p dhft,A
gy igys ;g è;ku nhft, fd iQyu] x = 1 ij ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj bldk eku 5 gSA vc iQyu
dh x = 1 ij lhek Kkr djrs gSaA Li"V gS fd
lim f ( x ) = lim (2 x + 3) = 2(1) + 3 = 5 gSA
x →1 x →1

vr% lim f ( x ) = 5 = f (1)

x →1

vr,o x = 1 ij f larr gSA

mnkgj.k 2 tk¡fp, fd D;k iQyu f (x) = x2, x = 0 ij larr gS\
gy è;ku nhft, fd iznÙk ¯cnq x = 0 ij iQyu ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj bldk eku 0 gSA vc
x = 0 ij iQyu dh lhek fudkyrs gSaA Li"Vr;k

lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 02 = 0
x→ 0 x→0

bl izdkj lim f ( x ) = 0 = f (0)

x→ 0

vr% x = 0 ij f larr gSA

mnkgj.k 3 x = 0 ij iQyu f (x) = | x | osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,A
gy ifjHkk"kk }kjk
− x, ;fn x < 0
f (x) = 
 x, ;fn x ≥ 0
Li"Vr;k x = 0 ij iQyu ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj f (0) = 0 gSA ¯cnq x = 0 ij f dh ck,¡ i{k dh lhek
lim f ( x ) = lim− (– x) = 0 gSA
x → 0− x→0

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 113

blh izdkj 0 ij f dh nk,¡ i{k dh lhek osQ fy,

lim f ( x ) = lim+ x = 0 gSA
x → 0+ x→0

bl izdkj x = 0 ij ck,¡ i{k dh lhek] nk,¡ i{k dh lhek rFkk iQyu dk eku laikrh gaSA vr%
x = 0 ij f larr gSA
mnkgj.k 4 n'kkZb, fd iQyu
 x + 3, ;fn x ≠ 0
3
f (x) = 
1, ;fn x = 0
x = 0 ij larr ugha gSA
gy ;gk¡ x = 0 ij iQyu ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj x = 0 ij bldk eku 1 gSA tc x ≠ 0, rc iQyu
cgqinh; gSA blfy,
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 + 3) = 03 + 3 = 3
x→ 0 x→0

D;ksafd x = 0 ij f dh lhek] f (0) osQ cjkcj ugha gS] blfy, x = 0 ij iQyu larr ugha
gSA ge ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa fd bl iQyu osQ fy, vlkarR; dk ¯cnq osQoy x = 0 gSA
mnkgj.k 5 mu ¯cnqvksa dh tk¡p dhft, ftu ij vpj iQyu (Constant function)
f (x) = k larr gSA
gy ;g iQyu lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj fdlh Hkh okLrfod la[;k osQ
fy, bldk eku k gSA eku yhft, fd c ,d okLrfod la[;k gS] rks
lim f ( x) = lim k = k
x→ c x→ c

pw¡fd fdlh okLrfod la[;k c osQ fy, f (c) = k = lim

x→c
f (x) gS blfy, iQyu f izR;sd
okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, larr gSA
mnkgj.k 6 fl¼ dhft, fd okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, rRled iQyu (Identity function)
f (x) = x, izR;sd okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, larr gSA

gy Li"Vr;k ;g iQyu izR;sd ¯cnq ij ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj izR;sd okLrfod la[;k c osQ fy,
f (c) = c gSA

lkFk gh lim f ( x) = lim x = c

x→ c x→c

bl izdkj] lim
x→c
f(x) = c = f(c) vkSj blfy, ;g iQyu f osQ izkar osQ lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij larr gS A

Rationalised 2023-24
114 xf.kr

,d iznÙk ¯cnq ij fdlh iQyu osQ lkarR; dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ ckn vc ge bl ifjHkk"kk
dk LokHkkfod izlkj (extension) djosQ fdlh iQyu osQ] mlosQ izkar esa] lkarR; ij fopkj djsaxsA
ifjHkk"kk 2 ,d okLrfod iQyu f larr dgykrk gS ;fn og f osQ izkra osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij larr gSA
bl ifjHkk"kk dks oqQN foLrkj ls le>us dh vko';drk gSA eku yhft, fd f ,d ,slk iQyu gS]
tks lao`r varjky (closed interval) [a, b] esa ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks f osQ larr gksus osQ fy, vko';d
gS fd og [a, b] osQ vaR; ¯cnqvksa (end points) a rFkk b lfgr mlosQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij larr gksA
f dk vaR; ¯cnq a ij lakrR; dk vFkZ gS fd

lim f ( x ) = f (a)
x→ a+

vkSj f dk b ij lkarR; dk vFkZ gS fd

lim f ( x) = f(b)
x→b –

iz{s k.k dhft, fd lim f ( x) rFkk lim f ( x) dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i]
− +
x→ a x→b
;fn f osQoy ,d ¯cnq ij ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks og ml ¯cnq ij larr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ ;fn f dk
izkar ,dy (leqPp;) gS] rks f ,d larr iQyu gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 7 D;k f (x) = | x | }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu ,d larr iQyu gS\

 − x, ;fn x < 0
gy f dks ge ,sls fy[k ldrs gSa fd f (x) = 
 x, ;fn x ≥ 0

mnkgj.k 3 ls ge tkurs gSa fd x = 0 ij f larr gSA

eku yhft, fd c ,d okLrfod la[;k bl izdkj gS fd c < 0 gSA vr,o f (c) = – c

lkFk gh lim f ( x) = lim (− x) = – c (D;ksa?)

x→ c x→c

pw¡fd lim f ( x) = f (c ) , blfy, f lHkh ½.kkRed okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, larr gSA
x→ c

vc eku yhft, fd c ,d okLrfod la[;k bl izdkj gS fd c > 0 gSA vr,o f (c) = c

lkFk gh lim f ( x) = lim x = c (D;ksa?)
x→ c x→ c

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 115

D;ksafd lim f ( x) = f (c ) , blfy, f lHkh /ukRed okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, larr gSA
x→ c

pw¡fd f lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij larr gS] vr% ;g ,d larr iQyu gSA

mnkgj.k 8 iQyu f (x) = x3 + x2 – 1 osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,A
gy Li"Vr;k f izR;sd okLrfod la[;k c osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj c ij bldk eku
c3 + c2 – 1 gSA ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 + x 2 − 1) = c 3 + c 2 − 1
x→ c x→c

vr% lim f ( x) = f (c ) gS blfy, izR;sd okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, f larr gSA bldk vFkZ
x→ c

gS fd f ,d larr iQyu gSA

1
mnkgj.k 9 f (x) = , x ≠ 0 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu f osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,A
x
gy fdlh ,d 'kwU;srj ( Non-zero) okLrfod la[;k c dks lqfuf'pr dhft,
1 1
vc lim f ( x) = lim =
x→c x→ c x c
1
lkFk gh] pw¡fd c ≠ 0, blfy, f (c) = gSA bl izdkj lim
x→ c
f ( x) = f (c ) vkSj blfy, f vius
c
izkar osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij larr gSA bl izdkj f ,d larr iQyu gSA
ge bl volj dk ykHk] vuar (infinity) dh ladYiuk (concept) dks le>kus osQ fy,]
1
mBkrs gSaA ge blosQ fy, iQyu f (x) = dk fo'ys"k.k x = 0 osQ fudVLFk ekukas ij djrs gSaA
x
blosQ fy, ge 0 osQ lfUudV dh okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, iQyu osQ ekuksa dk vè;;u djus
dh izpfyr ;qfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vfuok;Zr% (essentially) ge x = 0 ij f osQ nk,¡ i{k dh
lhek Kkr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA bldks ge uhps lkj.khc¼ djrs gSaA (lkj.kh 5.1)
lkj.kh 5-1
x 1 0.3 0.2 0.1 = 10–1 0.01 = 10–2 0.001 = 10–3 10–n
f (x) 1 3.333... 5 10 100 = 102 1000 = 103 10n

ge ns[krs gSa fd tSls&tSls x nk;ha vksj ls 0 osQ fudV vxzlj gksrk gS f (x) dk eku mÙkjksÙkj
vfr 'kh?kzrk ls c<+rk tkrk gSA bl ckr dks ,d vU; izdkj ls Hkh O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls%

Rationalised 2023-24
116 xf.kr

,d /u okLrfod la[;k dks 0 osQ vR;ar fudV pqudj] f (x) osQ eku dks fdlh Hkh iznÙk la[;k
ls vf/d fd;k tk ldrk gSA izrhdksa esa bl ckr dks ge fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy[krs gSa fd
lim f ( x ) = + ∞
x → 0+

(bldks bl izdkj i<+k tkrk gS% 0 ij] f (x) osQ nk,¡ i{k dh /ukRed lhek vuar gS)A ;gk¡ ij
ge cy nsuk pkgrs gSa fd + ∞ ,d okLrfod la[;k ugha gS vkSj blfy, 0 ij f osQ nk,¡ i{k dh
lhek dk vfLrRo ugha gS (okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ :i esa)A
blh izdkj ls 0 ij f osQ ck,¡ i{k dh lhek Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ls
Lor% Li"V gSA
lkj.kh 5-2
x –1 – 0.3 – 0.2 – 10–1 – 10–2 – 10–3 – 10–n
f (x) – 1 – 3.333... –5 – 10 – 102 – 103 – 10n

lkj.kh 5-2 ls ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd ,d

½.kkRed okLrfod la[;k dks 0 osQ vR;ar fudV
pqudj] f (x) osQ eku dks fdlh Hkh iznÙk la[;k ls
de fd;k tk ldrk gSA izrhdkRed :i ls ge
lim f ( x) = − ∞ fy[krs gSa
−
x→0
(ftls bl izdkj i<+k tkrk gS% 0 ij f (x) osQ ck,¡
i{k dh lhek ½.kkRed vuar gSA) ;gk¡ ge bl ckr
ij cy nsuk pkgrs gSa fd – ∞,d okLrfod la[;k
ugha gS vr,o 0 ij f osQ ck,¡ i{k dh lhek dk
vfLrRo ugha gS (okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ :i esa)A
vko`Qfr 5.3 dk vkys[k mi;qDZ r rF;ksa dk T;kferh;
fu:i.k gSA vko`Qfr 5-3
mnkgj.k 10 fuEufyf[kr iQyu osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,%
 x + 2, ;fn x ≤ 1
f (x) = 
 x − 2, ;fn x > 1

gy iQyu f okLrfod js[kk osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij ifjHkkf"kr gSA

n'kk 1 ;fn c < 1, rks f (c) = c + 2 gSA bl izdkj lim f ( x) = lim x + 2 = c + 2 gSA
x →c x →c

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 117

vr% 1 ls de lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa ij f larr gSA

n'kk 2 ;fn c > 1, rks f (c) = c – 2 gSA
blfy, lim f ( x) = lim (x – 2) = c – 2 = f (c) gSA
x →c x→c

vr,o mu lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij tgk¡ x > 1 gS] f larr gSA

n'kk 3 ;fn c = 1, rks x = 1 ij f osQ ck,¡ i{k dh lhek]
vFkkZr~
lim f ( x ) = lim– ( x + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
x →1– x →1

x = 1 ij f osQ nk,¡ i{k dh lhek] vFkkZr~

vko`Qfr 5-4
lim f ( x) = lim– ( x − 2) = 1 − 2 = −1
x →1+ x→1

vc pw¡fd x = 1 ij f osQ ck,¡ rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ laikrh (coincident) ugha gSa] vr%
x = 1 ij f larr ugha gSA bl izdkj f osQ vlkarR; dk ¯cnq osQoy ek=k x = 1 gSA bl iQyu
dk vkys[k vko`Qfr 5-4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k 11 fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr iQyu f osQ leLr (lHkh) vlkarR; ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,

 x + 2, ;fn x < 1

f (x) =  0 , ;fn x = 1
 x − 2, ;fn x > 1


gy iwoZorhZ mnkgj.k dh rjg ;gk¡ Hkh ge ns[krs gSa izR;sd okLrfod la[;k x ≠ 1 osQ fy, f larr
gSA x = 1 osQ fy, f osQ ck,¡ i{k dh lhek] lim− f ( x) = lim– ( x + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3 gSA
x→1 x→1
x = 1 osQ fy, f osQ nk,¡ i{k dh lhek] lim− f ( x) = lim– ( x − 2) = 1 − 2 = −1 gSA
x→1 x→1

pw¡fd x = 1 ij f osQ ck,¡ rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ laikrh ugha gSa] vr% x = 1 ij f larr
ugha gSA bl izdkj f osQ vlkarR; dk ¯cnq osQoy ek=k x = 1 gSA bl iQyu dk vkys[k vko`Qfr
5-5 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k 12 fuEufyf[kr iQyu osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,%

 x + 2,;fn x < 0
f (x) = 
− x + 2, ;fn x > 0

Rationalised 2023-24
118 xf.kr

gy è;ku nhft, fd fopkjk/hu iQyu 0 ('kwU;) osQ

vfrfjDr vU; leLr okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr
gSA ifjHkk"kkuqlkj bl iQyu dk izkar
D1 ∪ D2 gS tgk¡ D1 = {x ∈ R : x < 0} vkSj
D2 = {x ∈ R : x > 0}gSA
n'kk 1 ;fn c ∈ D1, rks lim f ( x) = lim (x + 2) =
x→c x→c
c + 2 = f (c) gS vr,o D1 esa f larr gSA

n'kk 2 ;fn c ∈ D2, rks lim f ( x) = lim (– x + 2) =

x→c x→c
vko`Qfr 5-5
– c + 2 = f (c) gS vr,o D2 esa Hkh f larr gSA
D;ksafd f vius izkar osQ leLr ¯cnqvksa ij larr gS
ftlls ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd f ,d larr iQyu gSA
bl iQyu dk vkys[k vko`Qfr 5.6 esa [khapk x;k gSA è;ku
nhft, fd bl iQyu osQ vkys[k dks [khapus osQ fy, gesa
dye dks dkx”k dh lrg ls mBkuk iM+rk gS] fdarq gesa
,slk osQoy mu ¯cnqvksa ij djuk iM+rk gS tgk¡ ij iQyu
ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
mnkgj.k 13 fuEufyf[kr iQyu osQ lkarR; ij fopkj
dhft,%
vko`Qfr 5-6
 x, ;fn x ≥ 0
f (x) =  2
 x , ;fn x < 0
gy Li"Vr;k] iznÙk iQyu izR;sd okLrfod la[;k osQ
fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA bl iQyu dk vkys[k vko`Qfr 5.7
esa fn;k gSA bl vkys[k osQ fujh{k.k ls ;g roZQlaxr
yxrk gS fd iQyu osQ izkra dks okLrfod js[kk osQ rhu
vla;Dq r (disjoint) mi leqPp;ksa esa foHkkftr dj
fy;k tk,A eku fy;k fd
D1 = {x ∈ R : x < 0}, D2 = {0} rFkk
D3 = {x ∈ R : x > 0}gSA
vko`Qfr 5-7

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 119

n'kk 1 D1 osQ fdlh Hkh ¯cnq ij f (x) = x2 gS vkSj ;g ljyrk ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd D1 esa
f larr gSA (mnkgj.k 2 nsf[k,)
n'kk 2 D3 osQ fdlh Hkh ¯cnq ij f (x) = x gS vkSj ;g ljyrk ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd D3 esa
f larr gSA (mnkgj.k 6 nsf[k,)
n'kk 3 vc ge x = 0 ij iQyu dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA 0 osQ fy, iQyu dk eku f (0) = 0 gSA
0 ij f osQ ck,¡ i{k dh lhek
lim f ( x) = lim− x2 = 02 = 0 gS rFkk
x→0– x→0
0 ij f osQ nk,¡ i{k dh lhek
lim f ( x) = lim+ x = 0 gSA
x→0+ x→0

vr% lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) vr,o 0 ij f larr gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd f vius izkar osQ
x→0
izR;sd ¯cnq ij larr gSA vr% f ,d larr iQyu gSA
mnkgj.k 14 n'kkZb, fd izR;sd cgqin iQyu larr gksrk gSA
gy Lej.k dhft, fd dksbZ iQyu p, ,d cgqin iQyu gksrk gS ;fn og fdlh izko`Qr la[;k n
osQ fy, p(x) = a0 + a1 x + ... + an xn }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gks] tgk¡ ai ∈ R rFkk an ≠ 0 gSA Li"Vr;k
;g iQyu izR;sd okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA fdlh fuf'pr okLrfod la[;k c osQ fy,
ge ns[krs gSa fd
lim p ( x) = p (c)
x→c
blfy, ifjHkk"kk }kjk c ij p larr gSA pw¡fd c dksbZ Hkh okLrfod la[;k gS blfy, p fdlh
Hkh okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, larr gS]
vFkkZr~ p ,d larr iQyu gSA
mnkgj.k 15 f (x) = [x] }kjk ifjHkkf"kr
egÙke iw.kk±d iQyu osQ vlkarR; osQ leLr
¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ [x] ml
egÙke iw.kk±d dks izdV djrk gS] tks x ls
de ;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA
gy igys rks ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd f lHkh
okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA
bl iQyu dk vkys[k vko`Qfr 5.8 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA vko`Qfr 5-8

Rationalised 2023-24
120 xf.kr

vkys[k ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd iznÙk iQyu x osQ lHkh iw.kk±d ekuksa osQ fy, vlarr gSA uhps ge
Nkuchu djsaxs fd D;k ;g lR; gSA
n'kk 1 eku yhft, fd c ,d ,slh okLrfod la[;k gS] tks fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d osQ cjkcj ugha gSA
vkys[k ls ;g Li"V gS fd c osQ fudV dh lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, fn, gq, iQyu dk
eku [c]; gSa] vFkkZr~ lim f ( x) = lim [ x] = [c] lkFk gh f (c) = [c] vr% iznÙk iQyu] mu lHkh
x →c x→c

okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, larr gS] tks iw.kk±d ugha gSA
n'kk 2 eku yhft, fd c ,d iw.kk±d gSA vr,o ge ,d ,slh i;kZIrr% NksVh okLrfod la[;k
r > 0 izkIr dj ldrs gSa tks fd [c – r] = c – 1 tcfd [c + r] = c gSA
lhekvksa osQ :i esa] bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd
lim f (x) = c – 1 rFkk lim+ f (x) = c
x →c− x →c

pw¡fd fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d c osQ fy, ;s lhek,¡ leku ugha gks ldrh gSa] vr% iznÙk iQyu x lHkh
iw.kk±d ekuksa osQ fy, vlarr gSA
5.2.1 larr iQyuksa dk chtxf.kr (Algebra of continuous functions)
fiNyh d{kk esa] lhek dh ladYiuk le>us osQ mijkar] geusa lhekvksa osQ chtxf.kr dk oqQN
vè;;u fd;k FkkA vuq:ir% vc ge larr iQyuksa osQ chtxf.kr dk Hkh oqQN vè;;u djsaxsA pw¡fd
fdlh ¯cnq ij ,d iQyu dk lkarR; iw.kZ:i ls ml ¯cnq ij iQyu dh lhek }kjk
fu/kZfjr gksrk gS] vr,o ;g rdZlaxr gS fd ge lhekvksa osQ ln`'; gh ;gk¡ Hkh chth; ifj.kkeksa
dh vis{kk djsaA
izes; 1 eku yhft, fd f rFkk g nks ,sls okLrfod iQyu gSa] tks ,d okLrfod la[;k c osQ fy,
larr gSaA rc]
(1) f + g , x = c ij larr gS
(2) f – g , x = c ij larr gS
(3) f . g , x = c ij larr gS
f 
(4)   , x = c ij larr gS (tcfd g (c) ≠ 0 gSA)
g
miifÙk ge ¯cnq x = c ij (f + g) osQ lkarR; dh tk¡p djrs gSaA ge n[krs gSa fd
lim( f + g ) ( x ) = lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x )] (f + g dh ifjHkk"kk }kjk)
x →c x →c

= lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) (lhekvksa osQ izes; }kjk)

x →c x →c

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 121

= f (c) + g(c) (D;ksa f rFkk g larr iQyu gaS)

= (f + g) (c) (f + g dh ifjHkk"kk }kjk)
vr%] f + g Hkh x = c osQ fy, larr gSA
izes; 1 osQ 'ks"k Hkkxksa dh miifÙk blh osQ leku gS ftUgas ikBdksa osQ fy, vH;kl gsrq NksM+
fn;k x;k gSA
fVIi.kh
(i) mi;qZDr izes; osQ Hkkx (3) dh ,d fo'ks"k n'kk osQ fy,] ;fn f ,d vpj iQyu
f (x) = λ gks] tgk¡ λ, dksbZ vpj okLrfod la[;k gS] rks (λ . g) (x) = λ . g (x) }kjk
ifjHkkf"kr iQyu (λ . g) Hkh ,d larr iQyu gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] ;fn λ = – 1, rks f osQ
lkarR; esa – f dk lkarR; varfuZfgr gksrk gSA
(ii) mi;qZDr izes; osQ Hkkx (4) dh ,d fo'ks"k n'kk osQ fy,] ;fn f ,d vpj iQyu

λ λ λ
f (x) = λ, rks ( x) = }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu g Hkh ,d larr iQyu gksrk gS] tgk¡
g g ( x)
1
g(x) ≠ 0 gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] g osQ lkarR; esa dk lkarR; varfuZfgr gSA
g
mi;qZDr nksuksa izes;ksa osQ mi;ksx }kjk vusd larr iQyuksa dks cuk;k tk ldrk gSA buls ;g
fuf'pr djus esa Hkh lgk;rk feyrh gS fd dksbZ iQyu larr gS ;k ughaA fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa esa
;g ckr Li"V dh xbZ gSA
mnkgj.k 16 fl¼ dhft, fd izR;sd ifjes; iQyu larr gksrk gSA
gy Lej.k dhft, fd izR;sd ifjes; iQyu f fuEufyf[kr :i dk gksrk gS%
p( x )
f ( x) = , q ( x) ≠ 0
q ( x)

tgk¡ p vkSj q cgqin iQyu gSaA f dk izkar] mu ¯cnqvksa dks NksM+dj ftu ij q 'kwU; gS] leLr
okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSaA pw¡fd cgqin iQyu larr gksrs gSa (mnkgj.k 14)] vr,o izes; 1 osQ Hkkx (4)
}kjk f ,d larr iQyu gSA
mnkgj.k 17 sine iQyu osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,A
gy bl ij fopkj djus osQ fy, ge fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa%
lim sin x = 0
x →0

Rationalised 2023-24
122 xf.kr

geus bu rF;ksa dks ;gk¡ izekf.kr rks ugha fd;k gS] fdUrq sine iQyu osQ vkys[k dks 'kwU; osQ
fudV ns[k dj ;s rF; lgtkuqHkwfr (intuitively) ls Li"V gks tkrk gSA
vc nsf[k, fd f (x) = sin x lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA eku yhft, fd
c ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA x = c + h j[kus ij] ;fn x →c rks ge ns[krs gSa fd h →0 blfy,
lim f ( x ) = lim sin x
x →c x →c

= lim sin(c + h)
h →0

= lim [sin c cos h + cos c sin h]

h →0

= lim [sin c cos h] + lim [cos c sin h]

h →0 h →0
= sin c + 0 = sin c = f (c)
bl izdkj lim f (x) = f (c) vr% f ,d larr iQyu gSA
x →c

fVIi.kh blh izdkj cosine iQyu osQ lkarR; dks Hkh izekf.kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k 18 fl¼ dhft, fd f (x) = tan x ,d larr iQyu gSA
sin x
gy fn;k gqvk iQyu f (x) = tan x = gSA ;g iQyu mu lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy,
cos x
π
ifjHkkf"kr gS] tgk¡ cos x ≠ 0, vFkkZr~ x ≠ (2n +1)
gSA geus vHkh izekf.kr fd;k gS fd sine vkSj
2
cosine iQyu] larr iQyu gSaA blfy, tan iQyu] bu nksuksa iQyuksa dk HkkxiQy gksus osQ dkj.k] x
osQ mu lHkh ekuksa osQ fy, larr gS ftu osQ fy, ;g ifjHkkf"kr gSA
iQyuksa osQ la;kstu (composition) ls lacaf/r] larr iQyuksa dk O;ogkj ,d jkspd rF; gSA
Lej.k dhft, fd ;fn f vkSj g nks okLrfod iQyu gSa] rks
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
ifjHkkf"kr gS] tc dHkh g dk ifjlj f osQ izkar dk ,d mileqPp; gksrk gSA fuEufyf[kr izes;
(izek.k fcuk osQoy O;Dr)] la;qDr (composite) iQyuksa osQ lkarR; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
izes; 2 eku yhft, fd f vkSj g bl izdkj osQ nks okLrfod ekuh; (real valued) iQyu gSa
fd c ij (f o g) ifjHkkf"kr gSA ;fn c ij g rFkk g (c) ij f larr gS] rks c ij (f o g) larr
gksrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa esa bl izes; dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 123

mnkgj.k 19 n'kkZb, fd f (x) = sin (x2) }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu] ,d larr iQyu gSA
gy isz{k.k dhft, fd fopkjk/hu iQyu izR;sd okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSsA iQyu
f dks] g rFkk h nks iQyuksa osQ la;kstu (g o h)osQ :i esa lkspk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ g (x) = sin x
rFkk h (x) = x2 gSA pw¡fd g vkSj h nksuksa gh larr iQyu gSa] blfy, izes; 2 }kjk ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk
tk ldrk gS] fd f ,d larr iQyu gSA
mnkgj.k 20 n'kkZb, fd f (x) = |1 – x + | x | | }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu f] tgk¡ x ,d okLrfod la[;k
gS] ,d larr iQyu gSA
gy lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa x osQ fy, g dks g (x) = 1 – x + | x | rFkk h dks h (x) = | x | }kjk
ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A rc]
(h o g) (x) = h (g (x))
= h (1– x + | x |)
= | 1– x + | x | | = f (x)
mnkgj.k 7 esa ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd h ,d larr iQyu gSA blh izdkj ,d cgqin iQyu vkSj ,d
ekikad iQyu dk ;ksx gksus osQ dkj.k g ,d larr iQyu gSA vr% nks larr iQyuksa dk la;qDr iQyu
gksus osQ dkj.k f Hkh ,d larr iQyu gSA

iz'ukoyh 5-1
1. fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f (x) = 5x – 3, x = 0, x = – 3 rFkk x = 5 ij larr gSA

2. x = 3 ij iQyu f (x) = 2x2 – 1 osQ lkarR; dh tk¡p dhft,A

3. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ lkarR; dh tk¡p dhft,%

1
(a) f (x) = x – 5 (b) f (x) = ,x≠ 5
x−5

x 2 − 25
(c) f (x) = , x ≠ –5 (d) f (x) = | x – 5 |
x+5
4. fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f (x) = xn , x = n, ij larr gS] tgk¡ n ,d /u iw.kk±d gSA

 x, ;fn x ≤ 1
5. D;k f ( x ) =  }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu f
5, ;fn x > 1
x = 0, x = 1, rFkk x = 2 ij larr gS\

Rationalised 2023-24
124 xf.kr

f osQ lHkh vlkarR; osQ ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,] tc fd f fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr gS%

| x | +3, ;fn x ≤ − 3
 2 x + 3, ;fn x ≤ 2 
6. f ( x) =  7. f ( x ) =  −2 x, ;fn − 3 < x < 3
 2 x − 3, ;fn x > 2 6 x + 2, ;fn x ≥ 3


| x |  x
 , ;fn x ≠ 0  , ;fn x < 0
8. f ( x) =  x 9. f ( x) =  | x |
 0, ;fn x = 0  −1, ;fn x ≥ 0
 

 x + 1, ;fn x ≥ 1  x 3 − 3, ;fn x ≤ 2
10. f ( x) =  2 11. f ( x) = 
 x + 1, ;fn x < 1  x + 1, ;fn x > 2
2

 x − 1, ;fn x ≤ 1
10
12. f ( x) = 
2
 x , ;fn x > 1

 x + 5, ;fn x ≤ 1
13. D;k f ( x ) =  }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu] ,d larr iQyu gS\
 x − 5, ;fn x > 1
iQyu f, osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,] tgk¡ f fuEufyf[kr }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS%

3, ;fn 0 ≤ x ≤ 1  2 x, ;fn x < 0

 
14. f ( x ) =  4, ;fn 1< x < 3 15. f ( x ) = 0, ;fn 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
5, ;fn 3 ≤ x ≤ 10  4 x, ;fn x > 1
 

 −2, ;fn x ≤ − 1

16. f ( x ) =  2 x, ;fn − 1 < x ≤ 1
 2, ;fn x > 1


17. a vkSj b osQ mu ekuksa dks Kkr dhft, ftuosQ fy,

ax + 1, ;fn x ≤ 3
f ( x) = 
bx + 3, ;fn x > 3
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = 3 ij larr gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 125

18. λ osQ fdl eku osQ fy,

 λ ( x − 2 x), ;fn x ≤ 0
2
f ( x) = 
 4 x + 1, ;fn x > 0
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = 0 ij larr gSA x = 1 ij blosQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,A
19. n'kkZb, fd g (x) = x – [x] }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu leLr iw.kk±d ¯cnqvksa ij vlarr gSA ;gk¡
[x] ml egÙke iw.kk±d fu:fir djrk gS] tks x osQ cjkcj ;k x ls de gSA
20. D;k f (x) = x2 – sin x + 5 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = π ij larr gS?
21. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,%
(a) f (x) = sin x + cos x (b) f (x) = sin x – cos x
(c) f (x) = sin x . cos x
22. cosine, cosecant, secant vkSj cotangent iQyuksa osQ lkarR; ij fopkj dhft,A
23. f osQ lHkh vlkarR;rk osQ ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,] tgk¡

 sin x
 , ;fn x < 0
f ( x) =  x
 x + 1, ;fn x ≥ 0

24. fu/kZfjr dhft, fd iQyu f
 2 1
 x sin , ;fn x ≠ 0
f ( x) =  x
0, ;fn x = 0

}kjk ifjHkkf"kr ,d larr iQyu gSA
25. f osQ lkarR; dh tk¡p dhft,] tgk¡ f fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr gS
sin x − cos x, ;fn x ≠ 0
f ( x) = 
 −1, ;fn x = 0
iz'u 26 ls 29 esa k osQ ekuksa dks Kkr dhft, rkfd iznÙk iQyu fufnZ"V ¯cnq ij larr gks%
 k cos x π
 π − 2 x , ;fn x ≠ 2 π
26. f ( x) =  }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = ij
3, π 2
;fn x =
 2

Rationalised 2023-24
126 xf.kr

kx 2 , ;fn x ≤ 2
27. f ( x) =  }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = 2 ij
3, ;fn x > 2

kx + 1, ;fn x ≤ π
28. f ( x) =  }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = π ij
cos x, ;fn x > π

kx + 1, ;fn x ≤ 5
29. f ( x) =  }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu x = 5 ij
3x − 5, ;fn x > 5
30. a rFkk b osQ ekuksa dks Kkr dhft, rkfd

5, ;fn x ≤ 2

f ( x ) =  ax + b, ;fn 2 < x < 10
 21, ;fn x ≥ 10

}kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu ,d larr iQyu gksA
31. n'kkZb, fd f (x) = cos (x2) }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu ,d larr iQyu gSA
32. n'kkZb, fd f (x) = | cos x | }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu ,d larr iQyu gSA
33. t¡kfp, fd D;k sin | x | ,d larr iQyu gSA
34. f (x) = | x | – | x + 1 | }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu f osQ lHkh vlkaR;rk osQ ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr
dhft,A
5.3. vodyuh;rk (Differentiability)
fiNyh d{kk esa lh[ks x, rF;ksa dks Lej.k dhft,A geusa ,d okLrfod iQyu osQ vodyt
(Derivative) dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k FkkA
eku yhft, fd f ,d okLrfod iQyu gS rFkk c blosQ izkar esa fLFkr ,d ¯cnq gSA c ij f
dk vodyt fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr gS%
f (c + h ) − f (c)
lim
h →0 h
d
;fn bl lhek dk vfLrRo gks rks c ij f osQ vodyt dks f′ (c) ;k ( f ( x)) | c }kjk izdV
dx
djrs gSaA
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 127

}kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu] tc Hkh bl lhek dk vfLrRo gks] f osQ vodyt dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
d dy
f osQ vodyt dks f ′ (x) ;k ( f ( x )) }kjk izdV djrs gSa vkSj ;fn y = f (x) rks bls ;k y′
dx dx
}kjk izdV djrs gSaA fdlh iQyu dk vodyt Kkr djus dh izfØ;k dks vodyu
(differentiation)dgrs gSAa ge okD;ka'k ¶x osQ lkis{k f (x) dk vodyu dhft, (differentiate)¸
dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd f ′ (x) Kkr dhft,A
vodyt osQ chtxf.kr osQ :i esa fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa dks izekf.kr fd;k tk pqdk gS%
(1) (u ± v)′ = u′ ± v′ .
(2) (uv)′ = u′ v + uv′ (yscuh”k ;k xq.kuiQy fu;e)
′
(3)  u  = u′v − uv′ , tgk¡ v ≠ 0 (HkkxiQy fu;e)
v v2
uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa oqQN izkekf.kd (standard) iQyuksa osQ vodytksa dh lwph nh xbZ gS%
lkj.kh 5-3
f (x) xn sin x cos x tan x
f′ (x) nx n – 1 cos x – sin x sec2 x

tc dHkh Hkh geus vodyt dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS rks ,d lq>ko Hkh fn;k gS fd ¶;fn lhek
dk vfLrRo gks A¸ vc LokHkkfod :i ls iz'u mBrk gS fd ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks D;k gksxk\ ;g
iz'u furkar izklafxd gS vkSj bldk mÙkj HkhA ;fn lim f (c + h) − f (c) dk vfLrRo ugha gS] rks
h →0 h
ge dgrs gSa fd c ij f vodyuh; ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge dgrs gSa fd vius izkar osQ fdlh
f (c + h) − f (c )
¯cnq c ij iQyu f vodyuh; gS ] ;fn nks u ks a lhek,¡ lim rFkk
h →0 – h
f (c + h ) − f (c )
lim+ ifjfer (finite) rFkk leku gSaA iQyu varjky [a, b] esa vodyuh;
h →0 h
dgykrk gS] ;fn og varjky [a, b] osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij vodyuh; gSA tSlk fd lkarR; osQ lanHkZ
esa dgk x;k Fkk fd vaR; ¯cnqvksa a rFkk b ij ge Øe'k% nk,¡ rFkk ck,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ ysrs gSa]
tks fd vkSj oqQN ugha] cfYd a rFkk b ij iQyu osQ nk,¡ i{k rFkk ck,¡ i{k osQ vodyt gh gaSA
blh izdkj iQyu varjky (a, b) esa vodyuh; dgykrk gS] ;fn og varjky (a, b) osQ izR;sd
¯cnq ij vodyuh; gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
128 xf.kr

izes; 3 ;fn iQyu fdlh ¯cnq c ij vodyuh; gS] rks ml ¯cnq ij og larr Hkh gSA
miifÙk pw¡fd ¯cnq c ij f vodyuh; gS] vr%
f ( x) − f (c)
lim = f ′(c)
x →c x−c
fdarq x ≠ c osQ fy,
f ( x ) − f ( c)
f (x) – f (c) = . ( x − c)
x−c

 f ( x) − f ( c) 
blfy, lim [ f ( x ) − f (c)] = lim  . ( x − c) 
x →c x →c  x−c 

;k lim [ f ( x)] − lim [ f (c )] = lim  f ( x ) − f (c )  . lim [( x − c )]

x →c x →c x →c  x−c  x→c
= f ′ (c) . 0 = 0
;k lim f ( x ) = f (c)
x →c

bl izdkj x = c ij iQyu f larr gSA

miizes; 1 izR;sd vodyuh; iQyu larr gksrk gSA
;gk¡ ge è;ku fnykrs gSa fd mi;qZDr dFku dk foykse (converse) lR; ugha gSA fu'p; gh ge
ns[k pqosQ gSa fd f (x) = | x | }kjk ifjHkkf"kr iQyu ,d larr iQyu gSA bl iQyu osQ ck,¡ i{k dh
lhek ij fopkj djus ls
f (0 + h) − f (0) − h
lim– = = −1
h →0 h h
rFkk nk¡, i{k dh lhek
f (0 + h) − f (0) h
lim = = 1 gSA
h → 0+ h h
f (0 + h) − f (0)
pwf¡ d 0 ij mi;qDZ r ck,¡ rFkk nk,¡ i{k dh lhek,¡ leku ugha ga]S blfy, lim
h →0 h
dk vfLrRo ugha gS vkSj bl izdkj 0 ij f vodyuh; ugha gSA vr% f ,d vodyuh; iQyu
ugha gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 129

5.3.1 la;qDr iQyuksa osQ vodyt (Differentials of composite functions)

la;qDr iQyuksa osQ vodyt osQ vè;;u dks ge ,d mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V djsaxsA eku yhft, fd
ge f dk vodyt Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa] tgk¡
f (x) = (2x + 1)3
,d fof/ ;g gS fd f}in izes; osQ iz;ksx }kjk (2x + 1)3 dks izlkfjr djosQ izkIr cgqin iQyu
dk vodyt Kkr djsa] tSlk uhps Li"V fd;k x;k gS_
d d
f ( x) = (2 x + 1)3 
dx dx
d
= (8 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 6 x + 1)
dx
= 24x2 + 24x + 6
= 6 (2x + 1)2
vc] è;ku nhft, fd
f (x) = (h o g) (x)
tgk¡ g(x) = 2x + 1 rFkk h(x) = x3 gSA eku yhft, t = g(x) = 2x + 1. rks f (x) = h(t) = t3.
df dh dt
vr% = 6 (2x + 1)2 = 3(2x + 1)2 . 2 = 3t2 . 2 = ⋅
dx dt dx
bl nwljh fof/ dk ykHk ;g gS fd oqQN izdkj osQ iQyu] tSls (2x + 1)100 osQ vodyt dk
ifjdyu djuk bl fofèk }kjk ljy gks tkrk gSA mi;qZDr ifjppkZ ls gesa vkSipkfjd :i ls
fuEufyf[kr izes; izkIr gksrk gS] ftls Ük`a[kyk fu;e (chain rule) dgrs gSaA
izes; 4 (Ük`a[kyk fu;e ) eku yhft, fd f ,d okLrfod ekuh; iQyu gS] tks u rFkk v nks iQyuksa
dt dv
dk la;kstu gS_ vFkkZr~ f = v o u. eku yhft, fd t = u (x) vkSj] ;fn rFkk nksuksa dk
dx dt
df dv dt
vfLrRo gS] rks = ⋅
dx dt dx
ge bl izes; dh miifÙk NksM+ nsrs gSaA Ük`a[kyk fu;e dk foLrkj fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fd;k
tk ldrk gSA eku yhft, fd f ,d okLrfod ekuh; iQyu gS] tks rhu iQyuksa u, v vkSj w dk
la;kstu gS] vFkkZr~
f = (w o u) o v gS ;fn t = u (x) rFkk s = v (t) gS rks
df d dt dw ds dt
= (w o u ) ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅
dx dt dx ds dt dx

Rationalised 2023-24
130 xf.kr

;fn mi;qZDr dFku osQ lHkh vodytksa dk vfLrRo gks rks ikBd vkSj vf/d iQyuksa osQ la;kstu
osQ fy, Ük`a[kyk fu;e dks iz;qDr dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 21 f (x) = sin (x2) dk vodyt Kkr dhft,A
gy è;ku nhft, fd iznÙk iQyu nks iQyuksa dk la;kstu gSA okLro esa] ;fn u(x) = x2 vkSj
v(t) = sin t gS rks
f (x) = (v o u) (x) = v(u(x)) = v(x2) = sin x2
dv dt
t = u(x) = x2 j[kus ij è;ku nhft, fd = cos t rFkk = 2 x vkSj nksuksa dk vfLrRo Hkh
dt dx
gSaA vr% Ük`a[kyk fu;e }kjk
df dv dt
= ⋅ = cos t . 2 x
dx dt dx
lkekU;r% vafre ifj.kke dks x osQ inksa esa O;Dr djus dk izpyu gS vr,o
df
= cos t ⋅ 2 x = 2 x cos x 2
dx

iz'ukoyh 5-2
iz'u 1 ls 8 esa x osQ lkis{k fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa dk vodyu dhft,%
1. sin (x2 + 5) 2. cos (sin x) 3. sin (ax + b)
sin ( ax + b)
4. sec (tan ( x )) 5. cos (cx + d ) 6. cos x3 . sin2 (x5)

7. 2 cot ( x 2 ) 8. cos ( x )

9. fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f (x) = | x – 1 |, x ∈ R, x = 1 ij vodfyr ugha gSA

10. fl¼ dhft, fd egÙke iw.kk±d iQyu f (x) =[x], 0 < x < 3, x = 1 rFkk x = 2 ij
vodfyr ugha gSA
5.3.2 vLi"V iQyuksa osQ vodyt (Derivatives of Implicit Functions)
vc rd ge y = f (x) osQ :i osQ fofo/ iQyuksa dk vodyu djrs jgs gSa ijarq ;g vko';d
ugha gS fd iQyuksa dks lnSo blh :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk,A mnkgj.kkFkZ] x vkSj y osQ chp fuEufyf[kr
laca/ksa esa ls ,d ij fo'ks"k :i ls fopkj dhft,%
x–y–π=0
x + sin xy – y = 0

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 131

igyh n'kk esa] ge y osQ fy, ljy dj ldrs gSa vkSj laca/ dks y = x – π osQ :i esa fy[k
ldrs gSaA nwljh n'kk esa] ,slk ugha yxrk gS fd laca/ y dks ljy djus dk dksbZ vklku rjhdk gSA
fiQj Hkh nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh n'kk esa] y dh x ij fuHkZjrk osQ ckjs esa dksbZ lansg ugha gSA tc x
vkSj y osQ chp dk laca/ bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k x;k gks fd mls y osQ fy, ljy djuk vklku
gks vkSj y = f (x) osQ :i esa fy[kk tk losQ] rks ge dgrs gSa fd y dks x osQ Li"V (explicit)iQyu
osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA mi;qZDr nwljs laca/ esa] ge dgrs gSa fd y dks x osQ vLi"V
(implicity) iQyu osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
dy
mnkgj.k 22 ;fn x – y = π rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy ,d fof/ ;g gS fd ge y osQ fy, ljy djosQ mi;qZDr laca/ dks fuEu izdkj fy[ksa ;Fkk
y=x–π
dy
rc =1
dx
fodYir% bl laca/ dk x, osQ lkis{k lh/s vodyu djus ij
d dπ
( x − y) =
dx dx
dπ
;kn dhft, fd dk vFkZ gS fd x osQ lkis{k ,d vpj π dk vodyu djukA bl izdkj
dx
d d
( x) − ( y) = 0
dx dx
ftldk rkRi;Z gS fd
dy dx
= =1
dx dx

mnkgj.k 23 ;fn y + sin y = cos x rks dy Kkr dhft,A

dx
gy ge bl laca/ dk lh/s vodyt djrs gSaA
dy d d
+ (sin y ) = (cos x)
dx dx dx
Ük`a[kyk fu;e dk iz;ksx djus ij
dy dy
+ cos y ⋅ = – sin x
dx dx

Rationalised 2023-24
132 xf.kr

blls fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke feyrk gS]

dy sin x
= −
dx 1 + cos y
tgk¡ y ≠ (2n + 1) π
5.3.3 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa osQ vodyt (Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions)
ge iqu% è;ku fnykrs gSa fd izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu larr gksrs gSa] ijarq ge bls izekf.kr ugha
djsaxsA vc ge bu iQyuksa osQ vodytksa dks Kkr djus osQ fy, Ük`a[kyk fu;e dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
f (x) = sin –1 x dk vodyt Kkr dhft,A ;g eku yhft, fd bldk vfLrRo gSA

gy eku yhft, fd y = f (x) = sin–1 x gS rks x = sin y

nksuksa i{kksa dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij
dy
1 = cos y
dx

dy 1 1
⇒ = =
dx cos y cos (sin −1 x )

π π
è;ku nhft, fd ;g osQoy cos y ≠ 0 osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS] vFkkZr~ , sin–1 x ≠ − , , vFkkZr~
2 2
x ≠ – 1, 1, vFkkZr~ x ∈ (– 1, 1)

bl ifj.kke dks oqQN vkd"kZd cukus gsrq ge fuEufyf[kr O;ogkj dkS'ky (manipulation)
djrs gSaA Lej.k dhft, fd x ∈ (– 1, 1) osQ fy, sin (sin–1 x) = x vkSj bl izdkj

cos2 y = 1 – (sin y)2 = 1 – (sin (sin–1 x))2 = 1 – x2

π π
lkFk gh pw¡fd y ∈  − ,  , cos y ,d /ukRed jkf'k gS vkSj blfy, cos y = 1 − x 2
 2 2
bl izdkj x ∈ (– 1, 1) osQ fy,
dy 1 1
= =
dx cos y 1 − x2

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 133

f (x) sin–1x cos –1x tan–1 x

1 1 1
f′ (x)
1 x 2
1 x 2
1  x2

Domain of f ′ (–1, 1) (–1, 1) R

iz'ukoyh 5-3
dy
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa esa Kkr dhft,
dx
1. 2x + 3y = sin x 2. 2x + 3y = sin y 3. ax + by2 = cos y
4. xy + y2 = tan x + y 5. x2 + xy + y2 = 100 6. x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3 = 81

 2x 
7. sin2 y + cos xy = k 8. sin2 x + cos2 y = 1 9. y = sin–1  
 1 + x2 

 3x − x3  1 1
10. y = tan–1   , − <x<
 1 − 3x2  3 3

 1 − x2 
11. y = cos −1  , 0 < x < 1
 1 + x2 

 1 − x2 
12. y = sin −1  , 0 < x < 1
 1 + x2 

 2x ,
13. y = cos −1   −1 < x <1
 1 + x2 

14. (
y = sin −1 2 x 1 − x 2 , −)1
< x<
1
2 2

 1 , 1
15. y = sec−1  2  0< x<
 2x −1  2

Rationalised 2023-24
134 xf.kr

5.4 pj?kkrakdh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyu (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions)

vHkh rd geus iQyuksa] tSls cgqin iQyu] ifjes; iQyu rFkk f=kdks.kferh; iQyu] osQ fofHkUu oxks±
osQ oqQN igyqvksa osQ ckjs esa lh[kk gSA bl vuqPNsn esa ge ijLij lacaf/r iQyuksa osQ ,d u, oxZ
osQ ckjs esa lh[ksxa ]s ftUgsa pj?kkrkadh (exponential) rFkk y?kqx.kdh; (logarithmic) iQyu dgrs
gSaA ;gk¡ ij fo'ks"k :i ls ;g crykuk vko';d gS fd bl vuqPNsn osQ cgqr ls dFku izsjd rFkk
;FkkrF; gSa vkSj mudh miifÙk;k¡ bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ {ks=k ls ckgj gSaA
vko`Qfr 5-9 esa y = f1(x) = x, y = f2(x) = x2, y = f3(x) = x3 rFkk y = f4(x) = x4 osQ vkys[k
fn, x, gSaA è;ku nhft, fd T;ksa&T;ksa x dh ?kkr c<+rh tkrh gS oØ dh izo.krk Hkh c<+rh tkrh
gSA oØ dh izo.krk c<+us ls o`f¼ dh nj rst
gksrh tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd x (>1) osQ
eku esa fuf'pr o`f¼ osQ laxr y = fn(x) dk
eku c<+rk tkrk gS tSls&tSls n dk eku 1] 2]
3] 4 gksrk tkrk gSA ;g dYiuh; gS fd ,slk
dFku lHkh /ukRed eku osQ fy, lR; gS tgk¡
fn(x) = xn gSA vko';d:i ls] bldk vFkZ ;g
gqvk fd tSls&tSls n esa o`f¼ gksrh tkrh gS
y = fn (x) dk vkys[k y-v{k dh vksj vf/d
>qdrk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, f10(x) = x10
rFkk f15(x) = x15 ij fopkj dhft,A ;fn x dk
eku 1 ls c<+dj 2 gks tkrk gS] rks f10 dk eku vko`Qfr 5-9
1 ls c<+dj 210 gks tkrk gS] tcfd f15 dk eku
1 ls c<+dj 215 gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj x esa leku o`f¼ osQ fy,] f15 dh o`f¼ f10 dh o`f¼ osQ
vis{kk vf/d rhozrk ls gksrh gSA
mi;qZDr ifjppkZ dk fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd cgqin iQyuksa dh o`f¼ muosQ ?kkr ij fuHkZj djrh gS]
vFkkZr~ ?kkr c<+krs tkb, o`f¼ c<+rh tk,xhA blosQ mijkar ,d LokHkkfod iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd]
D;k dksbZ ,slk iQyu gS tks cgqin iQyuksa dh vis{kk vf/d rsth ls c<+rk gS\ bldk mÙkj
ldkjkRed gS vkSj bl izdkj osQ iQyu dk ,d mnkgj.k y = f (x) = 10x gS
gekjk nkok ;g gS fd fdlh /u iw.kk±d n osQ fy, ;g iQyu f ] iQyu fn (x) = xn dh
vis{kk vf/d rsth ls c<+rk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge fl¼ dj ldrs gSa fd f100 (x) = x100 dh
vis{kk 10x vf/d rsth ls c<+rk gSA ;g uksV dhft, fd x osQ cM+s ekuksa osQ fy,] tSls x = 103,
f100 (x) = (103)100 = 10300 tcfd f (103) = 1010 = 101000 gSA Li"Vr% f100 (x) dh vis{kk f (x)
3

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 135

dk eku cgqr vf/d gSA ;g fl¼ djuk dfBu ugha gS fd x osQ mu lHkh ekuksa osQ fy, tgk¡
x > 103 , f (x) > f100 (x) gSA fdarq ge ;gk¡ ij bldh miifÙk nsus dk iz;kl ugha djsaxsA blh izdkj
x osQ cM+s ekuksa dks pqudj ;g lR;kfir fd;k tk ldrk gS fd] fdlh Hkh /u iw.kk±d n osQ fy,
fn (x) dh vis{kk f (x) dk eku vf/d rsth ls c<+rk gSA

ifjHkk"kk 3 iQyu y = f (x) = bx,/ukRed vk/kj b > 1 osQ fy, pj?kkrkadh iQyu dgykrk gSA
vko`Qfr 5-9 esa y = 10x dk js[kkfp=k n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
;g lykg nh tkrh gS fd ikBd bl js[kkfp=k dks b osQ fof'k"V ekuksa] tSls 2, 3 vkSj 4 osQ fy,
[khap dj ns[ksAa pj?kkrkadh iQyu dh oqQN ize[q k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS%a
(1) pj?kkrkadh iQyu dk izkar] okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; R gksrk gSA
(2) pj?kkrkadh iQyu dk ifjlj] leLr /ukRed okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gksrk gSA
(3) ¯cnq (0, 1) pj?kkrkadh iQyu osQ vkys[k ij lnSo gksrk gS (;g bl rF; dk iqu% dFku
gS fd fdlh Hkh okLrfod la[;k b > 1 osQ fy, b0 = 1)
(4) pj?kkrkadh iQyu lnSo ,d o/Zeku iQyu (increasing function) gksrk gS] vFkkZr~
tSls&tSls ge ck,¡ ls nk,¡ vksj c<+rs tkrs gSa] vkys[k Åij mBrk tkrk gSA
(5) x osQ vR;f/d cM+s ½.kkRed ekuksa osQ fy, pj?kkrkadh iQyu dk eku 0 osQ vR;ar fudV
gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f}rh; prqFkk±'k esa] vkys[k mÙkjksÙkj x-v{k dh vksj vxzlj gksrk
gS (fdarq mlls dHkh feyrk ugha gSA)
vk/kj 10 okys pj?kkrkadh iQyu dks lk/kj.k pj?kkrkadh iQyu (common exponential
Function) dgrs gSaA d{kk XI dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ ifjf'k"V A.1.4 esa geus ns[kk Fkk fd Js.kh

1 1
1+ + + ... gSA
1! 2!
dk ;ksx ,d ,slh la[;k gS ftldk eku 2 rFkk 3 osQ eè; gksrk gS vkSj ftls e }kjk izdV djrs gSAa
bl e dks vk/kj osQ :i esa iz;ksx djus ij] gesa ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ pj?kkrkadh iQyu
y = ex izkIr gksrk gSA bls izko`Qfrd pj?kkrkadh iQyu (natural exponential function)
dgrs gSAa
;g tkuuk #fpdj gksxk fd D;k pj?kkrkadh iQyu osQ izfrykse dk vfLrRo gS vkSj ;fn ^gk¡*
rks D;k mldh ,d leqfpr O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gSA ;g [kkst fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk osQ fy, izsfjr
djrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk 4 eku yhft, fd b > 1 ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA rc ge dgrs gSa fd]
b vk/kj ij a dk y?kqx.kd x gS] ;fn bx = a gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
136 xf.kr

b vk/kj ij a osQ y?kqx.kd dks izrhd logba ls izdV djrs gSaA bl izdkj ;fn bx = a, rks
logb a = x bldk vuqHko djus osQ fy, vkb, ge oqQN Li"V mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx djsaA gesa Kkr
gS fd 23 = 8 gSA y?kqx.kdh; 'kCnksa esa ge blh ckr dks iqu% log2 8 = 3 fy[k ldrs gSaA blh izdkj
104 = 10000 rFkk log10 10000 = 4 lerqY; dFku gSaA blh rjg ls 625 = 54 = 252 rFkk log5
625 = 4 vFkok log25 625 = 2 lerqY; dFku gSaA
FkksM+k lk vkSj vf/d ifjiDo n`f"Vdks.k ls fopkj djus ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd b > 1 dks
vk/kj fu/kZfjr djus osQ dkj.k ^y?kqx.kd* dks /u okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ leqPp; ls lHkh
okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ leqPp; esa ,d iQyu
osQ :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g iQyu] ftls
y?kqx.kdh; iQyu (logarithmic function)
dgrs gSa] fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr gS%
logb : R+ →R
x →logb x = y ;fn by = x
iwoZ dfFkr rjg ls] ;fn vk/kj b = 10 gS
rks bls ^lk/kj.k y?kqx.kd* vkSj ;fn b = e gS
rks bls ^izko`Qfrd y?kqx.kd* dgrs gSaA cgq/k
izko`Qfrd y?kqx.kd dks ln }kjk izdV djrs gSaA vko`Qfr 5-10
bl vè;k; esa log x vk/kj e okys y?kqx.kdh; iQyu dks fu:fir djrk gSA vko`Qfr 5-10 esa 2,
rFkk 10 vk/kjh; y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa osQ vkys[k n'kkZ, x, gSaA
vk/kj b > 1 okys y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dh oqQN egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡ uhps lwphc¼ gSa%
(1) /usrj (non-positive) la[;kvksa osQ fy,
ge y?kqx.kd dh dksbZ vFkZiw.kZ ifjHkk"kk
ugha cuk ldrs gSa vkSj blfy, y?kqx.kdh;
iQyu dk izkar R+ gSA
(2) y?kqx.kdh; iQyu dk ifjlj leLr
okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gSA
(3) ¯cnq (1, 0) y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa osQ vkys[k
ij lnSo jgrk gSA
(4) y?kqx.kdh; iQyu ,d o/Zeku iQyu
gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ T;ksa&T;ksa ge ck,¡ ls nk,¡
vksj pyrs gS]a vkys[k mÙkjksÙkj Åij mBrk vko`Qfr 5-11
tkrk gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 137

(5) 0 osQ vR;kf/d fudV okys x osQ fy,] log x osQ eku dks fdlh Hkh nh xbZ okLrfod la[;k
ls de fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a pkSFks (prqFkZ) prqFkk±'k esa vkys[k y-v{k osQ fudVre
vxzlj gksrk gS (fdarq blls dHkh feyrk ugha gS)A
(6) vko`Qfr 5.11 esa y = ex rFkk y = loge x osQ vkys[k n'kkZ, x, gaSA ;g è;ku nsuk jkspd gS fd
nksuksa oØ js[kk y = x esa ,d nwljs osQ niZ.k izfrfcac gSaA
y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa osQ nks egRoiw.kZ xq.k uhps izekf.kr fd, x, gSa%
(1) vk/kj ifjorZu dk ,d ekud fu;e gS] ftlls loga p dks logb p osQ inksa esa Kkr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA eku yhft, fd loga p = α, logb p = β rFkk logb a = γ gSA bldk vFkZ ;g
gS fd aα = p, bβ = p rFkk bγ = a gSA vc rhljs ifj.kke dks igys esa j[kus ls
(bγ )α = bγ α = p
bldks nwljs lehdj.k esa iz;ksx djus ij
bβ = p = bγ α
β
vr% β = α γ vFkok α = gSA bl izdkj
γ
log b p
loga p =
log b a
(2) xq.kuiQyuksa ij log iQyu dk izHkko bldk ,d vU; jkspd xq.k gSA eku yhft, fd
logb pq = α gSA blls bα = pq izkIr gksrk gSA blh izdkj ;fn logb p = β rFkk logb q = γ
gS rks bβ = p rFkk bγ = q izkIr gksrk gSA ijarq bα = pq = bβbγ = bβ + γ gSA
bldk rkRi;Z gS fd α = β + γ , vFkkZr~
logb pq = logb p + logb q
blls ,d fo'ks"k jkspd rFkk egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke rc fudyrk gS tc p = q gSA ,slh n'kk esa]
mi;qZDr dks iqu% fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS
logb p2 = logb p + logb p = 2 logb p
bldk ,d ljy O;kidhdj.k vH;kl osQ fy, NksM+ fn;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh /u iw.kk±d
n osQ fy,
logb pn = n logb p
okLro esa ;g ifj.kke n osQ fdlh Hkh okLrfod eku osQ fy, lR; gS] fdarq bls ge izekf.kr
djus dk iz;kl ugha djsaxsA blh fof/ ls ikBd fuEufyf[kr dks lR;kfir dj ldrs gSa%
x
log b = logb x – logb y
y

Rationalised 2023-24
138 xf.kr

mnkgj.k 24 D;k ;g lR; gS fd x osQ lHkh okLrfod ekuksa osQ fy, x = elog x gS?
gy igys rks è;ku nhft, fd log iQyu dk izkar lHkh /u okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gksrk
gSA blfy, mi;qZDr lehdj.k /usrj okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, lR; ugha gSA vc eku yhft,
fd y = elog x gSA ;fn y > 0 rc nksuks i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ls log y = log (elog x) = log x . log
e = log x gSA ftlls y = x izkIr gksrk gSA vr,o x = elog x osQoy x osQ /u ekuksa osQ fy, lR; gSA
vody xf.kr (differential calculus) es]a izko`Qfrd pj?kkrkadh iQyu dk ,d vlk/kj.k xq.k
;g gS fd] vodyu dh izfØ;k esa ;g ifjofrZr ugha gksrk gSA bl xq.k dks uhps izes;ksa esa O;Dr
fd;k x;k gS] ftldh miifÙk dks ge NksM+ nsrs gSaA
izes; 5*
d x
(1) x osQ lkis{k ex dk vodyt ex gh gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ (e ) = ex
dx
1 d 1
(2) x osQ lkis{k log x dk vodyt gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ (log x) =
x dx x
mnkgj.k 25 x osQ lkis{k fuEufyf[kr dk vodyu dhft,%
(i) e –x (ii) sin (log x), x > 0 (iii) cos–1 (ex) (iv) ecos x
gy
(i) eku yhft, y = e – x gSA vc Ük`a[kyk fu;e osQ iz;ksx }kjk
dy d
= e− x ⋅ (– x) = – e– x
dx dx
(ii) eku yhft, fd y = sin (log x) gSA vc Ük`a[kyk fu;e }kjk
dy d cos (log x)
= cos(log x ) ⋅ (log x) =
dx dx x
(iii) eku yhft, fd y = cos–1 (ex) gSA vc Ük`a[kyk fu;e }kjk
dy −1 d −e x
= ⋅ (e x ) = .
dx 1 − (e x ) 2 dx 1 − e2 x
(iv) eku yhft, fd y = ecos x gSA vc Ük`a[kyk fu;e }kjk
dy
= ecos x ⋅ ( − sin x) = − (sin x) ecos x
dx

*o`Qi;k iwjd ikB~; lkexzh i`"B 232&233 ij ns[ksa

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 139

iz'ukoyh 5-4
fuEufyf[kr dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu dhft,%
ex −1 3
1. 2. esin x 3. e x
sin x
2 5
4. sin (tan–1 e–x) 5. log (cos ex) 6. e x + e x + ... + e x
cos x
, x>0
7. e x
, x>0 8. log (log x), x > 1 9.
log x
10. cos (log x + ex)

5.5. y?kqx.kdh; vodyu (Logarithmic Differentiation)

bl vuqPNsn esa ge fuEufyf[kr izdkj osQ ,d fof'k"V oxZ osQ iQyuksa dk vodyu djuk lh[ksaxs%
y = f (x) = [u(x)]v (x)
y?kqx.kd (e vk/kj ij ) ysus ij mi;qZDr dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls iqu% fy[k ldrs gSa
log y = v (x) log [u(x)]
Ük`a[kyk fu;e osQ iz;ksx }kjk
1 dy 1
⋅ = v( x) ⋅ . u′ (x) + v′ (x) . log [u(x)]
y dx u ( x)
bldk rkRi;Z gS fd
dy  v( x) 
= y ⋅ u ′ ( x) + v′ ( x) ⋅ log [u ( x) ]
dx  u( x) 

bl fof/ esa è;ku nsus dh eq[; ckr ;g gS fd f (x) rFkk u(x) dks lnSo /ukRed gksuk pkfg,
vU;Fkk muosQ y?kqx.kd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gksxa As bl izfØ;k dks y?kqx.kdh; vodyu (logarithmic
differentiation) dgrs gSa vkSj ftls fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa }kjk Li"V fd;k x;k gSA

( x − 3) ( x 2 + 4)
mnkgj.k 26 x osQ lkis{k dk vodyu dhft,A
3x 2 + 4 x + 5

( x − 3) ( x 2 + 4)
gy eku yhft, fd y =
(3 x 2 + 4 x + 5)

Rationalised 2023-24
140 xf.kr

nksuksa i{kksa osQ y?kqx.kd ysus ij

1
log y = [log (x – 3) + log (x2 + 4) – log (3x2 + 4x + 5)]
2
nksuksa i{kksa dk x, osQ lkis{k voydu djus ij
1 dy 1 1 2x 6x + 4 
⋅ =  + 2 − 2
y dx 2  ( x − 3) x + 4 3x + 4 x + 5 

dy y 1 2x 6x + 4 
vFkok =  + 2 − 2
dx 2  ( x − 3) x + 4 3 x + 4 x + 5 

1 ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 4)  1 2x 6x + 4 
+ 2 − 2
3x + 4 x + 5  ( x − 3) x + 4 3 x + 4 x + 5 

= 2
2

mnkgj.k 27 x osQ lkis{k ax dk vodyu dhft,] tgk¡ a ,d /u vpj gSA

gy eku yhft, fd y = ax, rks
log y = x log a
nksuksa i{kksa dk x, osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij
1 dy
y dx = log a
dy
vFkok = y log a
dx
d x
bl izdkj (a ) = ax log a
dx
d x d x log a ) d
fodYir% (a ) = (e = e x log a ( x log a)
dx dx dx
= ex log a . log a = ax log a
mnkgj.k 28 x osQ lkis{k xsin x, dk vodyu dhft,] tc fd x > 0 gSA
gy eku yhft, fd y = xsin x gSA vc nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij
log y = sin x log x
1 dy d d
vr,o . = sin x (log x ) + log x (sin x )
y dx dx dx

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 141

1 dy 1
;k (sin x ) + log x cos x
y dx = x
dy  sin x 
;k = y + cos x log x 
dx  x 
sin x  sin x 
= x  + cos x log x 
 x 
= xsin x −1 ⋅ sin x + x sin x ⋅ cos x log x
dy
mnkgj.k 29 ;fn yx + xy + xx = ab gSA rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy fn;k gS fd yx + xy + xx = ab
u = yx, v = xy rFkk w = xx j[kus ij gesa u + v + w = ab izkIr gksrk gSA
du dv dw
blfy, + + =0 ... (1)
dx dx dx
vc u = yx gSA nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij
log u = x log y
nksuksa i{kksa dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij
1 du d d
⋅ = x (log y ) + log y ( x)
u dx dx dx
1 dy
= x ⋅ + log y ⋅ 1 izkIr gksrk gSA
y dx

du  x dy   x dy 
blfy, = u + log y  = y x  + log y  ... (2)
dx  y dx   y dx 
blh izdkj v=x y

nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij

log v = y log x
nksuksa i{kksa dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij
1 dv d dy
. = y (log x) + log x
v dx dx dx
1 dy
= y ⋅ + log x ⋅ izkIr gksrk gSA
x dx

Rationalised 2023-24
142 xf.kr

dv y dy 
vr,o = v  + log x 
dx  x dx 

y y dy 
= x  + log x  ... (3)
x dx 
iqu% w=x x

nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.ku djus ij

log w = x log x
nksuksa i{kksa dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij
1 dw d d
⋅ = x (log x) + log x . ( x )
w dx dx dx
1
= x ⋅ + log x ⋅ 1 izkIr gksrk gSA
x
dw
vFkkZr~ = w (1 + log x)
dx
= xx (1 + log x) ... (4)
(1), (2), (3) rFkk (4), }kjk

 x dy  y dy 
yx  + log y  + x y  + log x  + xx (1 + log x) = 0
 y dx  x dx 

dy
;k (x . yx – 1 + xy . log x) = – xx (1 + log x) – y . xy–1 – yx log y
dx

dy − [ y x log y + y . x y −1 + x x (1 + log x)]

vr% =
x . y x −1 + x y log x
dx

iz'ukoyh 5-5
1 ls 11 rd osQ iz'uksa esa iznÙk iQyuksa dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu dhft,%
( x − 1) ( x − 2)
1. cos x . cos 2x . cos 3x 2.
( x − 3) ( x − 4) ( x − 5)

3. (log x)cos x 4. xx – 2sin x

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 143

x  1
 1 1+ 
5. (x + 3)2 . (x + 4)3 . (x + 5)4 6.  x +  + x  x 
 x
7. (log x)x + xlog x 8. (sin x)x + sin–1 x
x2 + 1
9. xsin x + (sin x)cos x 10. x x cos x +
x2 − 1
1
11. (x cos x)x + ( x sin x ) x
dy
12 ls 15 rd osQ iz'uksa esa iznÙk iQyuksa osQ fy, Kkr dhft,%
dx
12. xy + yx = 1 13. yx = xy
14. (cos x)y = (cos y)x 15. xy = e(x – y)
16. f (x) = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) (1 + x8) }kjk iznÙk iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, vkSj
bl izdkj f ′ (1) Kkr dhft,A
17. (x2 – 5x + 8) (x3 + 7x + 9) dk vodyu fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj ls dhft,%
(i) xq.kuiQy fu;e dk iz;ksx djosQ
(ii) xq.kuiQy osQ foLrkj.k }kjk ,d ,dy cgqin izkIr djosQ
(iii) y?kqx.kdh; vodyu }kjk
;g Hkh lR;kfir dhft, fd bl izdkj izkIr rhuksa mÙkj leku gSaA
18. ;fn u, v rFkk w , x osQ iQyu gaS, rks nks fof/;ksa vFkkZr~ izFke&xq.kuiQy fu;e dh iqujko`fÙk
}kjk] f}rh; & y?kqx.kdh; vodyu }kjk n'kkZb, fd
d du dv dw
(u. v. w) = v. w + u . .w+u.v
dx dx dx dx

5.6 iQyuksa osQ izkpfyd :iksa osQ vodyt (Derivatives of Functions in

Parametric Forms)
dHkh&dHkh nks pj jkf'k;ksa osQ chp dk laca/ u rks Li"V gksrk gS vkSj u vLi"V] fdarq ,d vU;
(rhljh) pj jkf'k ls i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q laca/ksa }kjk izFke nks jkf'k;ksa osQ eè; ,d laca/ LFkkfir gks tkrk
gS ,slh fLFkfr esa ge dgrs gSa fd mu nksuksa osQ chp dk laca/ ,d rhljh pj jkf'k osQ ekè;e ls
of.kZr gSA ;g rhljh pj jkf'k izkpy (Parameter) dgykrh gSA vf/d lqLi"V rjhosQ ls nks pj
jkf'k;ksa x rFkk y osQ chp] x = f (t), y = g (t) osQ :i esa O;Dr laca/] dks izkpfyd :i esa O;Dr
laca/ dgrs gSa] tgk¡ t ,d izkpy gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
144 xf.kr

bl :i osQ iQyuksa osQ vodyt Kkr djus gsrq] Ük`a[kyk fu;e }kjk
dy dy dx
= ⋅
dt dx dt
dy
dy dt  dx 
;k = dx  tc dHkh ≠ 0 izkIr gksrk gSA

dx dt
dt
dy g ′ (t )  dy dx 
bl izdkj =  D;ksa fd = g ′ (t ) rFkk = f ′ (t ) [c'krsZ f ′ (t) ≠ 0]
dx f ′ (t )  dt dt 
dy
mnkgj.k 30 ;fn x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ , rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy fn;k gS fd
x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ
dx dy
blfy, = – a sin θ, = a cos θ
dθ dθ
dy
dy d θ = a cos θ = − cot θ
vr% =
dx − a sin θ
dx
dθ

mnkgj.k 31 ;fn x = at2, y = 2at gS rks dy Kkr dhft,A

dx
gy fn;k gS fd 2
x = at , y = 2at
dx dy
blfy, = 2at rFkk = 2a
dt dt
dy
dy dt = 2a = 1
vr% =
dx 2at t
dx
dt

mnkgj.k 32 ;fn x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ) gS rks dy Kkr dhft, A

dx
dx dy
gy ;gk¡ = a(1 + cos θ), = a (sin θ)
dθ dθ

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 145

dy
dy d θ = a sin θ = tan θ
vr% =
dx a (1 + cos θ)
dx 2
dθ
dy
AfVIi.kh ;gk¡] ;g è;ku nhft, fd dks eq[; pj jkf'k;ksa x vkSj y dks lfEefyr fd,
dx
fcuk gh] osQoy izkpy osQ inksa esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
2 2 2
dy
mnkgj.k 33 ;fn x3 + y 3 = a 3 gS rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy eku yhft, fd x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ gS rc
2 3 2 2
x 3 + y 2 = (a cos θ) 3 + ( a sin θ) 3
3 3

2 2

= a 3 (cos θ + (sin θ) = a 3
2 2

2 2 2
vr% x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ, x 3 + y 3 = a 3 dk izkpfyd lehdj.k gSA

dx dy
bl izdkj] = – 3a cos2 θ sin θ vkSj = 3a sin2 θ cos θ
dθ dθ

dy
d θ = 3a sin θ cos θ = − tan θ = − 3 y
2
dy
blfy,] =
dx − 3a cos 2 θ sin θ
dx x
dθ

iz'ukoyh 5-6
;fn iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 rd esa x rFkk y fn, lehdj.kksa }kjk] ,d nwljs ls izkpfyd :i esa
dy
lacaf/r gksa] rks izkpyksa dk foyksiu fd, fcuk] Kkr dhft,%
dx
1. x = 2at2, y = at4 2. x = a cos θ, y = b cos θ
4
3. x = sin t, y = cos 2t 4. x = 4t, y =
t
5. x = cos θ – cos 2θ, y = sin θ – sin 2θ

Rationalised 2023-24
146 xf.kr

sin 3 t cos3 t
6. x = a (θ – sin θ), y = a (1 + cos θ) 7. x = , y=
cos 2t cos 2t

 t
8.x = a  cos t + log tan  y = a sin t 9. x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ
 2
10. x = a (cos θ + θ sin θ), y = a (sin θ – θ cos θ)
−1 −1 dy y
11. ;fn x = asin t , y = a cos t , rks n'kkZb, fd =−
dx x
5.7 f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt (Second Order Derivative)
eku yhft, fd y = f (x) gS rks
dy
= f ′ (x) ... (1)
dx

;fn f ′ (x) vodyuh; gS rks ge x osQ lkis{k (1) dk iqu% vodyu dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj
d  dy 
ck;k¡ i{k   gks tkrk gS] ftls f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt (Second Order Derviative)
dx  dx 
d2y
dgrs gSa vkSj ls fu:fir djrs gSaA f (x) osQ f}rh; dksfV osQ vodyt dks f ″ (x) ls Hkh
dx 2
fu:fir djrs gSaA ;fn y = f (x) gks rks bls D2(y) ;k y″ ;k y2 ls Hkh fu:fir djrs gSaA ge fVIi.kh
djrs gSa fd mPp Øe osQ vodyu Hkh blh izdkj fd, tkrs gSaA
d2y
mnkgj.k 34 ;fn y = x3 + tan x gS rks Kkr dhft,A
dx 2
gy fn;k gS fd y = x3 + tan x gSA vc
dy
= 3x2 + sec2 x
dx
d2y d ( 2
blfy, 2 =
3x + sec 2 x )
dx dx
= 6x + 2 sec x . sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x

d2y
mnkgj.k 35 ;fn y = A sin x + B cos x gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd + y = 0 gSA
dx 2

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 147

gy ;gk¡ ij
dy
= A cos x – B sin x
dx
d2y d
vkSj 2 = (A cos x – B sin x)
dx dx
= – A sin x – B cos x = – y
d2y
bl izdkj +y=0
dx 2
d2y dy
mnkgj.k 36 ;fn y = 3e2x + 2e3x gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd 2
− 5 + 6y = 0
dx dx
gy ;gk¡ y = 3e2x + 2e3x gSA vc
dy
= 6e2x + 6e3x = 6 (e2x + e3x)
dx
d2y
blfy, = 12e2x + 18e3x = 6 (2e2x + 3e3x)
dx 2
d2y dy
vr% 2
−5 + 6y = 6 (2e2x + 3e3x)
dx dx
– 30 (e2x + e3x) + 6 (3e2x + 2e3x) = 0
d2y dy
mnkgj.k 37 ;fn y = sin–1 x gS rks n'kkZb, fd (1 – x2) 2
− x = 0 gSA
dx dx
gy ;gk¡ y = sin–1 x gS rks
dy 1
=
dx (1 − x 2 )
dy
;k (1 − x 2 ) =1
dx
d  dy 
 (1 − x ) ⋅  = 0
2
;k dx dx

;k (1 − x 2 ) ⋅
d 2 y dy d
+ ⋅
dx 2 dx dx
( )
(1 − x 2 ) = 0

Rationalised 2023-24
148 xf.kr

d 2 y dy 2x
;k (1 − x 2 ) ⋅ 2
− ⋅ =0
dx dx 2 1 − x 2

d2y dy
vr% (1 − x 2 ) 2
−x =0
dx dx
fodYir% fn;k gS fd y = sin–1 x gS rks
1
y1 = , vFkkZr~ (1 − x 2 ) y 2 = 1
1− x 2 1

vr,o (1 − x 2 ) ⋅ 2 y1 y2 + y12 (0 − 2 x ) = 0
vr% (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0

iz'ukoyh 5-7
iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 rd esa fn, iQyuksa osQ f}rh; dksfV osQ vodyt Kkr dhft,%
1. x2 + 3x + 2 2. x 20 3. x . cos x
4. log x 5. x3 log x 6. ex sin 5x
7. e6x cos 3x 8. tan–1 x 9. log (log x)
d2y
10. sin (log x) 11. ;fn y = 5 cos x – 3 sin x gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd + y=0
dx 2
d2y
12. ;fn y = cos–1 x gS rks dks osQoy y osQ inksa esa Kkr dhft,A
dx 2
13. ;fn y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x) gS rks n'kkZb, fd x2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0
d2y dy
14. ;fn y = Aemx + Benx gS rks n'kkZb, fd 2
− (m + n) + mny = 0
dx dx
d2y
15. ;fn y = 500e + 600e
7x – 7x
gS rks n'kkZb, fd 2 = 49 y gSA
dx
2
d 2 y  dy 
16. ;fn e (x + 1) = 1 gS rks n'kkZb, fd
y =   gSA
dx 2  dx 
17. ;fn y = (tan–1 x)2 gS rks n'kkZb, fd (x2 + 1)2 y2 + 2x (x2 + 1) y1 = 2 gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 149

fofo/ mnkgj.k
mnkgj.k 38 x osQ lkis{k fuEufyf[kr dk vodyu dhft,%
1
(i) 3x + 2 + (ii) log7 (log x)
2 x2 + 4

gy
1 1
1 −
(i) eku yhft, fd y = 3x + 2 + = (3x + 2) 2 + (2 x + 4)
2 2
gSA
2 x2 + 4

2
è;ku nhft, fd ;g iQyu lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa x > − osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA blfy,
3
1 1
dy 1 −1 d  1 − −1 d
= (3 x + 2 ) 2 ⋅ ( 3 x + 2 ) + −
  ( 2 x 2
+ 4 ) 2 ⋅ ( 2 x 2 + 4)
dx 2 dx 2 dx
1 3
1 −  1 −
= (3x + 2) 2 ⋅ (3) −   (2 x + 4) 2 ⋅ 4 x
2
2 2
3 2x
= −
2 3x + 2 3
(2x2 + 4) 2
2
;g lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa x > − osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA
3
log (log x)
(ii) eku yhft, fd y = log 7 (log x) = (vk/kj ifjorZu osQ lw=k }kjk)
log 7
leLr okLrfod la[;kvksa x > 1 osQ fy, iQyu ifjHkkf"kr gSA blfy,
dy 1 d
= (log (log x))
dx log 7 dx
1 1 d
= ⋅ (log x )
log 7 log x dx
1
=
x log 7 log x

Rationalised 2023-24
150 xf.kr

mnkgj.k 39 x osQ lkis{k fuEufyf[kr dk vodyu dhft,%

 sin x   2 x +1 
(i) cos – 1 (sin x) (ii) tan −1   (iii) sin −1  
 1 + cos x   1 + 4x 
gy
(i) eku yhft, fd f (x) = cos – 1 (sin x) gSA è;ku nhft, fd ;g iQyu lHkh okLrfod
la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA ge bls fuEufyf[kr :i esa fy[k ldrs gSaA
f (x) = cos–1 (sin x)
−1  π  π
= cos  cos  − x  , since − x ∈ [0.π]
 2  2
π
= −x
2
vr% f ′ (x) = – 1 gSA
 sin x 
(ii) eku yhft, fd f (x) = tan – 1   gSA è;ku nhft, fd ;g iQyu mu lHkh
 1 + cos x 
okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS ftuosQ fy, cos x ≠ – 1, vFkkZr~ π osQ leLr
fo"ke xq.ktksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ge bl iQyu dks
fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls iqu% O;Dr dj ldrs gSa%
−1  sin x 
f (x) = tan  
 1 + cos x 
 x  x 
 2 sin   cos   
−1 2 2 −1   x  x
= tan   = tan  tan    =
 2cos 2
x    2  2
 2 

x
è;ku nhft, fd ge va'k rFkk gj esa cos   dks dkV losQ] D;ksafd ;g 'kwU; osQ cjkcj
2
1
ugha gSA vr% f ′ (x) = gSA
2
 2x + 1  .
(iii) eku yhft, fd f (x) = sin – 1   gSA bl iQyu dk izkar Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa mu
 1 + 4x 

2 x +1 2 x +1
lHkh x dks Kkr djus dh vko';drk gS ftuosQ fy, −1 ≤ ≤ 1 gS
A D;ks
f
a d lnSo
1 + 4x 1 + 4x

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 151

2 x +1
/u jkf'k gS] blfy, gesa mu lHkh x dks Kkr djuk gS ftuosQ fy, ≤ 1 , vFkkZr~ os
1 + 4x
1
lHkh x ftuosQ fy, 2x + 1 ≤1 + 4x gSA ge bldks 2 ≤ + 2x izdkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa]
2x
tks lHkh x osQ fy, lR; gSA vr% iQyu izR;sd okLrfod la[;k osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA vc
2x = tan θ j[kus ij ;g iQyu fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls iqu% fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
x +1
−1  2 
f (x) = sin  x 
1 + 4 

−1  2 ⋅ 2 
x

= sin  2
1 + ( 2 x ) 

−1  2 tan θ 
= sin 
1 + tan 2 θ 
= sin –1 [sin 2θ] = 2θ = 2 tan – 1 (2x)
1 d
vr% f ′ (x) = 2 ⋅ ⋅ (2 x )
1 + (2 )
x 2 dx

2
= ⋅ (2 x )log 2
1 + 4x
2 x + 1 log 2
=
1 + 4x
mnkgj.k 40 ;fn lHkh 0 < x < π osQ fy, f (x) = (sin x)sin x gS rks f ′ (x) Kkr dhft,A
gy ;gk¡ iQyu y = (sin x)sin x lHkh /u okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSA y?kqx.kd
ysus ij
log y = log (sin x)sin x = sin x log (sin x)
1 dy d
vc = (sin x log (sin x))
y dx dx
1 d
= cos x log (sin x) + sin x . ⋅ (sin x)
sin x dx
= cos x log (sin x) + cos x
= (1 + log (sin x)) cos x

Rationalised 2023-24
152 xf.kr

dy
vc = y((1 + log (sin x)) cos x) = (1 + log (sin x)) ( sin x)sin x cos x
dx
dy
mnkgj.k 41 /ukRed vpj a osQ fy, , Kkr dhft,] tgk¡
dx
1 a
rFkk x =  t +  gSA
t+ 1
y=a t,
t
gy è;ku nhft, fd nksuksa y rFkk x, leLr okLrfod la[;k t ≠ 0 osQ fy, ifjHkkf"kr gSaA Li"Vr%

( )
1
dy d t +1 t+ d  1
= t = a t
 t +  . log a
dt dt a dt  t 
1
t+  1
 1 − 2  log a
t
= a
 t 
a −1
dx  1 d  1
blh izdkj = a t +  ⋅ t + 
dt  t dt  t 
a −1
 1  1
= a t +  ⋅ 1 − 2 
 t  t 
dx
≠ 0 osQoy ;fn t ≠ ± 1 gSA vr% t ≠ ± 1 osQ fy,
dt
1
dy t+  1 1
a t  1 − 2  log a t+
dy dt  t  a t log a
= = a −1 = a −1
dx dx  1  1  1
a t + ⋅  1 −  a  t + 
dt  t  t2   t
mnkgj.k 42 e cos x osQ lkis{k sin x dk vodyu dhft,A
2

gy eku yhft, fd u (x) = sin2 x rFkk v (x) = e cos x gSA ;gk¡ gesa du = du / dx Kkr djuk gSA Li"Vr%
dv dv / dx
du dv
= 2 sin x cos x vkSj = e cos x (– sin x) = – (sin x) e cos x gSA
dx dx
du 2sin x cos x 2cos x
vr% = = − cos x
dv − sin x e cos x
e

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 153

vè;k; 5 ij fofo/ iz'ukoyh

iz'u la[;k 1 ls 11 rd iznÙk iQyuksa dk] x osQ lkis{k vodyu dhft,%
1. (3x2 – 9x + 5)9 2. sin3 x + cos6 x
3. (5x)3 cos x 2x 4. sin–1(x x ), 0 ≤x ≤1.
x
cos −1
5. 2 , – 2 < x < 2.
2x + 7
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  π
6. cot −1  ,0<x<
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  2
log x
7. (log x) , x > 1
8. cos (a cos x + b sin x), fdUghaa vpj a rFkk b osQ fy,
π 3π
9. (sin x – cos x) <x<
(sin x – cos x)
,
4 4
10. xx + xa + ax + aa, fdlh fu;r a > 0 rFkk x > 0 osQ fy,
x2
−3
+ ( x − 3) , x > 3 osQ fy,
2
11. xx
π π
12. ;fn y = 12 (1 – cos t), x = 10 (t – sin t), − < t < rks dy Kkr dhft,A
2 2 dx
dy
13. ;fn y = sin–1 x + sin–1 1 − x 2 , 0 < x < 1 gS rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
14. ;fn – 1 < x < 1 osQ fy, x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd
dy 1
=−
dx (1 + x )2
15. ;fn fdlh c > 0 osQ fy, (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = c2 gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd

3
  dy 2  2
1 +   
  dx   , a vkSj b ls Lora=k ,d fLFkj jkf'k gSA
d2y
dx 2
dy cos 2 ( a + y )
16. ;fn cos y = x cos (a + y), rFkk cos a ≠ ± 1, rks fl¼ dhft, fd =
dx sin a

Rationalised 2023-24
154 xf.kr

d2y
17. ;fn x = a (cos t + t sin t) vkSj y = a (sin t – t cos t), rks Kkr dhft,A
dx 2
18. ;fn f (x) = | x |3, rks izekf.kr dhft, fd f ″ (x) dk vfLrRo gS vkSj bls Kkr Hkh dhft,A
19. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vodyu }kjk cosines
osQ fy, ;ksx lw=k Kkr dhft,A
20. D;k ,d ,sls iQyu dk vfLrRo gS] tks izR;sd ¯cnq ij larr gks fdarq osQoy nks ¯cnqvksa ij
vodyuh; u gks\ vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; Hkh crykb,A
f ( x ) g ( x) h( x ) f ′( x ) g ′( x) h′( x)
dy
21. ;fn y = l m n gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd = l m n
dx
a b c a b c
22. ;fn y = e a cos −1 x , – 1 ≤x ≤1, rks n'kkZb, fd
2
(1 − x2 ) d 2y − x dy − a 2 y = 0
dx dx

lkjka'k
® ,d okLrfod ekuh; iQyu vius izkar osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij larr gksrk gS ;fn ml ¯cnq
ij iQyu dh lhek] ml ¯cnq ij iQyu osQ eku osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA
® larr iQyuksa osQ ;ksx] varj] xq.kuiQy vkSj HkkxiQy larr gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~] ;fn f rFkk
g larr iQyu gSa] rks
(f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g (x) larr gksrk gSA
(f . g) (x) = f (x) . g (x) larr gksrk gSA
f  f ( x)
 g  ( x) = g ( x) (tgk¡ g (x) ≠ 0) larr gksrk gSA
 
® izR;sd vodyuh; iQyu larr gksrk gS fdarq bldk foykse lR; ugha gSA
® Ük`a[kyk&fu;e iQyuksa osQ la;kstu dk vodyu djus osQ fy, ,d fu;e gSA ;fn
dt dv
f = v o u, t = u (x) vkSj ;fn rFkk dk vfLrRo gS rks
dx dt
df dv dt
= ⋅
dx dt dx

Rationalised 2023-24
 lkarR; rFkk vodyuh;rk 155

® oqQN ekud vodyt (ifjHkkf"kr izkarksa esa) fuEufyf[kr gSa%

d ( −1 ) d ( −1
cos − 1 x ) =
1
sin x =
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d ( −1 ) 1
tan x =
dx 1 + x2
d ( x) x d 1
e =e ( log x ) =
dx dx x
® y?kqx.kdh; vodyu] f (x) = [u (x)]v (x) osQ :i osQ iQyuksa osQ vodyu djus osQ fy,
,d l'kDr rduhd gSA bl rduhd osQ vFkZiw.kZ gksus osQ fy, vko';d gS fd f (x)
rFkk u (x) nksuksa gh /ukRed gksaA

—v—

Rationalised 2023-24