2022

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BOARD EXAM REVIEWER

INTRODUCTION
by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, MS

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer
ASEAN Engineer

Volume 3 – Agricultural Machinery and Equipment

 DEFINITION

◼ Agricultural Machinery – deals with the study of the application,

use and management of various agricultural machines, tools and
equipment used for production and post-production operations.

◼ Agricultural Mechanization - is the development, manufacture

and extension of appropriate agricultural tools, implements, and
machinery using animal, human, mechanical, electrical, and other
renewable sources of energy for agricultural production and
development and post harvest operations.
 Related Laws

Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Law – Republic Act

10601 (June 5, 2013) – Improving the Agriculture and Fishery Sector
through Mechanization. It covers research, development, and
extension promotion distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing,
regulation, use, operation and maintenance of project implementation
of agricultural and fishery machinery and equipment.

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Law – Republic Act

10915 (July 21, 2016) – An act strengthening, modernizing and
aligning the practice of agricultural engineering in the country into the
internationally recognized practice of agricultural and biosystems
engineering, and for other purposes.
Agricultural and Biosystems Power and
Machinery

Refers to farm power and machinery for the production, harvesting,

processing, storage, manufacture, preserving, transporting and
distribution of agricultural and biological products/materials and
includes, but not limited to, tractors and their attachments, power
tillers, seeders , transplanters, windmills, harvesting machines, crop
protection and maintenance equipment, irrigation equipment and
accessories, greenhouses and thermal conditioning equipment,
livestock, poultry, fishery and forest equipment, slaughter equipment,
meat/fishery and crop processing equipment, post harvest machines
such as milling machines, dryers, threshers, grain and other strippers,
agricultural transport machinery and storage.
Classifications of Agricultural Machines

◼ Agricultural Field Equipment

(1) Agricultural Field Implement
(2) Agricultural Tractors
(3) Self-Propelled Machines

◼ Farmstead Equipment
(1) Livestock Equipment
(2) Waste Handling Equipment
(3) Material Handling Equipment
(4) Crop Drying and Storage Equipment
(5) Others
◼ Agricultural Field Equipment – This are equipment designed
primarily for agricultural field operation. These include
agricultural tractors, self-propelled machines, implements, and
their combinations.

(1) Agricultural Tractor – A traction machine designed primarily to

supply power to agricultural implements and farmstead
equipment. It propels itself and provides force to the direction of
travel to enable attached soil-engaging and other agricultural
implements to perform their intended function.

(2) Agricultural Implement - An implement that is designed to

perform agricultural operations. This are further classified into:
(a) towed; (b) mounted; and (c) semi-mounted implements.

(3) Self-Propelled Machine – An implement designed with integral

power unit to provide both mobility and power for performing
agricultural operations.
◼ Farmstead Equipment – These are equipment other than
agricultural field equipment used in agricultural operation for the
production of food and fiber. These include livestock equipment,
waste handling system, crop drying and milling systems, material
handling systems, and others.
 Classifications of Agricultural Field
Equipment According to Operation

Tillage Equipment - These include plow and harrow used to prepare the
land to make it ready for seeding and planting operations.

Crop-Establishment Equipment – Place seeds or seedlings in the field

and nurture them until they are well established in the field. These
include seeders, planters, and fertilizer applicators.

Crop-Maintenance Equipment – Maintain the growth of plant until they

become matured and ready for harvesting. These include cultivating.
weeding, spraying, dusting, as well as irrigation equipment.
Harvesting-and-Threshing Equipment - These are equipment used to
gather and separate the produced from the panicles and make it
ready for primary processing operation.

Drying Equipment - These are equipment used to reduce the moisture

of the product to a level that it can be stored with minimum loss from
spoilage.

Milling Equipment - These are equipment used to process the product

ready for consumption.

Storage Equipment - These are equipment used to keep the product

safe from deterioration or spoilage for a prolonged period of storage.
 Agricultural Tractor

Machine used primarily for traction or pulling purposes. It can

also deliver both power for stationary and mobile tasks. It can
pull or tow implement through traction from drive wheel and or
pull implement through the draft developed from the drawbar.
 Plow

Used as primary tillage implement, which constitutes the initial major

soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength,
cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.
• Moldboard Plow – invert soil
• Disk Plow – loosen and invert soil
• Chisel Plow – loosen soil
• Rotary Plow – mix soil
• Subsoiler – deep loosening of soil or hardpan
 Harrow

Used as secondary tillage implement which is designed to control

weed growth and to create specific soil surface configuration before
seeding.
• Disk Harrow
• Peg-Tooth Harrow
• Spring-Tooth Harrow
• Comb Harrow
• Power Harrow
 Power Tiller

Hand-operated machine used to till small sizes of land enough to

replace draft animals.
• Hand Tractor - used for pulling small plows or harrows to
prepare a paddy field.
• Floating-Type Tiller - equipment used for water-logged areas
where ordinary power tiller cannot be used.
 Seeder

Machine used to open a furrow, place the seeds, and cover it in

a prepared soil.
• Drill Planter
• Row Planter
• Broadcaster
• Drum Seeder
 Planter

Machine used to place seedlings or plant parts in a prepared soil.

• Rice Transplanter
• Sugar Planter
 Sprayer

Machine used to break the liquid into droplets of effective size and
to distribute them uniformly over the surface or space to be
protected.
• Compressed-Air Sprayer
• Knapsack Sprayer
• Power Sprayer
• Aerosol Sprayer or Fogging Machine
 Reaper Harvester

Reaper-Windrower – A harvesting machine used to cut the standing

crops and lay them down on the field in an orderly manner in a row.

Reaper-Binder – A harvesting machine used both to cut and to bind

the crops and afterwards lay the stalks bundles on the ground.
 Stripper Harvester

Machine that combines harvesting and threshing into a single

operation. It differs from the combine in that it permits the removal of
grain directly from the head or panicle without cutting the stalks.
 Combine Harvester

Self-propelled machine which harvests and threshes the grains at

the same time making them ready for drying and storage.
• Check-Row or Oriental-Type
• Reel-Type or Western-Type
 Rice Thresher

Machine that separates the rice grains from the panicle.

• Hold-on or Thrown-In
• Axial Flow or Radial Flow
• Peg-Tooth, Wire Loop, or Rasp Bar
• With or Without a Cleaner or Mobile with cleaner
 Sheller
• Machine used to separate seeds from the cobs or pods.
• Corn Sheller
• Peanut Sheller
• Coffee-Bean Sheller
• Coffee Sheller
 Grain Dryer

Machine used to reduce the moisture of the grains from a level that
is in equilibrium with the atmosphere or at about 14%.
• Flatbed Dryer
• Recirculating Dryer
• Continuous-Flow Dryer
• In-Storage Bin Dryer
• Warehouse Dryer
• Flash Dryer
 Rice Mill

Machine used to convert paddy into milled rice.

• Single-Pass Rice Mill and Multiple-Pass Rice Mill
• Rubber Roll, Stone Disc, Steel-Flueted Mill, and Centrifugal
Huller
 Pump

Machine used to lift water at a given flow rate and head.

•Axial Pump
•Centrifugal Pump
•Mixed-Flow Pump
•Lift Pump
•Screw Pump
 Size-Reduction Equipment

Machines used to reduce the size of material in granular or

powdered form either by cutting, shearing, impact or their
combinations.
• Hammer Mill
• Burr Mill
• Steel-Flueted Mill
• Pulverizer
 Biomass Shredder

Machine used to reduce the size of fibrous materials and shattered its
fiber through impact action of the beaters or hammers.
 Grain Storage Equipment

Equipment used to safely store the grains immediately after drying

without significant loss in their quality.
• Bin and Silos
• Bucket Elevator
• Belt Conveyor
• Screw Conveyor
• Etc.
 Terminologies

Arable land - land that can be plowed and used to grow crops.

Arid land - land with scarce water resources where crop is

difficult to grow.

Fallow land – arable land left without sowing for one or more
years to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while
retaining moisture and disrupting the life cycle of pathogens.

Interplanting - practice of planting short-term annual crop with

long-term annual or biennial crop.
Multiple cropping - practice of growing more than one crop on
the same land in one year.

Mixed cropping - practice of growing two or more crops

simultaneously and intermingled with no row arrangement.

Inter-cropping - practice of growing two or more crops in

alternate rows.

Inter culture - practice of cultivating one crop underneath a

perennial crop.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. Application, use and 3. Utilization of hand tools,
management of various agricultural implements for draft animals, and
machines, tools and equipment mechanically-powered machines
used for production and post- for agricultural land development,
production operations. production, harvesting and on-farm
a. Agricultural Mechanization processing.
b. Agricultural Machinery a. Agricultural development
c. Agricultural and Fishery b. Agricultural machinery and
Machinery equipment
d. Agricultural and Food Machinery c. Agricultural mechanization
e. None of the above d. All of the above

2. Machinery and equipment for 4. Equipment designed primarily

the production, harvesting, for agricultural field operation.
processing, storage, manufacture, a. Farmstead Equipment
transportation and distribution of b. Agricultural Implement
agricultural and fishery products. c. Agricultural Field Equipment
a. Agricultural and Fisheries d. Self-Propelled Machine
Machinery e. None of the above
b. Agricultural and Aquacultural
Machinery
c. Agricultural and food machinery
d. Agricultural Machinery
e. None of the above
5. Traction machine designed 16. Practice of growing more than
primarily to supply power to agricultural one crop on the same land in one
implement and farmstead equipment. year.
a. Agricultural Tractor a. Mixed crop
b. Agricultural Implement b. Multiple cropping
c. Agricultural Field Equipment c. Inter-cropping
d. Self-Propelled Machine d. None of the above
e. None of the above
17. Practice of growing two or
6. Implement designed to perform more crops simultaneously and
agricultural operations and is further intermingled with no row
classified as towed, mounted and arrangement.
semi-mounted implements. a. Mixed cropping
a. Agricultural Tractor b. Inter cropping
b. Agricultural Implement c. Multiple cropping
c. Agricultural Field Equipment d. None of the above
d. Self-Propelled Machine
e. None of the above 18. Practice of growing two or
more crops in alternate rows.
7. Practice of planting short-term a. Inter-planting
annual crop with long-term annual or b. Inter-cropping
biennial crop. c. Inter-culture
a. Inter-planting d. All of the above
b. Inter-cropping
c. Inter-culture
d. All of the above
19. Practice of cultivating one crop
underneath a perennial crop.
a. Inter-planting
b. Inter-cropping
c. Inter-culture
d. All of the above