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 Local Government Engineering
Training Manual on QualityDepartment
Control
(Soil, Aggregates & Their Tests )
QCT - 1
Training Manual on Quality Control
(Soil, Aggregates & Their Tests)
QCT -1
Contents

Activity No. Name of Activity Pages

Activity - 1 IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL 6-8

Activity - 2 SAMPLING OF AGGREGATES FOR TESTING 9 - 10

Activity - 3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 11 - 13

Activity - 4 ADGGREGATES AND ITS GRADATION 14 - 26

Activity - 5 LOS ANGLES ABRASION TEST 27 - 29

Activity - 6 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE (AIV) TEST 30 - 31

Activity - 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION ON COMPACTION 32 - 34

Activity - 8 DETERMINATION OF MDD, OMC AND FIELD-DRY- 35 - 49

DENSITY
Activity -9 GENERAL DISCUSSION ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO 50 - 53
(CBR)
Activity -10 STANDARD TEST METHOD (AASHTO-T193) FOR 54 - 66
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO AT LABORATORY
Activity -11 DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER (DCP) TEST FOR FIELD 67 - 72
CBR
Activity - 12 LABORATORY TEST FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT 73 - 74
CONSTRUCTION WORK

Central Training Unit

March, 2015
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 Training Manual on Quality Control
(Soil, Aggregates & Their Tests )
QCT - 1

General Objectives & Specific Objectives:

General objectives of the course

The general objective of this course is to enhance the capacity of Sr. Assistant Engineers, Upazila Engineers
and Assistant Engineers so that they would be able to control the quality of works at field and perform
necessary laboratory tests.

Specific objectives of the Course

Activity: 01 Importance of quality control

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 Describe the importance of quality control
 Define total quality control
 State acceptable quality level of works
 Mention the elements of total quality control
 State the aim of institutionalization of the quality control activities
 Describe the pre-requisite of quality control.

Activity: 02 Sampling of aggregates for testing

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 Define sampling of aggregates
 State Significance and Use of sampling of aggregates for testing
 Describe process of sapling of coarse aggregates from stock pile
 Describe process of sapling of coarse aggregates from roadway

Activity: 03 Soil Classification

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 Define soil
 State broadly division of soil
 Describe detailed Unified Soil Classification System
 Define Plastic limit of soil
 Define Liquid limit of soil
 Define Plasticity index of soil
 State use of plasticity index in civil engineering works.

Activity: 04 Aggregate and its gradation

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 Define aggregates
 Define coarse and fine aggregate
 Define well-graded, poorly graded and uniform graded aggregates
 Describe nominal size of aggregates for concrete work
 Describe nominal size of aggregates for pavement work
 Perform the Sieve Analysis test of Fine Aggregates
 Calculate the FM of Fine Aggregates
 Calculate the combination of fine aggregates to have desired gradation on the basis of FM.

Activity: 05 Los Angles Abrasion Test

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

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  State the use of Los Angeles abrasion test
 Prepare the sample for Los Angeles abrasion test
 Perform the Los Angeles abrasion test
 Calculate the abrasion value
 Prepare report on Los Angeles abrasion test

Activity: 06 Aggregate Impact Value(AIV) test

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 State purpose of the state
 State apparatus required
 Describe test procedure
 Calculate test result
 Report the test result.

Activity: 07 General Discussions on Compaction

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 Define Compaction
 State the objectives of Compaction
 Explain the importance of Compaction
 State the factors affect compaction
 Describe moisture – density relationship of a soil.

Activity: 08 Determination of MDD, OMC and Field-Dry-Density

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:

 Describe basic differences between Standard and Modified Proctor test
 State steps of selection of method for determination of MDD and OMC
 Prepare the sample to be tested for standard proctor test
 Perform the standard proctor test
 Determine the moisture content of soil sample
 Calculate the dry density of soil
 Draw the of moisture versus dry-density
 Determine the OMC of the soil from the curve
 Determine the Maximum Dry Density from standard proctor test
 Perform density test of soil in-place by Sand Cone method
 Calculate the % compaction by Sand Cone method
 Perform density test of soil in-place by Core-Cutter method
 Calculate the dry density of soil in-place by Core-Cutter method
 Calculate the % compaction
 Prepare a report on dry density of soil in-place
 Provide suggestion to the contractor if needed

Activity: 09 General Discussions on California Bearing Ratio

At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:

 Define CBR
 State typical range values of CBR for different soil type
 Describe reasons of CBR test
 State the factor affecting CBR of a soil
 State limitation of CBR method of design of pavement
 Describe some important points recommended by IRC for designing of pavement by CBR method
 Describe different layers of road pavement
 Describe the Merits and Limitation of CBR Test.

Activity: 10 Standard Test Method (AASHTO T 193) for CBR at laboratory

At the end of training, participants will be able to:

 State the objective of CBR test

 Prepare a list of equipment required for CBR test

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  Prepare the sample to be tested for standard Test
 Perform the standard Test
 Calculate the swell as a percentage of the initial sample depth
 Perform the Penetration test
 Calculate the CBR
 Calculate the dry density of soil
 Draw the dry-density versus CBR Relationship
 Describe the proving ring and its calibration
 Find out the time of re-calibration.

Activity: 11 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Test

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 Describe the significance and use of DCP test
 List the apparatus required for DCP test
 Describe the procedures of DCP test
 Perform DCP test
 Interpret the DCP Results

Activity: 12 Test frequency of the construction work for quality control

At the end of session, the participants will be able to:

 State the test frequency of different construction works.

ACTIVITY - 1

IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL

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Quality control increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in
constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be
required.

As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are
made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these
preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance
are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these
original design and planning decisions.

With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the
specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely
important.

Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand
the requirements for conformance.

Quality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of
material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design.
These minimum standards are contained in the specifications. For the purpose of insuring
compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or
rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance
or violation of the relevant design specifications.

An implicit assumption in the traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable
quality level which is allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or
work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective
percentage is within the acceptable quality level.

In the total quality control system, no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction
process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an
organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by
substantial amounts year after year.

Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and
typically involves many elements. These are:

- Designing

- Quality of supplied materials

- Construction procedures

- Extensive training for personnel,

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 - Detecting of defects

- Quality of inspectors

- Quality of contractors

- Skill of workers,

- Equipment used and its maintenance

Construction is an art, and as with arts the goal is quality. Quality is usually defined as the ability of a
product or service to satisfy a given need and hence “fitness for use”. Adequate quality control during
construction constitutes a very essential activity for ensuring technically sound civil engineering
structures.

Failures and inadequacies in many structures are due to inadequate attention to quality control during
design and construction. Lack of proper knowledge in respect of material testing and quality
control is also one of the main factors that has been responsible for failure of structures.

Quality control is a part of the contractors program to assure compliance with the quality
requirements spelt out in the documents that constitute the contract between the contractor and the
owner.

Quality assurance or acceptance is the owner responsibility and it is an important investment. Just as
an effective quality control program pays for the contractor, an effective quality assurance program
also pays for the owner. The lack of an effective quality assurance program can have significant long-
term costs for the owner.

The aim of institutionalizing of the quality control activities:

 To establish accountability as well as to justify the feasibility of investment

 To have technically sound and durable structure
 To reduce maintenance cost
 To have economic and safe structural design.

Pre-requisite of quality control

The prerequisite for effective quality control of Infrastructure development projects are as follows:

 Standard construction specification for all item of works should be provided for effective
control. The specification should be clearly stated and methods of construction should also be
written as the contractors may have little qualified technical and skilled personnel.

 Well-equipped laboratory for quality control activities should be set up with adequately
trained staff.

 Periodic appraisal of the quality control data should be prepared, reviewed not only for
implementation during construction but also for effective possible improvements in quality
control and construction techniques in future.

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  To impart training to the site supervision staff and contractors staff continuously before the
start of each individual section of the project.

 Provision for the cost of QC should be duly incorporated in the estimate and specifications.

ACTIVITY 02

SAMPLING OF AGGREGATES FOR TESTING

(ASTM D75)

Sampling:

Methodology adopted to collect actual representative sample from construction materials/finished

road layers/ structures etc.

Scope:

This practice covers sampling of coarse and fine aggregates for:

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  Preliminary investigation of the potential source of supply
 Control of the product at the source of supply
 Control of the operations at the site of use and
 Acceptance or rejection of the materials

Significance and Use:

Sampling is equally as important as the testing, and the sampler shall use every precaution to obtain
samples that will show the nature and condition of the materials which they represent. Samples for
tests to be used in acceptance or rejection decisions by the purchaser are obtained by the purchaser or
his authorised representative.

Standard Practice (ASTM D 75) For Sampling Aggregates:

Sampling from stockpiles:

 Avoid sampling coarse aggregate or mixed course and fine aggregate from stockpiles
whenever possible, particularly when the sampling is done for the purpose of determining
aggregate properties that may be dependent upon the grading of the sample.
 If circumstances make it necessary to obtain samples from a stockpile of coarse aggregate or a
stockpile of combined coarse and fine aggregate, design a sampling plan for the specific case
under consideration.
 This approach will allow the sampling agency to use a sampling plan that will give a
confidence in results obtained there from that is agreed upon by all parties concerned to be
acceptable for the particular situation.
 The sampling plan shall define the number of samples necessary to represent lots and sub-lots
of specific sizes.
 Ensure to minimize segregation
 Surface of source if contaminated, should be removed

Take sample from:

a. The top third
b. The mid-point
c. At the bottom third.

Sampling from Roadway (Bases and Sub-base):

 Sample by a random method, from the construction site.

 Obtain at least three approximately equal increments (quantity), selected at random from the
unit being sampled, and combine to form a field sample.
 Take all increments (quantity) from the roadway for the full depth of the material, taking care
to exclude any underlying material.
 Clearly mark the specific are as from which each increment is to be removed; a metal template
placed over the area is a definite aid in securing approximately equal increment weights
(quantity).
 Combine them to form a field sample

Number and mass of field sample:

 Depends on the variation in the properties
 Minimum three, sufficient number to give the confidence

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  Combine to compose the field sample
 Mass to meet the test sample requirement.

Sample Identification Tag:

Sample No.:--------------------- Upazila:-------------------------- District: ---------------------

Project Name:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Location/ Chainage:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sampled by :----------------------------------------------------------- Date:-----------------------

Sample Description/Brand, Etc.:--------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantity (kg/No.):---------------------------- Quantity Represented: -----------------------

Remarks:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Signature with date:---------------------------------- Designation:-----------------------------

Note: One identification tag on the outside and Another inside of the container

ACTIVITY- 3

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Soil: To the civil engineer, soil is any un-cemented or weakly cemented accumulation of mineral
particles formed by weathering of rocks, the void space between the particles containing water and /
or air.
If the products of weathering remain at their original location they constitute a residual soil.
If the products are transported and deposited in a different location they constitute a transported soil,
the agents of transportation being gravity, wind, water and glaciers. During transportation the size
and shape of particles can undergo change and the particles can be sorted into size ranges.

Broadly soils are divided in two groups:

i) Non-Cohesive Soil:
Some of the individual grains will be visible to naked eye, rough granular appearance, in dry
condition when squeezed in hand and when released it will not form into ball. In wet condition

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 may form a ball but will crumble when lightly touched. Cannot be form into ribbon without
crack.

ii) Cohesive soil:

Particles too small to be seen. Lumps difficult to break between fingers, sticks to hand when
wet. In dry condition forms a stiff lump which can be freely handled without breaking. In wet
condition forms a soft ball which can be freely handled without breaking. Can be formed into
long thin ribbons and also worked into a compact ball.
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS):
The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering
and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied
to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol.
Each letter is described below (with the exception of Peat):
First and/or second letters:

Symbol Definition Symbol Definition

G Gravel P Poorly graded (uniform particle sizes)

S Sand W Well-graded (diversified particle sizes)

M Silt H High plasticity

C Clay L Low plasticity

O Organic

The initial description of the soil is based on the grain size (Unified Soil Classification System),
which is shortly given below:
Sieve # 200 ( 75 micron )
Coarse grained soil Fine grained soil,
(if more than 50% is retained) (if more than 50% passes)
Sieve # 4
If more than 50% If more than 50% passes.
retained. Silt, Clay, Organic

Gravel Sand

Detailed classification is given below:

Symbol chart

Major divisions Group Typical names

symbol
Coarse -grained clean gravel
gravel GW Well-graded gravel, gravel-sand
soils (more than mixtures, little or no fines
> 50% of coarse <5% smaller than
50% of materials fraction retained #200 Sieve
retained on No. GP Poorly graded gravel, gravel-sand
on No. 4
200 (0.075mm) mixtures, little or no fines
(4.75 mm) sieve
sieve.
gravel with fines GM Silty gravels, gravel-sand-clay
(appreciable mixtures

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 amount of fines) GC Clayey gravel, gravel-sand-clay
mixtures
clean sand
sand SW Well-graded sands, gravelly sands,
≥ 50% of coarse (little or no fines) little or no fines
fraction passes
No.4 sieve SP Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands,
little or no fines
sand with fines SM Silty sands, Sand-silt mixture
(appreciable
amount of fines) SC Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures
Fine -grained Silt and clay Inorganic ML Inorganic silts and very fine sands,
soils Liquid limit <50 rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands, or
(more than 50% clayey silts with slight plasticity
of materials
passes on No. CL Inorganic clays of low to medium
200 (0.075mm) plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays,
sieve. silty clays, lean clays

Organic OL Organic silts and organic silty clays of

low plasticity

Silt and clay Inorganic MH Inorganic silts, fine sandy or silty

Liquid limit ≥ 50 soils, elastic silts

CH Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat

clays

Organic OH Organic clays of medium to high

plasticity, organic silts

Highly organic soils Pt Peat and other highly organic soils

The liquid limit and plastic limits are used internationally for soil classification of cohesive soil
and for strength correlations.

Plastic Limit ( PL ) :
The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content below which the soil behaves as a non-plastic
material. The plastic limit ( P L ) is an indication of percentage of moisture content at which the soil
changes from a semi-solid to a plastic state.

Liquid limit ( LL ) :
The liquid limit of a soil is the moisture content below which the soil is plastic. The liquid limit ( L L )
is an indication of the percentage of moisture content at which the soil changes from a plastic state
to a viscous liquid state.

The relative locations of the plastic limit P L and Liquid limit LL for a soil are shown on the water
content scale are given below:

Soil non-plastic Plastic range of soil Soil behave as

Semi-solid viscous fluid

PI = LL – PL

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 PL LL

Water content Scale

The difference between the liquid limit ( L L ) and plastic limit ( P L ) is the plasticity index (PI )and
this gives a good identification of the amount of clay present in the soil. Higher the PI, the greater
amount of clay present.

Generally, soils with higher LL and greater PI are less suitable for use in engineering. Organic
or fibrous soils and man-made waste materials are classed as organic soils and are usually
unsuitable for use in engineering.

There are two methods for determining the liquid limit of a soil, one is Casagrande apparatus and
another is Cone penetrometer.

The plastic limit test is performed by making a thread of 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) diameter between the
fingers and by observing the pressure required.
These methods are not discussed here.

ACTIVITY- 4

AGGREGATES AND IT’S GRADATION

Aggregates:
Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used
in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo-synthetic
aggregates.
Aggregates of different sizes are being used as natural filler in concrete and road construction.
Aggregates should be durable, strong, tough, well graded and free from harmful ingredients. If
aggregates are weak, then whatever the quality of cement/ mix-proportion/ water-cement ratio/
compaction/curing, etc., the concrete will also be weak.
For durable road surface/wearing course in addition to other factors the aggregates must have proper
resistance against abrasion.
Aggregates are used in many civil engineering and construction applications including:
a) Reinforced concrete/ Plain concrete
b) Asphalt concrete
c) Base materials for roads
d) Ballast (rail road)
e) Foundation
f) Plaster, mortar, grout, filler materials, etc.

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To control the quality of aggregates the following should be followed:
 Aggregates shall be stored on a hard and dry patch of ground covered with a 50 mm thick
layer of lean concrete;
 Each size of coarse aggregate and the fine aggregate shall be kept separated at all times;
 Contamination of the aggregates by the ground or other foreign materials shall be effectively
prevented at all times;
 Each heap of aggregate shall be capable of draining freely;
 The aggregate shall be handled so as to avoid segregation

Coarse aggregate:

Coarse aggregate shall be obtained from breaking hard durable rock or gravel,
1st class bricks or Picked Bricks. Coarse aggregate shall be clean, free from dust and
other deleterious materials. The grading of the coarse aggregate shall be such that when combined
with the approved fine aggregates, it shall produce a workable mixture of maximum density.
Aggregates which are larger than ASTM #4 sieve or 4.75 mm are coarse aggregates.

Fine aggregate:
Fine aggregates shall be angular (gritty to touch), hard and durable, free from clay, mica and soft
flaky pieces. Sand shall be clean and free from injurious amount of organic impurities.
Aggregates which are passes 4.75 mm and retain on 0.075 mm ( ASTM #200 sieves) are fine aggregates.
Fine aggregates for use in the concrete and masonry work shall be non-saline and must be well
washed and clean before use. Well graded sand should be used for cement work as it adds to the
density of the mortars and concretes. Sand required for brick work needs to be finer that for concrete
work.

Pea Gravels:
Pea Gravels are natural particles ranging from 9.5 mm or 3/8 inch to 2.36 mm or 0.093 inch (ASTM
#8 sieve). Presently, LGED is not using pea gravel in any construction work.

Gravels:
Gravels are natural particles passing 75 mm sieve but are retained on 4.75 mm sieve (No. 4 sieve).
So, Sieve #4 is the demarcation line according to ASTM. But according to AASHTO the demarcation
line between Sand and Gravel is #10 sieve or 2.00 mm.
ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials.
AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Gradation of Aggregates:

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Gradation refers to the grain-size composition of a material or the amount of various particle sizes.
Gravels and sands are either well-graded or poorly-graded.
Well-graded materials have various amounts of larger and smaller particles such that the voids
between the larger particles can be filled with smaller and smaller particles to make a tight, dense and
stable mass.
Poorly-graded or uniformly graded materials may have all the particles of nearly same particle
size, or some of the intermediate sizes are missing, such that it does
not meet the requirements of a well-graded material.
The term “gap-graded” is used to indicate an aggregate in which some of the intermediate sizes are
missing.
As mentioned above, the aggregate should be well graded.

Gradation of aggregates of Concrete work and Pavement work according to LGED

Specifications are given below:

A) Concrete Works:
Grading for nominal size coarse aggregate shall comply with the following ASTM C-33
standard gradations:

20mm nominal size Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Size (mm) % Passing by Weight

25 100
19 90-100
9.50 20-55
4.75 0-10
2.36 0-5

Sand shall be well graded from coarse to fine within the limits given below or shall conform to the
specified Fineness Modulus.

Fine aggregate for concrete

Sieve Size (mm/ micron) % Passing by Weight
9.5 100
4.75 95-100
2.36 80-100
1.18 50-85
600 25-60
300 10-30
150 2-10
B) Pavement works:

i) Aggregate Grading for Sub-Base course:

Sieve Size For graded Sub-Base Course

% Passing by Weight
38 mm 100
20 mm 55-95
10 mm 35-75
4.75 mm 25-60

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 2.36 mm 15-50
600 micron 10-35
300 micron 10-25
75 micron 5-15

ii) Grading Requirements for Base Course/WMM:

Sieve Size % Passing by Weight

38 mm 100
20 mm 60-80
10 mm 40-60
4.75 mm 25-45
2.36 mm 15-32
600 micron 10-20
75 micron 0-15

iii) Aggregate Grading for Bituminous Carpeting (BC):

Sieve Size 25 mm Dense 40 mm Dense 50/40 mm 25 mm

Graded BC Graded BC nominal BC nominal BC

% passing by % passing by weight % passing by % passing by

weight weight weight
25mm 100 100 100 -
20mm 100 75 – 100 75 – 100 100
16mm 100 - - -
12.5mm 75-100 60 -80 - -
10mm 60-80 - 35 – 62 40 – 65
4.75mm 35-55 35 – 55 15 – 35 20 – 40
2.36mm 20-35 20 – 35 5 – 20 8 – 22
600 micron 10-20 6 – 18 - -
75 micron 2-8 2-8 0-4 0-5

iv) Aggregate Grading for Bituminous Seal Coat (SC)

Sieve Size For 7 mm Seal Coat For 12 mm Seal Coat

% Passing by weight % Passing by weight

10 mm - 100
6.3 mm 100 80 – 100
4.75 mm 80-100 70 – 95
2.36 mm 70-95 20 – 50
600 micron 20-50 5 - 15
75 micron 5-15 2 - 10

Brief description of items of schedule of rates July 2012 are given below:

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 Item Code 3.2.02.02: Providing compacted aggregate sand sub-base course with 38mm down Crusher run 1st
class bricks/picked chips of LAA value not exceeding 40 & sand of minimum FM 0.80 mixed in proportion
1:1 by volume placed in layer(s) to give a maximum compacted thickness of 100mm in a single appropriate
layer, mixing properly, watering, compacting with 8~10 tonne road roller to give compaction to 98% of
MDD (modified) including supplying of all materials, labourers, tools and equipment etc. all complete as per
direction of the E-I-C. Minimum CBR requirement for subbase course is 30 %.

Item Code 3.2.03.06: Providing, laying, spreading and compacting 38mm down graded aggregates as
specified in the relevant item of LGED road design standard or wet mix macadam specification (LAA value
not exceeding 40%) made of 1st class and picked bricks, combining brick chips of different sizes to provide
requisite grading and premixing the material with water at OMC in mechanical mix plant at stack yard
including carriage of mixed material by tipper with proper covering to site, laying in uniform layers of
specified loose thickness not more than 125mm with Grade in base course on well prepared surface and
compacting with 8~10 tonne road roller to achieve soaked CBR not less than 80% at a degree of compaction
to minimum 98% (Modified Proctor) including supply of all materials, their carriage, labors, tools and
equipment etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C.
Item Code 3.2.29.1: 25mm thick compacted pre-mixed bituminous carpeting to be prepared using 16mm
down graded stone-chips (LAA value not exceeding 35%) to comply the gradation as specified, mixed with
heated bitumen of 80/100 or 60/70 penetration grade @ 80 kg of heated bitumen per cum of stone-chips. The
bitumen and stone-chips shall be separately heated to a temperature 140 o C - 155 o C and 150 o C - 170 o C
respectively before mixing. The mixing shall be done at temperature between140 o C - 160 o C at a separate
place away from the fire. The bitumen and stone-chips mixture so prepared shall be laid uniformly in proper
camber, grade and super elevation, only on the prepared and accepted base or surface in the single appropriate
layer to give the specified compacted thickness. The mixture should be rolled with appropriate by Steel Drum
Roller (3-5 tons) & pneumatic multiple tire roller (8-10 tons) to full compaction. The rolling temperature shall
be maintained not bellow 90 o C including supplying of all materials, their carriage, labourers, tools and
equipment etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C. (In order to achieve the specified grading a blending
of nominal maximum size of 16mm, 12mm, 6mm crushed stone chips and stone dust is required. The blended
proportion will have to determine by the laboratory analysis)
Item Code 3.2.30.1: 40mm thick compacted pre-mixed bituminous carpeting to be prepared using 25mm
down graded crushed stone-chips (LAA value < = 35%) to comply the gradation as specified, mixed with
heated bitumen of 80/100 or 60/70 penetration grade @ 76 kg of heated bitumen per cum of stone-chips. The
bitumen and stone-chips shall be separately heated to a temperature 140 o C - 155 o C and 150 o C - 170 o C
respectively before mixing. The mixing shall be done at temperature between140 o C - 160 o C at a separate
place away from the fire. The bitumen and stone-chips mixture so prepared shall be laid uniformly in proper
camber, grade and super elevation, only on the prepared and accepted base or surface in the single appropriate
layer to give the specified compacted thickness. The mixture should be rolled with appropriate by Steel Drum
Roller (3-5 tons) & pneumatic multiple tire roller (8-10 tons) to full compaction. The rolling temperature shall
be maintained not bellow 90 o C including supplying of all materials, their carriage, labourers, tools and
equipment etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C. (In order to achieve the specified grading a blending
of nominal maximum size of 25mm, 12mm, 6mm crushed stone chips and stone dust is required. The blended
proportion will have to determine by the laboratory analysis)

 Please read the above mentioned items and find the sizes of aggregates.

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Standard Method (ASTM C 136) for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates

i) Determination of Fineness Modulus (FM) of Sand:

Sand shall be well graded from coarse to fine within the limits or shall conform to the specified
fineness Modulus (FM).

Sieve:
A sieve is a wire screen with uniform, specified openings. Sieve analysis is performed by shaking the
sand through a stack of standard sieves.

Apparatus:

 Suitable sizes of sieves for testing the soil:

#4, #8, #16, #30, #50, #100, #200
 Brush for cleaning the sieves
 1000 gms. capacity balance of 0.1 gm.
sensitivity .
 Oven for drying soil (1100c ± 50c)
 Large pan for keeping soil
 Wooden hammer for breaking soil lods.
Figure given at left side shows the arrangement of
sieves used for actual test. The arrangement is such
that the sieve with the largest opening is placed at
the top followed by next finer sieve and so on. The
sieves commonly used for the analysis of fine-
grained soils are given in sieve analysis sheet along
with their openings.

A Set of Sieves and Mechanical Shaker

Procedure:

1) Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature 110 0 ± 50 c;

2) Select with care a test sample representative of the sand to be tested, break the Sand into its
individual particles with the fingers or wooden hammer.
3) Weigh to 0.1 gm a specimen of approximately 100/500 gm of dried sand.
4) Clean the sieves and weigh each sieve to 0.1 gm.
5) Sieve the sand through a nest of sieves by hand shaking using motion of horizontal rotations
or by a mechanical shaker, if available.

19
 (Approximately sample amount will be 100 gm. when at least 95% passing a 2.36mm (#8) sieve
and 500 gm. when at least 85% passing a 4.75mm(#4) sieve & more than 5% retained on a 2.36 mm
sieve.)
6) Weigh to 0.1 gm each sieve and the pan with the sand retained on them.
7) Subtract weights obtained in step one from the weights obtained in step five to obtain the
weight of sand retained on each sieve.
8) Add weight of sand retained in each sieve obtained in step six and check against the total
weight of sand taken in step.
9) Prepare a table similar to given table and enter all data in it. Calculate the percentage finer.
10) The recording of data for sieve analysis of sand sample and related calculations are shown in
table given below:

Cumulative % retained = Summation of percentages retained on all sieves above the sieve in
consideration including % retained on the sieve itself.

 Cumulative % retained up to sieve #100

Fineness modulus (FM) =
100

20
 GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH
LO C AL G O VERNMENT ENG INEERING DEPARTMENT
C ENTRAL Q UALITY C O NTRO L UNIT
Ag a rg a o n , Sh e r-e -Ba n g la Na g a r, Dh a ka -1207

SIEVE ANALYSIS (FM o f sa nd )

C lie n t : SINAMM En g in e e rin g Lim it e d . Re f. No . & Da t e : Nil, Da t e : 04.09.12

Sc h e m e : C o n st ru c t io n o f Sc h o o l-c u m -C yc lo n e Sh e lt e r o f p a c ka g e -3 (c o nc re te mix d e sig n)
Sa m p le No : 01 Typ e o f Sp e c im e n : Lo c a l sa n d

Sa m p le d b y : Ab d u lla h Al Ma m u n , PE. Sa m p le d Da t e : 26.09.12

Q u a n t it y Re c e iv e d : 1.5 c um Q u a n t it y Re p re se n t e d : N/ M
La b . Re g ist ra t io n No . : Da t e o f Te st : 26.09.12

Wt . o f d ry Sa m p le + C o n t a in e r = 125.0 g m
Wt . o f C o n t a in e r = 25.0 g m
Wt . o f d ry Sa m p le = 100.0 g m
SIEVE ANALYSIS DATA
Sie v e We ig h t Pe rc e n t C u m u la t iv e Pe rc e n t
Size Re t a in e d Re t a in e d Pe rc e n t Pa ssin g Sp e c ifie d Limit
In c h mm (g m ) Re t a in e d

3/ 4 19.0 0.0 0 0 100

3/ 8 9.5 0.0 0 0 100

#4 4.75 0.0 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.0 0.0 0.0 100

# 16 1.18 0.0 0.0 0.0 100

# 30 0.600 2.7 2.7 2.7 97

# 50 0.300 39.4 39.4 42.1 58

# 100 0.150 46.7 46.7 88.8 11

# 200 0.075 10.2 10.2 99.0 1.0

Pa n 0.9 0.9 100

To t a l w t . 99.9

FM = 1.34 Amo u nt o f silt a nd c la y = 1.0 %

Te st e d b y : Md . Ra b iu l Ha q u e , SAE(Q C ), LG ED, H/ Q .

Su p e rv ise d By : Md . Kh o rsh e d Ala m , Assist sn t En g in e e r (Q C ).

(Md . Ra b iul Ha q ue ) (Md . Kho she d Ala m ) (Md . Ab ul Ba sha r)

Sub -Assist a nt Eng ine e r (Q C) Assist a nt Eng ine e r (Q C) Exe c ut iv e Eng ine e r (Q C)
Ce nt ra l Q ua lit y Co nt ro l Unit , LG ED. Ce nt ra l Q ua lit y Co nt ro l Unit , LG ED. Ce nt ra l Q ua lit y Co nt ro l Unit , LG ED.

ii) Combined Gradation of Aggregates:

21
The aggregates must be well graded for having minimum voids after consolidation/ compaction, for
this; different specifications are available on aggregate for Concrete and Road Construction work
which describe the ranges of particles size. Alternatively sometimes Fineness Modulus (F.M.) is
specified also. However a fine aggregate of F.M. 2 or 2.5 even may not be well-graded. But in
Bangladesh in many construction works, the F.M. is specified and sometimes F.M. is used for
combining aggregate either by calculation (through trials) or by graphical method, aggregates should
be combined, so that different particle sizes remain within the specified range/gradation limit and it
becomes well-graded.
For obtaining either a desired gradation or a desired F.M. economically, blending of different size
aggregates is required so that the composite material conforms to the specification.
Combining of Fine Aggregates on the basis of Fineness Modulus:

The F.M. is defined as the sum of the cumulative percentages retained by the standard sieves 9.5mm,
4.75mm(#4), 2.36(#8), 1.18mm(#16), 0.600mm(#30), 0.300mm(#50), 0.150mm(#100) respectively
and divided by 100.
Coarse sands have F.M. between 2.0 to 2.5 or even higher. However, coarse sands are poorly-graded
and lack in fine grains and it is costlier also. In order to obtain the desired F.M. (say for example 1.8);
local fine sand could be blended with coarse sand in a suitable proportion so that the combined
material have the desired FM (say 1.8).
The number of parts (R), of a local fine sand to be mixed with 1 part of coarse sand in order to obtain
a sand of desired F.M. (say 1.8); could be determined approximately by the following formula:
Fc - Fr
R =
Fr - Ff
Where, FC and Ff are the F.M. of coarse and fine sand respectively and ‘Fr’ is the required or desired
F.M. of the mix.
However as mentioned earlier, whenever possible instead of the above mentioned method; one should
use the methods described later to combine the aggregates; so that the combined material is well-
graded and the different particle sizes are within the desired gradation.
If two or more different variety of sand is mixed together the combined fineness modulus of the
mixed sample can be determined as follows:

m1F1+m2F2+---------------mnFn
F com =
m1+m2+---------------------mn
Where,
Fcom = Combined fineness modulus.
F 1 & F2 = FM of Sample 1 & 2
m 1 & m2 = Amount of Sample 1 & 2

If R is the number of local fine sand to be mixed with the 1 part of coarse sand in order to obtain a
sand of desired F.M. then,

22
 F1 - Fcom Fc - Fr
R = =
Fcom – F2 Fr - Ff

where Fc & Ff are the F.M. of coarse and fine sand respectively and F r is the required F.M. of sand.

Combining of Aggregate to have Desired Gradation:

While there is no specified grading, it may be desirable to proportion the available material in such a
way that the grading of the combined aggregate is similar to the specified one. This can be done by
calculation or by graphically.

By Calculation (through Trial-and-Error)

The basic formula for combining two aggregates is: P = Axa + Bxb -------------- (1)

Since , then , Substituting this into equation-1 and solving for ‘b’ we have,
--------------------------------------------------------- (2)

An expression for ‘ ’ can also be found as, -------------------(3)

Example: Assume that a single aggregate stockpile is to blend with sand to meet grading
requirements for a paving mixture. These are given below in the Table-a, as aggregate ‘A’ and ‘B’.
To make a determination:
 Examine the two gradations to determine which aggregate will contribute
most of the material for certain sizes. In this case, most of the minus (passing)
sieve (#8) aggregate will be furnished by aggregate ‘B’.
 Using the percentages for the (#8) sieve and substituting into equation-3, the proportions are
determined to meet the mid-point of the specification (Table-b).
 Inspection of the blended gradation shows the per cent passing (#200) sieve close to the lower
specification limit. Increase the proportion of aggregate ‘B’ (in this case to 0.55) and compute
the gradation of the revised blend (Table-c).
 Inspection now shows the gradation is critical on the #30 sieve. Reduce the proportion of
aggregate ‘B’ to 0.52 or 0.53 and compute the gradation of the revised blend (Table-d).

Table : Example of Proportioning Two Aggregates by Calculation

(Trial-and-Error)

(Percentage of passing are shown)

a. Grading specification & sieve analysis of aggregates:

Sieve (mm, No.) 19.0 12.5 9.5 #4 #8 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
Specification 100 80-100 70-90 50-70 35-50 18-29 13-23 8-16 4-10
Aggregate-A 100 90 59 16 3.2 1.1 0 0 0
Aggregate-B 100 100 100 96 82 51 36 21 9.2

23
 P A 42.5  3.2
b. First trial combination: For sieve size (#8), b    0.50 ,
B A 82  3.2
a  1  0.50  0.50
Sieve (mm, No.) 19.0 12.5 9.5 #4 #8 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
.0.50  A 50 45.0 29.5 8.0 1.6 0.6 0 0 0
50 50.0 50.0 48.0 41.0 25.5 18.0 10.5 4.6
0.50  B
Total 100 95.0 79.5 56.0 42.6 26.1 18.0 10.5 4.6
Specification 100 80-100 70-90 50-70 35-50 18-29 13-23 8-16 4-10
Passing (#200) sieve size is low, so increase ‘b’ to 0.55, ‘a’ to 0.45
c. Second trial combination:

Sieve (mm, No.) 19.0 12.5 9.5 #4 #8 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200

45 40.5 26.6 7.2 1.4 0.5 0 0 0
55 55.0 55.0 52.8 45.1 28.0 19.8 11.5 5.1
Total 100 95.5 81.6 60.0 46.5 28.5 19.8 11.5 5.1
Specification 100 80-100 70-90 50-70 35-50 18-29 13-23 8-16 4-10
Minus or passing No.30 sieve size is high, let b  0.52 , a  0.48

d. Third trial combination:

Sieve (mm, No.) 19.0 12.5 9.5 #4 #8 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
48 43.2 28.3 7.7 1.5 0.5 0 0 0
52 52 52 49.9 42.6 26.5 18.7 10.9 4.8
Total 100 95.2 80.3 57.6 44.1 27.0 18.7 10.9 4.8
Specification 100 80-100 70-90 50-70 35-50 18-29 13-23 8-16 4-10

24
 G O VERNMENT O F THE PEO PLE'S REPUBLIC O F BANG LADESH
LO C AL G O VERNM ENTENG INEERING DEPARTM ENT
C ENTRAL M ATERIAL TESTING LABO RATO RY
Ag a rg a o n , Sh e r-e -Ba n g la Na g a r, Dh a ka -1207

SIEVE ANALYSIS (Gra d a tio n o f SAND)

Client : SINAMM Engineering Limited. Ref. No. & Date : Nil, Date: 0 4.0 9.12
Scheme : Construction of School-cum-Cyclone Shelter of pa ckage-3 ( co ncre te mix de sig n)
Sample No : 01 Type of Specimen : Coarse Sand
Sampled by : Abdulla h Al Mamun, PE. Sampled Date : 09.09.12
3 N/M
Quantity Received : 1.5 m Quantity represented :
Lab. Registration No. : Date of Test : 10.09.12

Wt. of dry Sa mple + Container = 525.0 gm

Wt. of Container = 25.0 gm
Wt. of dry Sa mple = 50 0 .0 gm

Sieve Weight Percent Cumula tive Percent Specified

Size Retained Reta ined Percent Pa ssing % Rema rks
Inch mm (gm) Reta ined Passing
5/8 9.5 0 .0 0 .0 0 10 0 10 0
#4 4.75 0 .7 0 .1 0 .1 10 0 95-10 0
#8 2.36 18.3 3.7 3.8 96 80 -10 0
# 16 1.18 62.1 12.4 16.2 84 50 -85
# 30 0 .60 0 175.7 35.1 51.4 49 25-60
# 50 0 .30 0 192.0 38.4 89.8 10 10 -30
# 10 0 0 .150 40 .5 8.1 97.9 2.1 2-10
PAN 10 .1
TOTAL wt. 499.4

Gra phica l Presenta tion

120

100
Percent of Passing (%)

80
Lower Limit
60 Mat erial Grada tion
Upp er Limit
40

20

0
0.1 1 10
Sieve Opening (in mm)

Tested by : Md. Rabiul Haque, SAE (QC).

Supervised By : Md. Tariquzzaman, Sr. AE (QC).

( Md. Rabiul Haque ) ( Md. Tariquzzaman ) ( Md. Abul Bashar )

Sub-Assistant Engineer (QC) Sr. Assistant Engineer (QC) Executive Engineer (QC)
Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED.

25
 G O VERNM ENTO F THE PEO PLE'S REPUBLIC O F BANG LADESH
LO C AL G O VERNM ENTENG INEERING DEPARTM ENT
C ENTRAL Q UALITYC O NTRO L UNIT
Ag a rg a o n , Sh e r-e -Ba n g la Na g a r, Dh a ka -1207
Co mb ine d Gra d a tio n o f Ag g re g a te fo r c o nc re te
C lie n t : SINAMM En g in e e rin g Lim it e d . Re f. No . & Da te : Nil, Da t e : 04.09.12

Sc h e m e : C o n st ru c tio n o f Sc h o o l-c u m -C yc lo n e Sh e lt e r o f p a c ka g e -3 (c o nc re te mix d e sig n)

Sa m p le : 19m m d o w n g ra d e d & 12m m d o w n g ra d e d Typ e o f Sp e c im e n : St o n e c h ip s

Sa m p le d b y : Ab d u lla h Al Ma m u n , PE. Sa m p le d Da t e : 16.09.12

La b . Re g ist ra t io n No . : Da t e o f Te st : 17.09.12

Sa m p le No .1 (19m m d o w ng ra d e d )
Sie ve We ig ht re ta ine d Cumula tive Wt. Cumula tive %
% Pa ssing Co mme nts
size (g m) Re ta ine d (g m) Re ta ine d
25.0 0 0 0 100
19.0 2925 2925 12 88
9.5 17240 20165 85 15
4.8 2845 23010 96 4
2.36 600 23610 99 1
Pa n 250 23860 100 0

Sa m p le No .2 (12m m d o w ng ra d e d )
Sie ve We ig ht re ta ine d Cumula tive Wt. Cumula tive %
% Pa ssing Co mme nts
size (g m) Re ta ine d (g m) Re ta ine d
25.0 0 0 0 100
19.0 605 605 4 96
9.5 8935 9540 55 45
4.8 5600 15140 88 12
2.36 1770 16910 98 2
Pa n 360 17270 100 0

Graphical Presentation of combined gradation

120

10 0
Percent of Passing (%)

80
Lower Limit
60 Combined
Upp er Limit
40

20

0
1.0 10 .0 10 0 .0
Sieve Opening (in mm)

Te st e d b y : Md . Ra b iu l Ha q u e , SAE(Q C ), LG ED, H/ Q .
Su p e rv ise d By : Md . En a m u l Ho q u e Kh a n , Sr. Assist sn t En g in e e r (Q C ).
Co mme nts: To o b ta in the g ra d a tio n 34% o f Sa mp le -1 will b e mixe d with 66% o f Sa mp le -2.

(Md. Rabiul Haque) (Md. Enamul Hoque Khan) (Md. Abul Bashar)
Sub-Assistant Engineer (QC) Sr. Assistant Engineer (QC) Executive Engineer (QC)
Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED.

26
 ACTIVITY- 5

LOS ANGELES ABRASION (LAA) TEST

STANDARD TEST METHOD (ASTM C 131)

This test gives a measure of the resistance of an aggregate to abrasion. However, due to wide usage,
the results of this test are very often used as an indication of the general strength and durability of an
aggregate, this is not an entirely desirable trend as more relevant tests are often available for
particular aggregate properties. The test is suitable for aggregate with particle sizes smaller than 37.5
mm (1.5 ").

Apparatus:

Los Angeles Abrasion Machine,

Sieves, Balance

Abrasive Charge:
The charge shall consist of steel
spheres averaging approximately
46.8 mm(1 21/32 inch) in diameter
and each weighing between
390 and 445 gm.
The charge, depending upon the
grading of the test sample shall be as follows:
Grading Number of Spheres Weight of Charge, gm

A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15

The steel spheres may become worn with use and should be periodically checked for compliance with
the above figures.
Sample Preparation :

The field sample shall be obtained in accordance with Practice ASTM D 75 and reduced to test
portion size in accordance with Methods ASTM C 702.
The test sample shall be washed and oven-dried 105 to 110o C to substantially constant weight,
separated into individual size fractions, and recombined to the grading of the table given below
(Grading of Test Samples) most nearly corresponding to the range of sizes in the aggregates as
furnished for the work. The weight of the sample prior to test shall be recorded to the nearest 1 gm.
Grading of Test Samples
Sieve Size (SquareOpenings) Weight of Indicated Sizes Grading

27
 Passing Retained on
A B C D
37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.) 25.0 mm (1 in.) 1250±25 ... ... ...
25.0 mm (1 in.) 19.0 mm (3/4in.) 1250±25 ... ... ...
19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 12.5 mm (1/2in.) 1250±10 2500±10 ... ..
12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8in.) 1250±10 2500±10 ... ...
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 6.3 mm (1/4 in) ... ... 2500±10 ...
6.3 mm (1/4 in.) 4.75mm (#4) ... ... 2500±10 .
4.75 mm (#4) 2.36mm (#8) ... ... ... 5000±10
Total 5 000±10 5 000±10 5 000±10 5 000±10

Test Procedure :
- Place the test sample and the charge in the Los Angeles Testing Machine
and rotate the machine at a speed of 30 to 33 rpm for 500 revolutions.
- After the prescribed number of revolutions, discharge the material from the machine and
make a preliminary separation of the sample on a sieve coarser than the 1.70mm (No. 12).
- Sieve the finer portion on a 1.70mm sieve in a manner conforming to Method C 136 (sieve
analysis).
- Wash the material coarser than the 1.70mm sieve , oven-dry at 105 to 110o C to substantially
constant weight, and weigh to the nearest 1 gm .

Calculation :
The Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA) value is given by:-

(Original sample weight - Final sample weight)

LAA = x 100
Original sample weight
Reporting of Results:

The Los Angeles Abrasion value is reported to the nearest whole number.
The nominal maximum size of the aggregate should be stated.
 Please read the schedule of items as presented in activity- 4 and find the
LAA values.

A FIELD TEST SAMPLE OF LAA TEST IS GIVEN BELOW:

28
 G O VERNMENT O F THE PEO PLE'S REPUBLIC O F BANG LADESH
LO C AL G O VERNMENT ENG INEERING DEPARTMENT
C ENTRAL Q UALITY C O NTRO L UNIT
Ag a rg a o n , Sh e r-e -Ba n g la Na g a r, Dh a ka -1207
RESISTANC E TO ABRASIO N O F C O ARSE AG G REG ATE
BY THE USE O F LO S ANG ELES ABRASIO N TEST (ASTM C -131)

C lie n t : SINAMM En g in e e rin g Lim ite d . Re f. No . & Da te : Nil, Da te : 04.09.12

Sc h e m e : C o n stru c t io n o f Sc h o o l-c u m -C yc lo n e Sh e lt e r o f p a c ka g e -3 (c o nc re te mix d e sig n)
Sa m p le No : 01 Typ e o f Sp e c im e n : Sto n e c h ip s
Sa m p le d By : Ab d u lla h Al Ma m u n , PE. Sa m p le d Da te : 09.09.12
3
Q u a n tity C o lle c t e d fro m Fie ld 15
: m Q u a n tity re p re se n t e d : N/ M
La b . Re g ist ra t io n No . : Da t e o f Te st : 11.09.12

Sie v e size in m m Wt . o f
Te st Ab ra sio n v a lu e , (%)
m a te ria l O t h e r in fo rm a tio n 's. Re m a rks
no . Pa ssin g Re t a in e d = {(W 1 -W 2 )/ W 1 } X100
(g m )

19.0 m m 12.5 m m 2500 g m G ra d in g = "B"

5000 - 3190
X 100
( 5000 )
12.5 m m 9.5 m m 2500 g m No . o f Sp h e re s = 11

1 Wt. o f C h a rg e , g m = 4584 = 36 %

w t . re ta in e d in
# 12 sie v e a ft e r te st
(W 2 ) = 3190
To ta l We ig h t (W 1 ) = 5000 gm

? Fo r "A"-g ra d ing , use 12 b a lls o f t o t a l w e ig ht = 5000 ± 25 g m

? Fo r "B"-g ra d ing , use 11 b a lls o f t o t a l w e ig ht = 4584 ± 25 g m

? Fo r "C"-g ra d ing , use 8 b a lls o f t o t a l w e ig ht = 3330 ± 20 g m

? Fo r "D"-g ra d ing , use 6 b a lls o f t o t a l w e ig ht = 2500 ± 15 g m

? Number of Revolution = 500

Te ste d b y : Md . Yu su f Ali, La b o ra to ry Te c h n ic ia n .

Su p e rv ise d By : Md . Ta riq u zza m a n , Sr. Assist sn t En g in e e r (Q C ).

(Md. Yusuf Ali) (Md. Tariquzzaman) (Md. Abul Bashar)

Laboratory Technician Sr. Assistant Engineer (QC) Executive Engineer (QC)
Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED.

ACTIVITY - 6

29
 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE (AIV) TEST (BS-812)

Purpose of test:

The Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slowly applied
compressive load. With aggregates of Aggregate Impact Value higher than 30 the result may be
anomalous. Also, aggregate sizes larger than 14.0 mm are not appropriate to the aggregate impact
test.

Size of aggregate sample to be tested:

The standard aggregate impact test shall be made on aggregates passing a 14.0 mm test sieve and
retained on a 10.0 mm test sieve. In general, the smaller sizes of aggregates will give a lower impact
value but the relationship between the values obtained with different sizes may vary from one
aggregate to another.

Apparatus

An AIV testing machine of the general form shown in the Figure below and complying with the
following:
- A cylindrical steel cup having an internal
diameter of 102 mm and an internal depth a
of 50 mm.
- A metal hammer weighing 13.5 kg to 14.0
kg the lower end of which shall be
cylindrical in shape, 100 mm diameter and
50 mm long with a 1.5 mm chamfer at the
lower edge, and case hardened.
- Means for raising the hammer and c
allowing it to fall freely between the
vertical guides from a height of 380+5 mm
on to the test sample in the cup, and means
for adjusting the height of fall within 5
mm.
- Automatic recorder. b

- A balance of capacity not less than 500

gm, and accurate to 0.1 gm

a. Lifting Handle
b. Steel Cup
c. Metal Hammer

Test Procedure:

30
  Place the sample in the cup
 Compact by single tamping of 25 strokes
 Adjust the height of the hammer so that its lower face is 380+5 mm above the upper surface
of the aggregates in the cup and then allow it to fall freely on to the aggregates. Subject the
test sample to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than 1
sec. No adjustment for hammer height is required after the first blow.
 Then remove the crushed aggregates by holding the cup over a clean tray.
 Sieve the whole of the sample in the tray, for the standard test, on the 2.36 mm (#8) test sieve
until no further significant amount passes in 1 min.

Calculation:
The ratio of the mass of fines formed to the total sample mass in each test shall be expressed as a
percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal place.
Percentage of the fraction passing the 2.36mm (#8) sieve is the AIV.

B
AIV = X 100
A
Where,
A = weight of surface-dry sample
B = weight of fraction passing the 2.36 mm ((#8)) sieve

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV): The average of two determinations is taken as the Aggregate Impact
Value (AIV).

Reporting of Results

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) is reported to the nearest whole number.

ACTIVITY- 7
GENERAL DISCUSSION ON COMPACTION
Compaction:

31
Compaction of soil is the process by which soil particles are brought closer and packed together in a
denser state through the reduction of air voids, generally by manual/mechanical means.
Compaction and Consolidation:
There is some difference between the two words “Compaction” and “Consolidation” which always
creates confusion. “Compaction” is achieved by the reduction of voids through the expulsion of air-
voids and “Consolidation” is achieved by the reduction of voids through the expulsion of water.
Objectives of Compaction:
The objectives of compaction in Civil Engineering Construction works are the following:
 Increases the density of soil;
 Increases the shear strength and thus the bearing capacity of soil;
 Increases the erosion resistance;
 Decreases the settlement of a structure;
 Decreases the permeability of soil;
 Decreases the water absorption of soil.

Importance of Compaction:
Strength of road layer (Sub-grade, Improved Sub-grade, Sub-base, Base) is generally measured by
CBR (California Bearing Ratio). CBR value depend both on coarseness of material, strength of
material and compaction of that particular layer. On the other hand the stability of embankment or
bearing capacity of a foundation depends on the Shear Strength of soil.
For a particular soil, both the CBR and Shear Strength depends on its compaction. Hence for any
filling work or road/embankment construction, compaction should be checked thoroughly for its
stability and durability.

Calculation of Compaction:

Compaction = Field Dry Density of a certain soil x 100

Maximum Dry Density of the same soil
at laboratory

- Field dry density (In-place dry-density) of the compacted layer is determined during quality
control work by either Sand-Cone or Core-Cutter test.
- Field dry density of compacted layer is compared with the MDD (either Standard or
Modified Proctor test) by calculating the %compaction achieved.
- Both Proctor Density test (at the laboratory) and Field Density Test (at field or construction
site) must be done on the same type of soil.
- However the MDD and OMC could be determined either by Standard Proctor Test or
Modified Proctor Test depending upon the importance and traffic intensity of the road, nature
of soil and type of available compaction equipment.

32
 Test procedures for the determination of MDD/OMC, FDD (Field Dry Density) and finally the
%Compaction achieved are described in this chapter.
Factors that affect compaction:
For a particular type of soil, the factors that affect compaction are;
I) Moisture content of the soil;
II) The compacting effort (Energy)
Compacting effort is defined as the amount of energy imparted to the soil.
Moisture-density relationship:
With a soil of given moisture content, increasing amount of compaction results in closer packing of
soil particles and thus increased dry density. For a particular soil with particular compacting effort
there is only one moisture content which gives the Maximum Dry Density (MDD). The moisture
content at which dry density is maximum is called Optimum Moisture Content (OMC).
For a particular type of soil, if the compacting effort is increased, the MDD also increases but the
OMC decreases.
Checking the Compaction during Construction Work:
Brief Description of one item of the road works of “Schedule of rates July 2012” is given below;

Proving, laying, spreading and compacting 50 mm downgraded crusher run 1 st class and picked brick
chips of LAA value not exceeding 40% including supplying of required amount of 12 mm
downgraded chips made of same quality bricks including supplying and spreading uniformly in layers
of specified loose thickness on road surface maintaining grade, camber and super elevation including
local handling, hand packing, brooming, watering, dry rolling followed by wet rolling in layers with
8-10 tonne road roller to achieve soaked CBR not less than 80% at a degree of compaction to

minimum 98% (Modified Proctor) blinding with local sand as filter material @ 0.012m 3/m2
including cost of materials, labours etc all complete as per direction of the Engineering-in-charge.
After adequate dry rolling sprinkling of water and rolling is to be continued until all the voids are
filled, wave of grout/slury flushes ahead of the roller. Thickness of each layer should not be more
than 125 mm loose and measurement for payment will be made on compacted thickness.

Specified compaction of any road layer (sub-grade, sub-base, base) or embankment is generally
fixed-up by the design engineer based on :
- Different Standards/Codes (AASHTO, ASTM, BS Other)
- From experience, engineering judgement.
For embankment/earth filling work (during fixation of minimum % compaction to be achieved), is
generally fixed-up by the design engineer based on:
- the type of soil,
- type & availability of compacting equipment,
- stability required, etc.
For road construction work, Plasticity Index (PI) and Gradation are selected from the standards and
then CBR test is performed to establish the CBR vs. Dry-Density Relationship curve for the

33
material of specified Gradation and Plasticity Index (PI). Then CBR value is determined from this
CBR vs. Dry-Density Relation curve at the specified minimum % compaction level. Using this
CBR value and traffic load; the thickness of road layer (sub-base, base, etc.) is designed.
For ensuring proper compaction during construction of a embankment, field dry-density is checked
by Sand-Cone or Core-Cutter (Drive-Cylinder) test.
For road construction work, instead of direct CBR determination; generally the Gradation/PI of
combined material, Layer Thickness and %Compaction achieved are tested.
In-place dry density (field dry-density) of the compacted layer is determined during quality control
work by either Sand-Cone or Core-Cutter test.
Field dry density of compacted layer is compared with the MDD (either Standard or Modified Proctor
test) by calculating the %compaction achieved.
If %compaction is less than the specified compaction (say 95%, 98% or other), then the contractor
has to continue compaction work until the specified compaction is achieved.

ACTIVITY-8
DETERMINATION OF MDD, OMC AND FIELD-DRY-DENSITY

Types of Proctor Density Test

For determination of the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of a
soil either the Standard Proctor Test or the Modified Proctor Test is performed; depending on the
specification of a project.
Basic differences between the Standard and Modified Proctor Test are the
following :

Compaction
Mold size Ht. of No. of
Type of Wt. of No. of Energy /Vol.
hammer Blows/
Test hammer Layers ft-lb / ft3
Ht. Dia. drop Layer

Standard 101.6 mm 2.50 kg 304.8 mm

3 25 12,375
Proctor 117mm (4.0 inch) (5.5 Ib) (12 inch)
(AASHTO (4.58 inch)
T-99) 150 mm 2.50 kg 304.8 mm
3 56 -
(6 inch) (5.5 Ib) (12 inch)

Modified 101.6 mm (4.54 kg) 457.2 mm

5 25 56,250
Proctor 117mm (4.0 inch) 10.0 lb 18 inch
(AASHTO (4.58 inch)
T-180) 150 mm (4.54 kg) 457.2 mm
5 56 -
(6 inch) 10.0 lb 18 inch

34
 - The energy applied in Modified Proctor Test is 4.5 times than that of the Standard Proctor
Test.
- MDD obtained from the Modified Proctor Test is about 5 to 10% higher than the MDD
obtained from the Standard Proctor Test for the same material.
- The OMC of Modified Proctor Test is about 2 to 4% lower than that of the Standard Proctor
Test for the same soil. Because due to higher energy applied, the particles in Modified
Proctor test are in a closer position or denser state.
- Generally for low traffic road the Standard Proctor Test and for high traffic road the Modified
Proctor Test is used. Because though the MDD increases by only 5 to 10% but the CBR
may increase even 2 to 3 times (depending on the type of material) for particular degree of
compaction.
- The thickness of sub-base, base, etc. depends upon the CBR of under laying layer. Hence it
gives considerable economy though more compacting energy is required.
- A typical example regarding the difference of the curve of two types of Proctor Density Test
(Standard and Modified) and the soil parameters for a

particular soil is shown below:

(CBR at say 98% of Modified Proctor for the soil) AASHTO T

180

Zero air void line

1950
Dry Density kg/m3

1900

1850
(CBR at say 98% of Standard Proctor
Compaction )found
AASHTO
about T12%
99 for the soil)
1800
AASHTO T 99

1750

1700

1650

1600

1550
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Water Content (%)

The above curve shows that as the compaction effort increases,

– the maximum dry unit weight of compaction increases
the optimum moisture content decreases to some extend .

The densities shown on the zero air voids curve represent theoretical values that are practically
unattainable, because all the air can never be exhausted. We don’t need to discuss on this.

35
Selection of Method for Determination of MDD and OMC:
- Actually CBR value of road layers is the main element to control the quality of a road layer
during construction.
- But direct determination of field CBR (by truck mounted CBR machine) is difficult to
perform and it gives un-soaked CBR. But road is designed on the basis of soaked CBR value.
- From DCP test we can get the field CBR roughly but this is also un-soaked CBR.
- Hence the Gradation and strength of coarse aggregates, PIasticity Index (PI) value of soil and
%compaction achieved, etc. are the tests for ensuring the CBR i.e. quality of road layers.
- The concerned engineer who designing the road, should specify the type of test to be
performed (either Standard or Modified Proctor, either AASHTO or ASTM procedure,
either Method - A, B, C or D).
- For LGED it is recommended to use AASHTO T 99 procedure for MDD and OMC
determination in road and embankment construction. In this Chapter AASHTO T 99 test
procedure is described only and the differences with the AASHTO T180 (or Modified
Proctor) test procedure are mentioned.

There are four alternative methods (AASHTO T99) to determine the moisture-density
relations of soils which are provided below:

Method Mould Diameter Using Soil/ aggregates Materials

Method - A 101.6 mm (4”) Passing 4.75 mm (# 4) Sieve

Method - B 152.4 mm (6”) Passing 4.75 mm (# 4) Sieve

Method - C 101.6 mm (4”) Passing 19.00 mm (3/4” ) Sieve

Method – D 152.4 mm (6”) Passing 19.00 mm (3/4”) Sieve

Discussion on Determination of %compaction:

Field Dry Density of a certain soil

% Compaction = x 100
Maximum Dry Density (MDD)of the
same soil at laboratory

For Field-Dry-Density determination; either Sand-Cone or Drive-Cylinder (Core Cutter) Test may be
performed.
And for MDD determination Standard Proctor Test or Modified Proctor test may be performed.
Determination of MDD: METHOD – A ( 4" mould & Soil passing # 4 Sieve):
Sample Preparation for the Test: The sample is first dried in air, in sun or in oven not exceed 60 o

c .All the soil lumps are then broken with a rubber-covered mallet or wooden hammer but care should
be taken not to break individual coarse particles. Sieve the soil through No.4 sieve. The soil
passing No.4 sieve will be taken for the test.

36
 A representative soil sample of about 3
kg (6.6 Ib) has to be taken. Prior to the
start of the test, the initial moisture
content has to be calculated or
estimated. The moisture content of soil
sample for the first trial should be such
that it is well below the optimum
moisture content. Accordingly water
should be added.

The soils are to be brought to optimum moisture content by adding water if water content is
below optimum and if the water content is above optimum, it is to be dried in sun.
Before adding the required moisture to the sample; it is placed in a shallow metal tray and a
measured amount of water is added. The amount of water to add is given by :

m2- m1
Water to be added = W x
100+ m1 gms

Where,
W = Weight of sample, gm
m l = Initial moisture content, %
m 2 = Required moisture content, %
The sample is then thoroughly mixed with a trowel until the water is evenly dispersed. In the case of
heavy clays, it is necessary to allow time for the moisture to be fully soaked into the particles. After
proper mixing the sample will be ready for test.

Test Procedure (Standard Proctor):

37
 1) The mould including the base plate is first weighed .
2) The prepared sample is then placed in the mould (first layer) so that the mould is about one-
third full when the soil is compacted.
3) This layer is then compacted with 25 evenly distributed blows by the hammer, using a 300
mm free drop. The blows should be evenly distributed over the surface of the materials.
4) The step 3 to be repeated when the 2nd and 3rd layers are placed. The purpose of this
procedure is to compact the soil in three equal layers and on completion, the mould should be
completely filled.
5) On removal of the collar, the top surface of the soil should then be struck off with a metal
straight edge and leveled with the top of the mould.
6) The mould, base plate, and soil are then weighed .
7) The soil are then removed from the cylinder and two representative samples of approximately
100 g each are obtained for water content determination. The water content sample should be
made up with the specimens from the top, middle and bottom of the compacted soil.
8) The soil as removed from the cylinder are broken with hand and remixed with original
sample. The present moisture content of the soil sample is then raised by approximately 3%
by adding water to the sample. Mixing has to be done thoroughly.
9) The process of compaction (step 2 to 8) is then repeated for 5 or 6 cases, each time raising
the water content approximately 3%, until the weight of moist soil in the mould has reached
a maximum and starts to decrease.
Calculations:
The bulk density is calculated as :
Wt. of wet soil
Bulk density, ywet =
Inside vol. of mould
The actual moisture content of the sample in each trial is
calculated as :
Wt. of water in the soil
Moisture content, m = X100
wt. of dry soil

The dry density is then calculated using the formula:

ywet
Dry density, ydry =
1+m/100
Where,
ydry = Dry density
ywet = Wet density
m % = Actual average moisture content in percentage
The standard data sheet may be used for this purpose. After completion of the test, the graph of dry
density vs. moisture content is then plotted on the plotting sheet. The graph should be a smooth
curve between the points.

38
The maximum dry density (MDD) and the corresponding optimum moisture contents (OMC)
are then determined from the graph.

Moisture Content Determination:

The moisture content of soil can be determined by the following two methods:
a) Oven/ stove drying method
b) Speedy moisture content determination ( not discussed here)

a) Oven/ Stove drying method: In this method, small amount of soil (not less than 100 gm)
sample is taken, weighed and then dried in an oven or stove at a temperature not exceeding 110± 5 oc
for at least 12 hours. After complete drying, the sample is again weighed. The calculation of
moisture content determination can be seen in sample calculation given in this chapter.

Determination of MDD: METHOD- D ( 6” mould & materials passing 19 mm Sieve)

Sample preparation:

o If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until it becomes friable under a
trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of drying apparatus such that the temperature does not
exceed 600C. Then thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid
reducing the natural size of individual particles.
o Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 19.0 mm (3/4 in.)
Sieve. Discard the coarse material if any, retained on the 19.0 mm sieve (Note).
o Select a representative sample, having a mass of approximately 11 Kg (25 lb.) or more, of the
soil prepared as described above.
Note: It is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse material (passing a 50 mm sieve and retained on a
4.75 mm sieve) in the moisture-density sample as in the original/field sample, the material retained on the 19.0 mm
sieve shall be replaced as follows: Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 50 mm
and 19.0 mm sieve. Weigh the material passing the 50 mm sieve and retained on the 19 mm sieve and replace it with
an equal mass of material passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75mm sieve. Take the material for
replacement from the remaining portion of the sample
Procedure :
- Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately 4 percentage points below Optimum Moisture Content.
- Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4 mm (6 inch) mould (with
collar attached) in three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about
of 127 mm (5 inch), each layer being compacted by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the
rammer.
- Following compaction, remove the extension collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even
with the top of the mould by means of the straight edge. Holes developed in the surface by
removal of coarse material shall be patched with smaller size material. Weigh the mould and

39
 moist soils in Kilograms to the nearest 5 grams.
- Wet density is obtained by dividing the mass of compacted specimen in the mould by the
volume of the mould.
- Remove the material from the mould (using extruder) and slice vertically through the centre.
Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weigh immediately,
and dry in an oven at 11 0±5°C for at least 12 hour, or to constant mass, to determine the
moisture content. The moisture content sample shall weigh not less than 500 gm.
- Thoroughly break up the remaining of the material until it will pass a 19.0 mm sieve and 90
percent of the soil aggregations will pass a 4.75 mm sieve as judged by eye, and add to the
remaining portion of the sample being tested.
- Add water in sufficient amounts to increase the moisture content of the soil sample by one or
two percentage points, and repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
- Continue this series of determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet
unit weight or wet density of the compacted soil.

Calculation:

Calculate Wet-density, Moisture Content and Dry- density as described before.

Sample calculation is shown below.

40
 G O VERNMENT O F THE PEO PLE'S REPUBLIC O F BANG LADESH
LO C AL G O VERNMENT ENG INEERING DEPARTMENT
C ENTRAL Q UALITY C O NTRO L UNIT
Ag a rg a o n , Sh e r-e -Ba n g la Na g a r, Dh a ka -1207
PROCTOR DENSITY TEST FOR MDD & OMC DETERMINATION

C lie n t :XEN, LG ED, C o m illa . Re f. No . & Da t e : LG ED/ Xe n/ Co m / RTIP/ M-18/ 2004/ 707, 10.02.05
Sc h e m e : Su a g o n j-Pip ulia -S.Bijo yp u r Up a zila Ro a d , Sa d a r Up a zila , C o m illa .
Q u a n tit y C o lle c te d fro m Fie ld : 30 kg Q u a n t ity re p re se n t e d : No t Info rm e d
Sa m p le No : 01 So il Pa ra m e t e r : LL - 38 % PI - 15 %
La b . Re g ist ra t io n No . : Da te o f Te st : 15.02.12
Typ e o f Te st : St a n d a rd Pro c t o r Me th o d o f Te st : Me t h o d - A o f AASHTO T-99
Mo ld Dia : 101.6 m m Wt . o f ra m m e r : 2.5 kg No . o f La ye r : 3 Blo w / La ye r : 25
De te rm in a tio n no . 01 02 03 04 05
Assu m e d Mo ist u re C o n t e nt (%) 14 16 18 20 22
Mo isture Co nte nt De te rm ina tio n
Mo ist ure Ca n No . 14 14 16 16 18 18 7 7 12 12
W t . o f Ca n + W e t o f sp e c im e n (A), g m 181.3 181.3 184.0 184.0 187.0 187.0 188.7 188.7 201.0 201.0
W t . o f Ca n + d ry o f sp e c im e n (B), g m 160.5 160.5 160.0 160.0 161.5 161.5 160.1 160.1 167.6 167.6
Wt. of Wa te r (A-B), gm 20.8 20.8 24.0 24.0 25.5 25.5 28.6 28.6 33.4 33.4
W t . o f Ca n (C) gm 25.0 25.0 21.0 21.0 27.1 27.1 25.0 25.0 23.1 23.1
W t . o f d ry Sp e c im e n (B-C), gm 135.5 135.5 139.0 139.0 134.4 134.4 135.1 135.1 144.5 144.5
Mo ist ure Co nt e nt m = (A-B)/ (B-C), % 15.4 15.4 17.3 17.3 19.0 19.0 21.2 21.2 23.1 23.1
Av e ra g e Mo ist ure Co nt e nt % 15.4 17.3 19.0 21.2 23.1
De nsity De te rm ina tio n
W t . o f W e t Ma t e ria l + Mo ld ( X), Kg 3.734 3.772 3.813 3.823 3.803
W t . o f Mo ld (Y), Kg 2.037 2.037 2.037 2.037 2.037
W t . o f Ma t e ria l in Mo uld (W =X-Y), Kg 1.7 1.74 1.78 1.79 1.77
3
Vo lum e o f Mo uld (V), m 0.000930 0.000930 0.000930 0.000930 0.000930
3
W e t De nsit (g W ET =W / V) Kg / m 1827.96 1870.97 1913.98 1924.73 1903.23
3
Dry De nsit y g DRY =(g W ET )/ (1+m / 100), kg / m 1584.7 1595.4 1608.8 1588.5 1546.0

NO TE : 1 kg / m 3 = 0.06243 lb / c ft , 3
1 Kg = 2.2046 lb , 1m = 35.3147 c ft .

1640.0

1620.0

1600.0
Dry-Density

1580.0

1560.0

1540.0

1520.0

1500.0
14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
Moisture Content
ZERO -AIR-VO ID LINE' c a lc u la t io n (o p t io n a l) t o c he c k th e a c c u ra c y o f Te sting :--
Sp e c ific G ra v ity (G S) =
(No te : Fo r n o rm a l so il, Sp .G r. M a y b e a ssu m e d 2.68, fo r sh o rt-c u t c h e c k. Fo r so il c o n ta in in g a g g re g a te s, u se c o m b in e d Sp . G r.)
Assu m e d M o istu re C o n te n t (Sta rtin g fro m O M C ) in %, w

C o rre sp o n d in g Dry De n sity a t 'Ze ro -Air-Vo id ' in kg / m 3 = G Sx100/ (1+w xG S/ 100)

Ma xim um -Dry-De nsit y (MDD) : 1609 ≈ 1610 kg / m 3 O p t im um -Mo ist ure -Co nt e nt (O MC) : 18 %
( NO TE ; it is re c o m m e n d e d to e xp re ss M DD (kg / m 3) a n d O M C (%) b y ro u n d in g to th e n e a re st w h o le n u m b e r)
Te ste d b y : Md . Yu su f Ali, La b o ra t o ry Te c hn ic ia n .
Su p e rv ise d By : Md . Ta riq u zza m a n , Sr. AE (Q C ).

( Md. Yusuf Ali ) ( Md. Tariquzzaman ) ( Md. Abul Bashar )

Laboratory Technician Sr. Assistant Engineer (QC) Executive Engineer (QC)
Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED. Central Quality Control Unit, LGED.

41
Determination of the Field Dry Density by Sand Replacement Method:

Sand Replacement Method:

Equipment:
Sand-cone apparatus, Sand, Sand calibration
pan, Cutting tools, Balances( one of sensitivity of
5g and another 0.1 g sensitivity), Stove, straight
edge, polythene bag, Sand should be clean, dry
& free flowing (#30 passing & # 50 retained)

Sand Cone

Dimension of Sand Cone Apparatus is shown below:

Determination of the weight of sand required to fill the space bounded by cone, base plate
and test surface:

42
When the apparatus is used for a test a certain amount of sand is contained in the cone above the
excavated hole. This amount of sand must be deducted from the total amount of sand fallen from
bottle. The purpose of calibration of apparatus is to determine the weight of sand in this cone and
base plate.
Weigh the sand cone apparatus filled with prepared sand.
- Place the base plate on a flat glass plate, place the apparatus and open the valve.
- Close the valve when the cone is completely filled. Take its weight.
- The difference between the two weights is the weight of sand in the cone and base plate.

Determination of the unit weight of Sand Used in Sand Replacement Bottle :

The sand to be used in the test should be dry, clean and uniform size. The sand is prepared by dry
sieving. Sand passing # 30 sieve and retained on the # 50 sieve is used for the test.

The purpose of the calibration is to determine the density of the sand being used.

Method of Calibration of Sand passing # 30 sieve and retained on the # 50 sieve:

- Fill the sand-cone apparatus with sand and take its weight.
- Place the apparatus over the calibration can. Open the valve to allow the sand to fill the can and
cone. Close the valve when the can and cone is completely filled.
- Take the weight of the apparatus with the remaining sand.
- The difference between these two weights is the weight of the sand in can and cone and base plate
(if used).
- Determine the weight of sand in can after deducting the known amount of sand in cone (determined
earlier).
- Calculate volume of mould.
- Determine the density of sand :

Wt. of sand in can

Density of sand =
Vol. of can

Test Procedure of Sand Replacement Method:

 Prepare the surface of the location to be tested so that it is a Level and plane surface. Then fix
up the base plate firmly. Dig the test hole inside the circular hole of the base-plate. Make the
hole as smooth as possible.

 Collect all the soils removed and take the weight (Wl ).
 Weigh the apparatus filled with dry sand (W2). Place the apparatus over the prepared hole.
 Open the valve until the hole & cone are completely filled with sand.
 Weigh the apparatus with remaining sand. Record the weight (W3).

Determine the volume of the hole, V :

Volume of the hole, V = Weight of sand in hole = W2 - W3

43
 Density of sand D

Determine the in-situ wet unit weight of the soil:

Weight of wet soil W1

Wet Density of Soil Y wet = =
Vol. of hole V

Water content determination of the sample:

Wt. of wet soil - Wt. of dry soil

Water Content (m%) = x 100
Wt. of dry soil

Determine dry density :

Y wet
Y dry = [m is moisture content in %]
1+m /100

Calculation of % Compaction :

Determine maximum dry density from dry density VS. moisture content curve of proctor test. Let, it
be Y dry max. Again determine field dry density from either sand cone or core cutter method. %
compaction may then be calculated from the relation:

Field Dry density

% Compaction = X 100
Laboratory max. dry density

44
Wt . o f Wa t e r in t h e C o n t a in e r / Ja r o f Ab o v e S.C o n e (A) 5.866
Kg . 5.865 5.867
0
Pre v a ilin g Te m p e ra t u re o f Wa t e r ( T ), C 28
3
De n sit y o f Wa t e r a t Pre v a ilin g Te m p e ra t u re (g W a t e r), Kg / m 996.3
3
Vo lu m e o f C o n t a in e r (= A / g W a t e r), 0.0058878
m 0.0058868 0.0058888
3
Av e ra g e Vo lum e ( V C o n t a in e r) : m 0.0058878
( Av e ra g e sh o u ld b e C a lc u la te d if th e th re e d e te rm in a tio n s a re w ith in 3 m l a s p e r AASHTO . O th e rw ise it sh o u ld b e re p e a te d . )

3 0
De n sit y o f w a t e r ( in Kg / m ) a t d iffe re n t t e m p e ra t u re ( in C )
T g Wa te r T g Wa te r T g Wa te r T g Wa te r T g Wa te r T g Wa te r
16 999.0 19 998.4 22 997.8 25 997.1 28 996.3 31 995.4
17 998.8 20 998.2 23 997.6 26 996.8 29 996.0 32 995.1
18 998.6 21 998.0 24 997.3 27 996.6 30 995.7 33 994.8

DETERMINATIO N O F BULK-DENSITY ( UNIT-W EIG HT ) O F SAND :--

G ra d a t io n o f Sa n d : # 30 Sie ve Pa ssing a nd # 50 Sie ve Re ta ine d .
Dryn e ss o f Sa n d : Ove n-Drie d a nd the n c o o le d to ro o m te mp e ra ture . Da t e o f De t e rm in a t io n :
(i) (ii) (iii)
Wt . o f Ap p a ra t u s o f kn o w n Vo lu m e ; Fille d w it h sa n d , Kg
8.521
. 8.499 8.421
Wt . o f Ap p a ra t u s / He re -- S.C o n e Ap p a ra t u s # Kg
1.144
. 1.144 1.144
Wt . o f Wa t e r in t h e C o n t a in e r / Ja r o f Ab o v e S.C o n e (B) Kg7.377 7.355 7.277
3
Bu lk-De n sit y / Un it -Wt . o f Sa n d ( = B / V C O NTAINER ) Kg / m1252.9 1249.2 1235.9
Av e ra g e Bu lk-De n sit y / Un it -Wt . o f Sa n d ( g
3
SAND ) Kg / m 1246
( As p e r ASTM D-1556, if th e th re e d e te rm in a tio n s a re w ith in 1% o f a v e ra g e sh o u ld b e ta ke n a s th e Bu lk-De n sity. )

DETERMINE THE W EIG HT O F SAND IN THE SPACE BETW EEN SAND-CO NE + BASE PLATE & PLANE-SURFACE :
Ap p a ra t u s No . : Da t e :
Be fo re Po u rin g (i) (ii) (iii)
We ig h t o f Sa n d -C o n e Ap p a ra t u s Fille d w it h Sa nkg
d. 8.420 8.409 8.403
Aft e r Po u rin g We ig h t o f Sa n d -C o n e Ap p a ra t u s
( t h ro u g h t h e b a se -p la t e ; p la c e d o v e r a g la ss-p la t e ) 7.219kg . 7.197 7.186
Wt . o f Sa n d (sp a c e b o u n d e d b y C o n e + Ba se p la t e + G la ssp la1.201
t e ) Kg . 1.212 1.217
Av e ra g e ( X) , Kg 1.210
NO TE : As p e r ASTM ; if th e th re e d e te rm in a tio n s a re w ith in 1% o f a v e ra g e , th e n th is sh o u ld b e ta ke n a s th e fin a l re su lt. O th e rw ise re -te st.

Te st e d b y : Md . Aft a b Ud d in Ah m e d , SAE(Q C ).

Su p e rv ise d By : Md . En a m u l Ho q u e Kh a n , Sr. Assist a n t En g in e e r (Q C ).

(Md . Aft a b Ud d in Ah m e d ) (Md . En a m u l Ho q u e Kh a n ) (Md . Ab u l Ba sh a r)

Su b -Assist a n t En g in e e r (Q C ) Sr. Assist a n t En g in e e r (Q C ) Exe c u t iv e En g in e e r (Q C )
C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it , C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it ,
C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it ,

45
Ap p a ra tu s No . : Sa n d C o n e # 3 Ba se Pla t e # 4 o f LG ED c e n tra l La b o ra to ry.
La b . Re g . No . :

Sta t io n / C h a in a g e 450m 12760m

Lo c a t io O ffse t C R sid e
n o f De p th b e lo w - -
te st Are a / Le n g t h Fro m 300m 1+ 100m
re p re se n t e d To 500m 1+ 500m
Te st s No . 1 2
Wt . o f Ja r + Sa n d (In it ia l) (kg ) 8.900 8.850
Wt . o f Ja r + Sa n d (Fin a l) (kg ) 4.000 3.900
W t . o f Sa nd in Ho le +Co ne +Pla(kg
te ) 4.900 4.950
Wt . o f Sa n d in C o n e & Pla te(kg ) 1.400 1.400
Wt . o f Sa n d in Ho le (kg ) 3.500 3.550
3
Un it Wt . o f C a lib ra t e d Sa n(kg
d /m ) 1300 1300
3
Vo lu m e o f Ho le (m ) 0.002692 0.002731
Wt .o f We t So il + C a n (kg ) 5.120 5.200
Wt . o f C a n (kg ) 0 0
Wt . o f We t So il (kg ) 5.120 5.200
3
Wt . Un it Wt . o f So il (kg / m ) 1902 1904
C a n No . 23 5
Wt . o f C a n + We t So il (g m ) 154.0 172.5
Wt . o f C a n + Dry So il (g m ) 140.0 158.0
Wt .o f Wa t e r (g m ) 14.0 14.5
Wt . o f C a n (g m ) 23.0 23.9
Wt . o f d ry So il (g m ) 117.0 134.1
Mo ist u re C o n t e n t (%) 12.0 10.8
O p t im u m Mo istu re C o n t e n t (%)
3
Dry d e n sit y (kg / m ) 1698 1718
3
Ma x. Dry De n sit y (kg / m ) 1685 1685
% m a te ria l re ta in e d o n # 4/ 19m m 30
3
MDD (C o rre c tio n if re q .) (kg / m ) 1744 1700
De g re e o f C o m p a c tio n , (%) 97 101

Te st e d b y : Md . Aft a b Ud d in , SAE (Q C ).

Su p e rv ise d By : Md . Kh o rsh e d Ala m , AE(Q C ).

(Md . Afta b Ud d in) (Md . Kho rshe d Ala m) (Md . Ab ul Ba sha r)

Su b -Assista n t En g in e e r (Q C ) Assista n t En g in e e r (Q C ) Exe c u t iv e En g in e e r (Q C )
C e n tra l Q u a lity C o n tro l Un it , C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it ,
C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it ,

46
Determination of Field Density by Core-Cutter Method :

The Core-Cutter method is also known as

drive-cylinder method. This method can be
used satisfactorily in moist, cohesive, fine-
grained material only. This test is not
suitable for use in organic, non-cohesive
soils.

Apparatus:
Drive-cylinder with driving head &
hammer, Balance, drying equipment, fry-
pan, chisel, bucket, container etc.
4.5
”

4”

1) Calculate the volume (V) of core cutter without collar or drive head;
2) Weigh the core cutter without drive head;
3) Level and clean the site where test is to be performed. Put the drive head on the top of the core
cutter and drive the assembly into the soil with the help of driving hammer until the top of the
drive cylinder is about 12.7 mm below the surface.
4) Dig out the container. Take out the drive head and trim both end of the cutter with straight edge.
5) Weigh the core cutter with the soil & calculate the weight of the soil inside cutter (say it is W).
6) Take some specimen of soil in two containers for water content determination.

Wt. of soil - wt. of dry soil

Water content, m (%) = x 100
Wt. of dry soil

W
7) Calculate Bulk density, Y w =
v
8) Calculate Dry Density:
Yw
Y dry = m
1+
100
Where, m is moisture content in percentage.

47
 GOVERNMENTOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH
LO C AL G O VERNMENT ENG INEERING DEPARTMENT
C ENTRAL Q UALITY C O NTRO L UNIT
Ag a rg a o n , Sh e r-e -Ba n g la Na g a r, Dh a ka -1207

IN-SITU DENSITY TEST ( C O RE C UTTER METHO D )

C lie n t : XEN, LG ED, C o m illa . Re f. No . & Da te : LG ED/ Xe n/ Co m / RTIP/ M-18/ 2004/ 707, 10.02.05

Sc h e m e : Su a g o n j-Pip u lia -S.Bijo yp u r Up a zila Ro a d , Sa d a r Up a zila , C o m illa .

De sc rip t io n o f So il : C la ye y So il C o m p a c t e d De p th o f Lift :
Typ e o f Wo rk : Su b g ra d e Te st Da t e : 12.02.05
C o re C u tt e r Dim e n sio n : Dia : 101.64 m m Ht . 111.46 m m Vo lm : 0.000904 m
3

St a t io n / C h a in a g e 660 960 1200

Lo c a t i
O ffse t
on
of De p t h b e lo w
t e st Are a / Le n g thFro m 600m 900m 1100m
re p re se n t e d To 800m 1100m 1300m
Te st No . 1 2 3
W t . o f m o uld + w e t so il(kg ) 2.905 2.775 3.000

W t o f m o uld (kg ) 0.973 0.973 1

W t . o f w e t so il (kg ) 1.932 1.802 2.000

Vo l. o f m o uld (m )
3
0.000904
W e t d e nsit y (kg / m 3 ) 2137 1994 2213

Ca n No . 13 1 13

W t . o f c a n + w e t so il (g m ) 158.0 202.0 158.0

W t . o f c a n + d ry so il (g m ) 140.0 170.0 140.0

Wt. of wa te r (g m ) 18.0 32.0 18.0

Wt. of c a n (g m ) 58.0 56.5 58.0

W t . o f d ry so il (g m ) 82.0 113.5 82.0

Mo ist ure c o nt e nt (%) 22% 28% 22%

Dry d e nsit y (kg / m 3 ) 1752.7 1555.1 1814.4

Ma x. d ry d e nsit y (kg / m 3 ) 1720 1720 1720

Me t ho d o f c o m p a c t io n Me c ha nic a l

De g re e o f c o m p a c t io n (%) 102 90 105

O p tim u m m o istu re c o n te n(%)

t

Te st e d b y : Md . Afta b Ud d in , SAE (Q C ), H/ Q

Su p e rv ise d By : Md . Kh o rsh e d Ala m , Assist a n t En g in e e r (Q C ).

(Md . Afta b Ud d in ) (Md . Kho rshe d Ala m ) (Md . Ab ul Ba sha r)

Su b -Assist a n t En g in e e r (Q C ) Assista n t En g in e e r (Q C ) Exe c u t iv e En g in e e r (Q C )
C e n t ra l Q u a lity C o n tro l Un it , C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n tro l Un it , C e n t ra l Q u a lity C o n t ro l Un it ,

48
 ACTIVITY – 9
GENERAL DISCUSSION ON
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR)

General Discussion:

The flexible pavements are built with a number of layers. In the design process, it is to be ensured
that under the application of load none of the layers is overstressed. This means that at any instance
no section of the pavement structure is subjected to excessive deformation to form a localized
depression or settlement. In the design of flexible pavements, it has yet not been possible to have a
rational design method where in design process and the service behaviour of the pavement can be
expressed or predicted theoretically by mathematical laws. One of the methods of pavement design is
the California bearing ratio method, which is an empirical method.

The California Bearing Ratio was developed by the California State Highways Department. It is in
essence a simple penetration test developed to evaluate the strength of road sub-grades.
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a simple strength test that compares the bearing capacity
of a material with that of a well-graded crushed stone.

The Basic of CBR Test:

California Bearing Ratio(CBR) is the ratio of the force (stress) required to penetrate a circular piston
of 1935 mm2 (3 in2) cross-section into soil in a special container at a rate of 1.27 mm or 0.05 in. per
min., to that required for similar penetration into a standard sample of compacted crushed rock. The
ratio is determined at penetration of 2.54 mm or 0.1 in. and 5.08 mm or 0.2 in. and the higher value is
the CBR. Standard Force (Stress) is 6900 KN/m 2 (1,000 psi) for 2.54 mm (0.1in.) penetration and
10300 KN/m2 (1500 psi) for 5.08 mm (0.2 in.) penetration.
These information is plotted on a standard graph, and the plot of the test data will establish the CBR
result of the soil tested.

Mechanism of Failure of materials beneath the CBR Plunger is given below:

49
Equation to obtained CBR:
Values obtained are inserted into the following equation to obtain a CBR value:

Typical Values of CBR of different soil type:

General Soil Type Soil Type (Unified Soil Classification) CBR Range
Coarse-grained soils GW (Well graded Gravel) 40 – 80
GP ( Poorly Graded Gravel) 30 – 60
GM ( Gravel with silt) 20 – 60
GC 20 – 40
SW 20 – 40
SP 10 – 40
SM 10 – 40
SC 5 – 20
Fine-grained soils ML 15 or less
CL ( LL < 50%) 15 or less
OL 5 or less
MH 10 or less
CH ( LL > 50%) 15 or less
OH 5 or less

The reasons for the CBR test:

It sounds complicated, but the basis behind it is quite simple. Through CBR test we are determining
the resistance of the subgrade (the layer of naturally occurring material upon which the road is built),
to deformation under the load from vehicle wheels. More simple, “How strong is the ground upon
which we are going to build the road.”
The CBR test is a way of putting a figure on this inherent strength, the test is done in a standard
manner so we are able to compare the strengths of different subgrade materials, and we are able to use
these figures as a means of designing the road pavement required for a particular strength of
subgrade.

50
The stronger the subgrade (the higher the CBR value) the less thick it is necessary to design and
construct the road pavement, this gives a considerable cost saving.
Conversely if CBR testing indicates the subgrade is weak(a low CBR reading) we must construct a
suitable thicker road pavement to spread the wheel load over a greater area of the weak subgrade in
order that the weak subgrade material is not deformed, causing the road pavement to fail.
The CBR in spite of its limited accuracy still remains the most generally accepted method of
determining subgrade strength, and as such this information, along with information on traffic flows
and traffic growth is used to deign road pavements.

Factors affecting CBR:

The principle soil factors affecting the CBR are:

- Materials( Strength & Gradation)

- moisture Content, and

- density (% Compaction).

Different Layers of a Road Pavement:

A road pavement is composed of several layers having different thickness and bearing capacity
(measured by CBR) for distributing the wheel load.
Pavement is termed as the constructed layer of durable material of specified thickness, usually of
concrete, asphalt or bituminous materials, designed to carry wheeled vehicles. It is the combination of
surfacing, base and sub-base course (or in other words the portion above sub-grade).
Surfacing: Topmost layer of the road pavement which provides a durable and smooth riding surface.
Base: Layer of high-grade selected material of specified thickness constructed on the sub-grade or
sub-base to spread the load from the pavement and provide drainage.
Sub-Base: Layer of selected material of specified thickness in a pavement system between sub-grade
and base course, or between sub-grade and pavement construction.
Sub-grade: Natural soil or embankment construction prepared and compacted to support a pavement.
Sub-grade is the top portion of a road embankment on which the pavement is constructed.

Sub-soil: Soil below the sub-grade or fill.

Quality Control to Ensure the Strength of Road Layers: For ensuring proper bearing capacity of a
road layer (sub-grade, sub-base, base) during construction, direct CBR value determination is
possible using truck-mounted CBR apparatus (un-soaked CBR)) or using undisturbed CBR

specimen (if the soil is free from large sizes of aggregates. But these tests are difficult to
perform. On the other hand, indirectly by DCP test also in-situ CBR could be determined with
reasonable accuracy.
Instead of direct determination of in-situ or field CBR, generally the Gradation/ PI of combined
material, layer thickness and % compaction achieved are tested for ensuring the quality of road

51
layer construction. Because, if the gradation of material and % compaction is O.K. then it can be
assumed that the required CBR will prevail (from the Dry-Density versus CBR relationship).

ACTIVITY- 10

STANDARD TEST METHOD (AASHTO- T 193) FOR CALIFORNIA

BEARING RATIO (CBR) AT LABORATORY

Apparatus:
CBR Loading Machine, Proving Ring, Penetration Piston, Moulds, Spacer Disk, Rammer, Apparatus
for Measuring Expansion or Swell, Surcharge Weight etc.

CBR Loading Machine:

52
Sample:

Prepare about 35 Kg (75 lb.) sample (for both CBR and Proctor Density Test) in accordance with
AASHTO T 99 (Method-C). Steps for preparation of sample are the following:
a) If the soil sample is damp when received from field, dry it until it becomes friable under a
trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of drying apparatus such that the temperature does
not exceed 60o C. Then thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid
reducing the natural size of individual particles.
b) Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 19.0 mm (3/4 in.)
sieve. Discard the coarse material if any, retained on the 19.0 mm sieve (Note).
c) Select a representative portion weighing approximately 11 Kg (25 lb.) for a moisture-density
test (MDD/OMC determination) and divide the remainder of the sample to obtain 3
representatives portion approximately 6.8 Kg (15 lb.) each.

Moisture-Density Relation

First, the Optimum-Moisture-Content (OMC) and the Maximum-Dry-Density (MDD) should be

determined, in accordance with AASHTO T-99 (Method-D) where the proctor density specimen is

53
compacted using 152.4 mm (6 inch) mould in three layers and each layer being compacted by 56
blows of a 2.5 Kg or 5.5 lb. (Standard Proctor) rammer.
Sometimes MDD/OMC is determined on the basis of modified proctor compaction and degree of
compaction is also specified accordingly. In such case CBR specimen is to be prepared using
modified proctor rammer (4.5 Kg or 10 lb. rammer, where blows are applied in 5 layers).

Specimen Preparation Procedure

a) Normally, 3 specimens must be compacted so that their compacted densities range from 95%
(or lower) to 100 % (or higher) of the MDD.
b) Clamp the mould to the base plate, attach the extension collar and weigh to the nearest 5 gm.
Insert the spacer disk into the mould and place a coarse filter paper on top of the disk.
c) Mix each of the three 6.8 Kg (15 lb.) portions with sufficient water to obtain the Optimum-
Moisture-Content (OMC).
d) Compact one of the portions of soil-water mixture into the mould in 3 equal layers using 2.5
Kg or 5.5 lb. (Standard Proctor) rammer to give a total compacted depth of about 127 mm (5
in.) compacting each layer with the lowest selected number of blows in order to give a
compacted density of
95 % or less of the MDD.
e) Determine the moisture content of the material being compacted at the beginning and end of
the compaction procedure (2 samples). Each moisture sample shall weigh at least 100 gm for
fine-grained soils and 500 gm for coarse-grained soils.
f) Remove the extension collar, and using a straightedge, trim the compacted soil even with the
top of the mould. Surface irregularities should be patched with small-sized material. Remove
the spacer disk, place a coarse filter paper on the perforated base plate, invert the mould with
compacted soil and place on the filter paper so that the compacted soil is in contact with the
filter paper. Clamp the perforated base plate to the mould and attach the collar. Weigh the
mould and specimen to the nearest 5 gm.
g) Compact the other two 6.8 Kg (15 lb.) portions in accordance with the above, except that an
intermediate number of blows per layer should be used to compact the second specimen and
the highest number of blows per layer shall be used to compact the third specimen.

Soaking

a) Place the swell plate with adjustable stem on the soil sample in the mould and apply
sufficient annular weights to produce an intensity of loading equal to the mass of the sub-
base and base courses and surfacing above the tested material + 2.27 Kg (5 lb.) but in no case
less than 4.54 Kg (10 lb.).

b) Place the tripod with dial indicator on top of the mould and make an initial dial reading.

54
 c) Immerse the mould in water to allow free access of water to top and bottom of the specimen.
During soaking, maintain the water level in the mould and the soaking tank approximately
25mm (1 in.) above the top of the specimen. Soak the specimen 96 hours (4 days).

A shorter immersion period (not less than 24 hours) may be used for soil- aggregate materials
that drain readily if tests show that the shorter period does not affect the test results. For some
clay soils, a soaking period greater than 4 days may be required.

d) At the end of 96 hours, make a final dial reading on the soaked specimens and calculate the
swell as a percentage of the initial sample depth as the follows:

e) Remove the specimen from the soaking tank, pour the water off the top and allow to drain
downward for 15 min. Care shall be taken not to disturb the surface of the specimen during
removal of the water. After draining, remove the surcharge weights and perforated plates.

Arrangement for Soaking and Measurement of Swelling

Penetration Test:

a) Application of Surcharge:
Place a surcharge of annular and slotted weights on the specimens equal to that used during
soaking. To prevent displacement of soft materials into the hole of the surcharge weights,
seat the penetration piston after one surcharge weight has been placed on the specimen. After

55
 seating the penetration piston the remainder of the surcharge weights shall then be placed
around the piston.

b) Seating Piston:
Seat the penetration piston with a 4.54 Kg (10 lb.) load, then set both the penetration dial
indicator and the load indicator to zero.

Note: 1 KN = 224.809 lb., 1 Kg = 2.2046 lb.

c) Application of Load:
Apply the loads to the penetration piston so that the rate of penetration is uniform at 1.27 mm
or 0.05 in. per min. Record the load readings at penetration of:

0.025 in. or 0.64 mm

0.050 in. or 1.27 mm

0.075 in. or 1.91 mm

0.100 in. or 2.54 mm

0.125 in. or 3.18 mm

0.150 in. or 3.81 mm

0.175 in. or 4.45 mm

0.200 in. or 5.08 mm

0.225 in. or 5.72 mm

0.250 in. or 6.35 mm

0.275 in. or 6.99 mm

0.300 in. or 7.62 mm

d) For better load (stress):

Penetration curve (especially with manually operated machine), load readings should be
taken at such closer intervals. Load reading at penetration of 0.400 in. or 10.16 mm and
0.500 in. or 12.70 mm may be obtained if desired.

e) The moisture content of the upper 25 mm (1in.) of specimen may be determined after the
testing, if desired.

Calculation of Dry-Density:

Specimen Volume Determination:

56
  If the dimension of the mould and spacer disk is of standard dimension then the diameter and
height (or thickness) of laboratory compacted CBR specimen will be 152.4 mm (6 in.) and
116.43 mm (4.584 in.) respectively.

 For old mould or locally made mould and spacer disk, by using slide calipers the
average internal diameter (D) if the CBR mould could be determined. Similarly average
height of the spacer disk and the CBR mould shall be determined. Depth of compacted
specimen (H) shall be determined as the follows:

Depth of Compacted Specimen Av. Height of CBR Mould - Av. Depth of Spacer Disk
=
(H)

 If the average diameter ( D ) and the average depth ( H ) of compacted specimen is

determined in millimeter then volume (V) of the compacted specimen shall be calculated in

m3 as the follows:

Wet-Density Determination:
If the weight of compacted specimen ‘W’ is taken in Kg then for each specimen the wet-density or
wet-unit-weight ‘ WET ’ shall be calculated in Kg/m 3 as the follows:

Note: 1 Kg/m3 = 0.06243 lb./ft3 and 1 m3 = 35. 3147 ft3

Moisture-Content Determination:
For each specimen the moisture-content ‘m’ shall be calculated, in percentage (to the nearest 0.1 %)
as shown below:

Where,
A = Weight of moisture-container and wet soil in gm.
B = Weight of moisture-container and oven-dry soil in gm.
C = Weight of moisture-container in gm.
Dry-Density Determination:
For each specimen the Field-Dry-Density or Dry-Unit-Mass ‘ ‘ shall be

calculated in Kg/m3 (to the nearest Kg/m3) as the follows:

Y wet
Y DRY-FIELD =
m
1+
100

Where, m is the moisture content in%.

CBR Calculation:

The load or force ‘ P ’ applied at some particular penetration shall be calculated in KN (or other unit)
as the follows:
P = R K

Where,
57
R = Reading of the proving ring, in Div.
K = Calibration Factor of the proving ring, in KN/Div. (or other unit)

The penetration stress (for each increments) shall be calculated as the follows:
P
Penetration Stress = A
where
A = Area of the CBR penetration plunger (0.001935 m2)

Note: If ‘P’ is in KN and ‘ A ‘ is in m2 then the penetration stress will be in KN/m 2 or KPa.
Note: 1 KN = 224.809 lb, 1 Kg = 2.2046 lb, 1 KN/m 2 = 0.145038 psi.
Then for each specimen, the stress-penetration curve shall be plotted as shown in Figure given below
and in the worked-out example of CBR test data-sheet.

Correction:
In some instances, the initial penetration takes place without a proportional increase in the resistance
to penetration and the curve may be concave upward initially, because of surface irregularities or
other causes. To obtain the true stress-strain relationship, correct the curve having concave upward
shape near the origin by adjusting the location of the origin by extending the straight line portion of
the stress-strain curve downward until it intersects the abscissa. This has been shown in Figure 9.6
and the worked-out example of CBR data-sheet.

Correction of Stress-Penetration Curve in CBR Test

Calculation of California Bearing Ratio :

Using corrected stress values taken from the stress penetration curve for 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) and 5.08
mm (0.200 in.) penetrations, calculate the bearing ratios ( in % ) by dividing the corrected stresses by
58
the standard stresses of 6900 Kpa (1000 psi) and 10300 Kpa (1500 psi) respectively, and multiplying
by 100.

The bearing ratio (in %) reported for the soil is normally the one at 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) penetration.
When the ratio (in %) at 5.08 mm (0.200 in.) penetration is greater, rerun the test. If the check test (or
re-test) gives a similar result, use the bearing ratio ( in % ) at 5.08 mm (0.200 in.) penetration as the
CBR value.
Note: Often the higher value is taken as the CBR value if it occurs at 5.08 mm or 0.200 in.
without retest.

Using the data obtained from the 3 specimens, plot the CBR versus Dry-Density curve. The CBR
may then be determined at the desired percentage of the MDD (normally the minimum % compaction
permitted by the agency’s compaction specification).

125
65 blows per Layer

100
S
o
a 75
k 30 Blows per Layer
e
d 50

C
25
B
R 10 Blows per Layer
(% 0
) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130

Dry-Density, lb./cft.

Dry-Density Versus CBR Relationship

Example: Given: Maximum Dry Density by AASHTO T 99 (Method D = 124 pcf)

Find: The CBR at 95% of the above Maximum Dry Density
Solution: 95% of 124pcf = 117.8 pcf at 117.8 pcf; the CBR is 52% .

59
La b . Re g . No . : Te st Da t e : 22.02.05

De sc rip tio n o f Sp e c im e n : Bric k Ag g re g a te fo r WBM

Typ e o f Te st : Th re e p o int C BR t e st (Sp e c im e n c o m p a c te d a t d iffe re n t d e n sit y)

De sig n a tio n o f C BR Te st : AASHTO T-193 So a kin g C o n d it io n : Soa ke d (4 d a y s ) / Un so a ke d / At Fie ld Mo ist u re

Mo isture Co nte nt De te rm ina tio n

Mo ist ure Ca n No . C a n -6 C a n -2 C a n -0 C a n -10 C a n -4 C a n -8
W t . o f Ca n + W e t Sp e c im e n ( A) gm 258.3 276.0 295.2 274.2 324.3 278.8
W t . o f Ca n + Dry Sp e c im e n ( B) gm 229.6 244.4 259.7 240.3 289.5 248.6
W t .o f W a t e r ( A-B ) gm 28.7 31.6 35.5 33.9 34.8 30.2
W t . o f Ca n (C ) gm 52.0 50.5 38.1 35.2 71.8 56.0
W t . o f d ry Sp e c im e n ( B-C ) gm 177.6 193.9 221.6 205.1 217.7 192.6
Mo ist ure Co nt e nt ( %) 16.2 16.3 16.0 16.5 16.0 15.7
Av e ra g e Mo ist ure Co nt e nt m ( %) 16.2 16.3 15.8

O p t im u m Mo istu re C o n t e n t ( O MC ) = 17 %

DENSITY DETERMINATION
Mo uld No . Mo ld No . -2 Mo ld No . -8 Mo ld No . - 3
C o m p a c tin g Und ist urb e d Sp e c im e n --- ---- ----
Effo rt In-Sit u Te st ( Truc k-Mo unt e d --- --- ---
Blo w s Ap p lie d (in e a c h o f_3_ La ye r) 25 50 70
Sp e c im e n Av . Dia m e t e r o f CBR Mo ld (D), m m 152.00 152.2 152.2
Vo lum e Av . He ig ht Exc lud ing Sp a c e r (H), m m 116.02 115.52 115.52
( Sp a c e r Disc # 2 Av . He ig ht ( = 177.5-61.48 ) ( = 178.03-61.48 ) ( = 178.03-61.48 )
2 3 3
Vo lum e V= .785 X D X H / (1000) m 0.002104 0.002101 0.002101
W t . o f W e t Ma t e ria l + Mo ld ( X) Kg 10.920 12.092 11.250
W t . o f Mo ld ( Y) Kg 7.293 8.318 7.215
W t . o f Ma t e ria l in Mo ld ( W =X-Y) Kg 3.627 3.774 4.035
W e t -De nsit y =W / V (kg / m )
3
1723.7 1796.6 1920.8
Dry d e nsit y (%) (kg / m )
3
1483.0 1545.1 1658.2
C o m p a c tio n 90 94 100
( MDD a n d Typ e o f Pro c t o r De n sit y te st ) MDD = 1650 M ,e th o d -D o f AASHTO T- 99 ( Sta n d a rd Pro c to r)
NO TE : 1 Kg / m 3 = 0.06243 lb / c ft, 1 m 3 = 35.3147 c ft, 1 lb / c ft = 1 Kg / m 3 , 1 KN / m 2 = 0.145038p si.

SWELL DATA
Mo ld - H= m m Mo ld - H= m m Mo ld - H= mm
Tim e Da t e ( Ela p se d Tim e ) Re a d ing Sw e ll Re a d ing Sw e ll Re a d ing Sw e ll
Su b m e rg e d At----

Fin a l Re a d in g -----

60
 in ( mm ) ( Div . ) ( KN ) ( Psi ) ( Div . ) ( KN ) ( Psi ) ( Div . ) ( KN ) ( Psi )
0.025 ( 0.64 ) 45 1.16 86.7 45 1.16 86.7 77 1.98 148.28
0.050 ( 1.27 ) 90 2.31 173.3 112 2.88 215.7 174 4.47 335.08
0.075 ( 1.91 ) 120 3.08 231.1 169 4.34 325.4 270 6.94 519.94
0.100 ( 2.54 ) 145 3.73 279.2 225 5.78 433.3 330 8.48 635.49
0.125 (3.18 ) 172 4.42 331.2 277 7.12 533.4 394 10.13 758.73
0.150 ( 3.81 ) 196 5.04 377.4 324 8.33 623.9 450 11.56 866.57
0.175 ( 4.45 ) 220 5.65 423.7 364 9.35 701.0 493 12.67 949.38
0.200 ( 5.08 ) 234 6.01 450.6 394 10.13 758.7 550 14.13 1059.15
0.225 ( 5.72 ) 252 6.48 485.3 431 11.08 830.0 583 14.98 1122.70
0.250 ( 6.35 ) 264 6.78 508.4 457 11.74 880.1 611 15.70 1176.62
0.275 ( 6.99 ) 276 7.09 531.5 486 12.49 935.9 653 16.78 1257.50
0.300 ( 7.62 ) 294 7.56 566.2 504 12.95 970.6 0.00 0.00
0.325 ( 8.25 ) 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00
0.350 ( 8.89 ) 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00
0.400 ( 10.16 ) 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

C BR C ALC ULATIO N ( Fro m t h e g ra p h o f a b o v e d a ta , a s sh o w n in n e xt p a g e )

CBR a ) Stre ss a t 2.54m m ( 0.1 in ) = 280 Psi a ) Stre ss a t 2.54m m ( 0.1 in ) = 500 Psi a ) Stre ss a t 2.54m m ( 0.1 in ) =
Ca lc ula t io n Ra tio (in % ) = % 28.0 Ra tio (in % ) = % 42.0 Ra tio (in % ) = % 65.0
b ) Stre ss a t 5.08m m ( 0.2 in ) = 450 Psi b ) Stre ss a t 5.08m m ( 0.2 in ) = 880 Psi b ) Stre ss a t 5.08m m ( 0.2 in ) =
Ra tio (in % ) = % 30.0 Ra tio (in % ) = % 50.7 Ra tio (in % ) = % 73.3

C BR = 3%0 C BR = 50.7
% C BR = 73.3
%
At Dry-De n sity 1483.0 At Dry-De n sity 1545.1 At Dry-De n sity 1658.2
( % C o m p a c tio n ) 90 ( % C o m p a c tio n ) 94 ( % C o m p a c tio n ) 100
N OTE : --- Wh e n stre ss is in Kp a , u se sta n d a rd lo a d (stre ss) 6900 Kp a & 10300 Kp a fo r 0.100 in . a n d 0.200 in . p e n e tra tio n re sp e c tiv e ly.
--- Wh e n stre ss is in Psi, u se sta n d a rd lo a d (stre ss) 1000 Psi & 1500 Psi fo r 0.100 in . a n d 0.200 in . p e n e tra tio n re sp e c tiv e ly.

CBR AT PARTICULAR CO MPACTIO N FRO M ' Dry-De nsit y v e rsus CBR' G RAPH ( APPLICABLE FO R 3-PO INT CBR TEST O NLY)
3
CBR a t p a rt ic ula r At 100% Co m p a c t io n ( o r 1650 kg / m Dry-De nsit y ) ; t he so a ke d CBR = 72 %
De g re e o f
3
Co m p a c t io n ( MDD = 1650 kg / m , St a nd a rd Pro c t o r Te st )

Te st e d b y : Md . Aft a b Ud d in Ah m e d , SAE(Q C )

Su p e rv ise d By : Md . En a m u l Ho q u e Kh a n , Sr. AE (Q C ).

( M d . Afta b Ud d in Ahme d ) ( Md . En a mu l Ho q u e Kh a n ) ( Md . Ab u l Ba sh a r )
Su b -Assista nt Eng ine e r (Q C ) Sr. Assista nt Eng in e e r (Q C ) Exe c u tiv e En g ine e r (Q C )
C e n tra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it , C e n tra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it , C e n tra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it ,

61
 400

Stress, PSI
300

200

100

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Penetration, inch

CBR LOAD-PENETRATION CURVE ( Mold No. - 8 )

Dry-Density 1780 kg/m3 or 100 % Compaction

Stress Vs. Penetration Curve

1200

1000

800
Stress, Psi

600

0.400
400

200

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Penetration, inch

62
 800

Stre ss, P
600

400

200

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Pe n e tra tio n , in c h

% C BR v s. Dry De n sit y
80
70
60
50
% C BR

40
30
20
10
0
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700

Dry De n sity

At 100% C o m p a c t io n ( o r 1650 kg / m 3 Dry-De nsity ) ; th e so a ke d C BR = 72 %

( M d . Afta b Ud d in Ah me d ) ( M d . En a mu l Ho q u e Kh a n ) ( M d . Ab ul Ba sh a r )
Su b -Assista n t En g ine e r (Q C ) Sr. Assista n t En g ine e r (Q C ) Exe c u tiv e En g in e e r (Q C )
C e n t ra l Q u a lit y C o n t ro l Un it , C e n t ra l Q u a lity C o n tro l Un it , LG ED.C e n t ra l Q u a lity C o n tro l Un it , LG ED.

Please read the following item of schedule of rates July 2012 and discuss the
specifications.

63
Item code 3.1.02 Earth work in box cutting on road crest up to 300mm depth with proper grade,
camber and alignment maintaining super elevation at curves, removing soils to a safe distance or if
necessary, spreading the excavated earth on road flanks and slopes uniformly including levelling,
dressing, watering to bring moisture content ± 2% of OMC & compacting the sub-grade by
appropriate mechanical means to attain minimum compaction 98% of MDD (standard) etc. all
complete as per direction of the E-I-C. Minimum Soaked CBR requirement of the sub-grade is 4%.
Item Code 3.1.06.01:Sand (FM 0.80)filling on the road bed in the improved sub-grade with sand
free from dust, earth, other vegetable growth and foreign materials including supplying all materials,
spreading, watering, compacting by appropriate mechanical means to obtain a minimum soaked
CBR 8% at minimum compaction 98% of MDD (Modified), etc. all complete as per direction of the
E-I-C.

Item Code 3.2.02.02: Providing compacted aggregate sand sub-base course with 38mm down
Crusher run 1st class bricks/picked chips of LAA value not exceeding 40 & sand of minimum FM
0.80 mixed in proportion 1:1 by volume placed in layer(s) to give a maximum compacted thickness
of 100mm in a single appropriate layer, mixing properly, watering, compacting with 8~10 tonne
road roller to give compaction to 98% of MDD (modified) including supplying of all materials,
labourers, tools and equipment etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C. Minimum CBR
requirement for subbase course is 30 %.

Item Code 3.2.03.06: Providing, laying, spreading and compacting 38mm down graded aggregates
as specified in the relevant item of LGED road design standard or wet mix macadam specification
(LAA value not exceeding 40%) made of 1st class and picked bricks, combining brick chips of
different sizes to provide requisite grading and premixing the material with water at OMC in
mechanical mix plant at stack yard including carriage of mixed material by tipper with proper
covering to site, laying in uniform layers of specified loose thickness not more than 125mm with
Grade in base course on well prepared surface and compacting with 8~10 tonne road roller to achieve
soaked CBR not less than 80% at a degree of compaction to minimum 98% (Modified Proctor)
including supply of all materials, their carriage, labors, tools and equipment etc. all complete as per
direction of the E-I-C.

ACTIVITY- 11

DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETR (DCP) TEST

Introduction:
The Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is an instrument designed for the rapid in-situ measurement
of the structural properties of existing road pavements (especially for unbound materials).
Scope:

64
Using DCP test continuous measurements can be made down to a depth of 800 mm or more (when an
extension rod is fitted). Where pavement layers have different strengths the boundaries can be
identified and the thickness of the layers determined.
Co-relations have been established by different research workers between measurements with the
DCP and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) so that results can be interpreted and compared with CBR
specifications for pavement design.
Apparatus
The model of DCP apparatus of TRRL
(Transport and Road Research
Laboratory, UK) has the following
features as shown in Figure.
 Weight of the Hammer is 8 Kg,
 having the free-fall of 575 mm
Angle of the Cone is 600, having
the diameter of 20 mm

Benefits from DCP:

The DCP offers the following benefits:

• Low cost - The DCP can be
manufactured in-house or purchased
commercially.
• Easy to use - An operator can be
trained in a matter of minutes.
• Large Penetration Depth - Data
can be collected to a depth of
900 mm (36 inches) compared to a maximum of300 mm (12 inches) for other hand-held testing
devices.
 Fast - A large amount of data can be taken quickly.
Operation:
- After assembly the first task is to record the initial reading of the instrument and checking
that it is vertical and then entering the initial reading in the appropriate place on the
datasheet.

- The DCP needs three operators, one to hold the instrument, one to raise and drop the weight
and a technician to record the results. But one expert man can operate the instrument.

- Instrument is held vertical and the weight carefully rose to the handle.

- Care should be taken to ensure that the weight is touching the handle, but not lifting the
instrument, before it is allowed to drop and that the operator lets it fall freely and does not
lower it with his hands.
65
 - It is recommended that a reading should be taken at increments of penetration of about 10
mm. However it is usually easier to take a scale reading after a set number of blows.

- It is therefore necessary to change the number of blows between readings according to the
strength of the layer being penetrated.

- For good quality granular bases, readings every 5 or 10 blows are normally satisfactory, but
for weaker sub-base layers and sub-grades, readings every 1 or 2 blows may be appropriate.
There is no disadvantage in taking too many readings.

- However, if readings are taken too infrequently, week spots may be missed and it will be
more difficult to identify layer boundaries accurately, hence important information will be
lost.

- After completing the test the DCP is removed by gently tapping the weight upwards against
the handle. Care should be taken when doing this as if it is done too vigorously, the life of
the instrument will be reduced.
- The DCP can be driven through both single and double surface dressings, but it is
recommended that thick bituminous surfacing should be cored prior to testing.
Interpretation of Results:

a) The results of the DCP test are usually recorded on a field data sheet and then plotted in a
graph. A typical example of DCP datasheet with graph is shown later.
b) The boundaries between layers are easily identified by the change in the rate of penetration.

66
 - The DCP-CBR relationship is applicable for same materials having same moisture content
and density in a test location.

- CBR value of a material found from DCP test, may not be similar to that when performed on
laboratory compacted specimen at same % compaction because the moisture content may not
be the same.

- Specially when the soil is cohesive, DCP test will give higher CBR value. Because it
becomes hard when dry.

- Hence a layer may show different DCP result when tested in a dry condition then tested in a
wet condition though its dry-density (%compaction) remains the same.

- So if Moisture Content, LL/PI, %Compaction are known, then concerned engineers can apply
judgment during result interpretation, decision making.

- Dry layer of cohesive soil may be tested after continuous rainfall. Over consolidated clay
layer may also give higher CBR value.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Project : Laboratory at : LGED HQ. Dhaka

DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER (DCP) TEST

Client: XEN, LGED, Madaripur Memo No./Ref., Date: 3-2-95_

Scheme: Road Embankment Location: Madaripur Sadar Thana_____
Date of Test: 10 - 02 - 95 Laboratory Register No.: ISP/DCP/117/94-95
Soil Parameter: %Passing #200 Sieve = 33, LL=34, PI=9 Classification: A-2-4 (As per AASHTO M 145)_
Type of DCP: Angle of Cone - 60o, Diameter - 20 mm, Hammer - 8 Kg, Drop - 575 mm , (TRRL UK Model )
Condition/Wear of the Cone: The Cone is Usable Since the Wear is Less__

TEST DATA
Chainage Layer Moisture Aggregate % DCP Test Data . CBR
(Length Layer Thickness State and Other Blow(No) Reading(mm) Result
Rep - Parameter Depth(mm)
resented)
0 81 0 CBR of Top
(Iinitial) Portion or Sub-
5 144 63 grade
10 219 138 = 13%
The Test 15 298 217 _______
3+400 m Top 0.5m of Surface Soil Don't 20 370 289
Sub- embankment was Dry Contains 25 515 434 CBR of Lower
(3+300 to grade is assumed Any 30 668 587 Layer
3+500 m.) as the Sub- (Roughly Aggregate 35 828 747 (Embankment
grade Much 40 976 895 Below Sub-
Below of grade)
OMC) = 4.8%

NOTE: For determining the average in-situ CBR (from DCP) of a particular layer (sub-base, base, etc.), that layer
thickness should be measured by digging a hole. Average straight-line ( Blow versus Penetration) should be
plotted using the data of that layer thickness. Using the average slope (penetration per blow) of the line, the
average CBR for that particular layer could be determined.

NOTE: It is recommended that the DCP readings should be taken at increment of about 10 mm. This is not necessary
that the reading should always be taken at the interval of 5 blows (shown in this datasheet). Before starting of
test, the cone should be penetrated up to its largest diameter.
67
Tested by: Kabir Hossain,Laboratory Helper

Comments of the Laboratory In-charge: Concerned engineers should specify what other tests are required (such as
% of Aggregate/Gradation, Moisture State, Thickness, etc.). Because in unsoaked/dry condition; higher CBR may
be found (specially for cohesive soil)_

Signed by:

68
 GRAPH OF DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER (DCP) TEST

No. of Blows
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Layer: Sub-Grade
0
Thickness: 0.5m (Assumed)

100 300  100

Slope = = 18.2
19  8
200 mm/blow
D
e CBR: 13%
p 300
Moisture: Almost Dry
t
h 400 Material: Soil (Clayey-Silt)

i
n 500
Layer: Below Sub-Grade

600 Thickness: --
m
m
700 Slope = = 47.6

mm/blow
800
CBR: 4.8%
Moisture: Have Some
900
Moisture

1000 Material: Soil (Clayey-Silt),

of Embankment

Signed by:

69
Relationship for Determination of CBR from DCP Test

70
 Activity – 12

TEST FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION WORK

Component Type/Name of Test Test Frequency

Embankment i) Plasticity Index (PI) 1 per or part of 2000 m 3

ii)4 day soaked CBR 1 per or part of 2000 m 3
iii)MDD (Standard) 1 per or part of 2000 m 3
iv)FDD 1 per or part of 600 m 3
v)DCP 1 per or part of 200 m 3
Subgrade i)Plasticity Index (PI) 1 per or part of 7500 m 2
ii)4 day soaked CBR 1 per or part of 7500 m 2
iii)MDD (Standard) 1 per or part of 7500 m 2
iv)FDD 1 per or part of 2500 m 2
v)DCP 1 per or part of 900 m 2
Improved i)Fineness Modulus (FM) of sand/ 1 per or part of 500 m 3
Sugrade Gradation
ii)4 day soaked CBR 1 per or part of 1500 m 3
iii)MDD 1 per or part of 1500 m 3
iv)FDD 1 per or part of 500m 3
v)DCP 1 per or part of 150 m 3
Sub-Base i)Gradation 1 per or part of 500 m 3
ii)4 day soaked CBR 1 per or part of 1500 m 3
iii)LAA 1 per or part of 1000 m 3
iv)MDD 1 per or part of 1500 m 3
v)FDD 1 per or part of 500 m 3
vi)Water Absorption (Stone/Bricks) 1 per or part of 500 m 3
vii)DCP 1 per or part of 150 m 3
Base i)Gradation 1 per or part of 500 m 3
ii)4 day soaked CBR 1 per or part of 1500 m 3
iii)LAA 1 per or part of 1000 m 3
iv)MDD 1 per or part of 1500 m 3
v)FDD 1 per or part of 500 m 3
vi)Water Absorption (Stone/Bricks) 1 per or part of 500 m 3
vii)DCP 1 per or part of 150 m 3
Brick on End i)Compressive strength 1 set per or part of 4000m
Edging ii)Water absorption 1 set per or part of 4000 m
HBB i)Compressive strength 1 set per or part of 2500m 2
ii)Water absorption 1 set per or part of 2500m 2

Bituminous i)Softening Point 1 per or part of 15000m 2

Material ii)Flash Point 1 per or part of 15000m 2
iii)Penetration 1 per or part of 7500m 2
iv)Gradation of FA 1 per or part of 7500m 2
v)Gradation of CA 1 per or part of 7500m 2
vi)Water absorption of CA 1 per or part of 7500m 2
vii)LAA 1 per or part of 7500m 2
viii)Flakiness Index 1 per or part of 7500m 2
i)FM of sand 1 per or part of 50 m 3
71
 Component Type/Name of Test Test Frequency

ii)Water absorption of coarse 1 per or part of 50 m 3

Concrete Aggregate
iii)LAA 1 per or part of 50 m 3
iv)Gradation of Coarse v)Aggregate 1 per or part of 50 m 3
vi)Setting Time of Cement Set per or part of 75 m 3
vii)Crushing Strength of Set per or part of 75 m 3
Cement(3,7,28 days)
viii)Crushing Strength of Concrete Set per or part of 50 m 3
i)Compressive Strength of Bricks Set per or part of 300 m 3
Brick Work ii)Water Absorption of Bricks Set per or part of 300 m 3
iii)Efflorescence of Bricks Set per or part of 300 m 3
iv)Setting time of cement Set per or part of 300 m 3
v)Compressive Strength of Cement Set per or part of 300 m 3
vi)FM of Sand 1 per or part of 300 m 3
Reinforcement i)Unit Weight, Elongation & Tensile 1 set /dia./1000 kg
Strength

72