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Number System

The document discusses four main number systems: decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides details on: - The base and symbols used in each system. Decimal is base 10 with 0-9 symbols. Binary is base 2 with 0-1 symbols. Octal is base 8 with 0-7 symbols. Hexadecimal is base 16 with 0-9 and A-F symbols. - Converting between number systems by representing a value in one system as the addition of place values in another. For example, 10 in decimal is 1010 in binary. - Common uses of each system, with binary used for computing, octal for bits grouping, and hexadecimal for memory addresses.

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Nimrah Younas
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47 views

Number System

The document discusses four main number systems: decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides details on: - The base and symbols used in each system. Decimal is base 10 with 0-9 symbols. Binary is base 2 with 0-1 symbols. Octal is base 8 with 0-7 symbols. Hexadecimal is base 16 with 0-9 and A-F symbols. - Converting between number systems by representing a value in one system as the addition of place values in another. For example, 10 in decimal is 1010 in binary. - Common uses of each system, with binary used for computing, octal for bits grouping, and hexadecimal for memory addresses.

Uploaded by

Nimrah Younas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Number System

In computer science, there are four commonly used number systems: decimal system (base 10),
binary system (base 2), octal system (base 8), and hexadecimal system (base 16).
The decimal number system is the one we use in our day-to-day life and has base 10 as it uses
10 digits from 0 to 9¹. The binary number system has base 2 and is used by computers to
represent data and instructions². The octal number system has base 8 and is used in computing
when working with groups of bits¹. The hexadecimal number system has base 16 and is used in
computing for representing colors, memory addresses, and other data¹.
For example, if you want to represent the decimal number "10" in binary, you will write it as
"1010" because it is equal to (1 x 2^3) + (0 x 2^2) + (1 x 2^1) + (0 x 2^0). Similarly, if you want to
represent the decimal number "10" in hexadecimal, you will write it as "A" because it is equal to
(10 x 16^0)
The Decimal Number System:
The Decimal number system is a number system of base or radix equal to 10, which means that
there are 10, called Arabic numerals, symbols used to represent number : 0, 1, 2, 3,…….,9 ,
which are used for counting.
The units symbol occupies the first position to the left of the decimal point is represented as
100. The second position is represented as 101, and so forth. To determine what the actual
number is in each position, take the number that appears in the position, and multiply it by 10X,
where x is the power representation. This is expressed mathematically of the first five positions
as
104 103 102 101 100
Ten thousand thousand hundreds tens units
For example, the value of the combination of symbols 435 is determined by adding the weight
of each position as 4 102 + 3 101 + 5 10o Which can be written as 4 100 + 3 10 + 5 1
Or 400 + 30 + 5 = 435.
The Binary Number System:
The binary number system is a number system of base or radix equal to 2, which means that
there are two symbols used to represent number : 0 and 1.
A seventeenth-century German Mathematician, Gottfriend Wilhelm Von Leibniz, was a strong
advocate of the binary number system. The binary number system has become extremely
important in the computer age.
The symbols of the binary number system are used to represent number in the same way as in
the decimal system symbol is used individually; then the symbols are use combination. Since
there are only two symbols, we can represent two numbers , 0 and 1, with individual symbols.
The position of the 1 or 0 in a binary number system indicates its weight or value within the
number. We then combine the 1 with 0 and with itself to obtain additional numbers.
Binary and Decimal Number Correspondence:
Here are first 15 equivalence decimal and binary numbers:

Decimal Number Binary Number


0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F

Example 1: Convert the following binary number to their decimal equivalent.


(a) 1101 (b) 1001
Solution: (a) 1101 = (1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20) = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
(b) 1001 = (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (0 x 21)(1 x 20) = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 9
(10101010111)2
Solution
: to decimal: =(1x210) + (0x29) + (1x28) + (0x27)+ (1x26) + (0x25)+ (1x24) +(0x23)+ (1x22) + (1x21) +
(1x20)
= 1024 + 0 +256 +0+ 64 + 16 +0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= (1367)10
111011101)2 to its decimal equivalent.
to decimal: =(1x28) + (1x27) + (1x26) + (0x25) + (1x24) + (1x23) + (1x22)
+ (0x21)+(1x20)
= 256 + 128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1
= (477)10
(111100000)2
to decimal: =(1x28) + (1x27) + (1x26) + (1x25)
= 256 + 128 + 64 + 32
= (480)10
Convert 101101012 to decimal equivalent
27 + 0+ 25+ 24+ 0+ 22+ 0+ 20 = 18110
Convert each of the following binary numbers to octal formats.
(111011101)2
to octal: 111 011 101 = (735)8
(10101010111)2
to octal: 010 101 010 111 = (2527)8
(111100000)2
to octal: = 111 100 000 (740)8
Convert each of the following binary numbers to hexadecimal formats.
(111011101)2
to hexadecimal: 0001 1101 1101 = (1DD)16
(10101010111)2
to hexadecimal: = 0101 0101 0111 (557)16
(111100000)2
to hexadecimal: = 0001 1110 0000 (1E0)16
011 010 110
3 2 6
11010110(2) = 326(8)
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion:
It is frequently necessary to convert decimal numbers to equivalent binary numbers. The two
most frequently used methods for making the conversion are the :
Repeated division-by-2 or multiplication-by-2 method.
Convert each of the following decimal numbers to binary, octal, and
hexadecimal formats.
(3479)10
to binary: = 3479 ¸ 2 = 1739 rem = 1
1739 ¸ 2 = 869 rem = 1
869 ¸ 2 = 434 rem = 1
434 ¸ 2 = 217 rem = 0
217 ¸ 2 = 108 rem = 1
108 ¸ 2 = 54 rem = 0
54 ¸ 2 = 27 rem = 0
27 ¸ 2 = 13 rem = 1
13 ¸ 2 = 6 rem = 1
6 ¸ 2 = 3 rem = 0
3 ¸ 2 = 1 rem = 1
1 ¸ 2 = 0 rem = 1
reading bottom to top of remainders = (110110010111)2
to octal: = 3479 ¸ 8 = 434 rem = 7
434 ¸ 8 = 54 rem = 2
54 ¸ 8 = 6 rem = 6
6 ¸ 8 = 0 rem = 6
reading bottom to top of remainders = (6627)8
to hexadecimal: = 3479 ¸ 16 = 217 rem = 7
217 ¸ 16 = 13 rem = 9
13 ¸ 16 = 0 rem = 13 (D)
reading bottom to top of remainders = (D97)16
(642)10
to binary: = 642 ¸ 2 = 321 rem =0
321 ¸ 2 = 160 rem = 1
160 ¸ 2 = 80 rem = 0
80 ¸ 2 = 40 rem = 0
40 ¸ 2 = 20 rem = 0
20 ¸ 2 = 10 rem = 0
10 ¸ 2 = 5 rem = 0
5 ¸ 2 = 2 rem = 1
2 ¸ 2 = 1 rem = 0
1 ¸ 2 = 0 rem = 1
reading bottom to top of remainders = (1010000010)2
to octal: = 642 ¸ 8 = 80 rem = 2
80 ¸ 8 = 10 rem = 0
10 ¸ 8 = 1 rem = 2
1 ¸ 8 = 0 rem = 1
reading bottom to top of remainders = (1202)8
to hexadecimal: = 642 ¸ 16 = 40 rem = 2
40 ¸ 16 = 2 rem = 8
2 ¸ 16 = 0 rem = 2
reading bottom to top of remainders = (282)16
(555)10
to binary: = 555 ¸ 2 = 277 rem = 1
277 ¸ 2 = 138 rem = 1
138 ¸ 2 = 69 rem = 0
69 ¸ 2 = 34 rem = 1
34 ¸ 2 = 17 rem = 0
17 ¸ 2 = 8 rem = 1
8 ¸ 2 = 4 rem = 0
4 ¸ 2 = 2 rem = 0
2 ¸ 2 = 1 rem = 0
1 ¸ 2 = 0 rem = 1
reading bottom to top of remainders = (1000101011)2
to octal: = 555 ¸ 8 = 69 rem = 3
69 ¸ 8 = 8 rem = 5
8 ¸ 8 = 1 rem = 0
1 ¸ 8 = 0 rem = 1
reading bottom to top of remainders = (1053)8
to hexadecimal: = 555 ¸ 16 = 34 rem = 11 (B)
34 ¸ 16 = 2 rem = 2
2 ¸ 16 = 0 rem = 2
reading bottom to top of remainders = (22B)16
The Octal Number System:
The octal number system is used extensively in digital work because it is easy to convert from
octal to binary, vice versa. The octal system has a base; or radix, of 8, which means that there
are eight symbols which are used to form octal numbers. Therefore, the single-digit numbers of
the octal, number system are 239 Math 123 No. Systems & Arithmetic Operations
0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
To count beyond 7, a 1 is carried to the next higher-order column and combined with each of
the other symbols, as in the decimal system. The weight of the different positions far the octal
system is the base raised to the appropriate power, as shown below:
Weight 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
positional notation 8 8 8 8 8 8
(decimal value) 512 64 8 1 1/8 1/64

Convert each of the following octal numbers to binary, decimal, and


hexadecimal formats.
(3754)8
to binary: = (11 111 101 100)2
to decimal: =(3x83) + (7x82) + (5x81) + (4x80)
= 1536 + 448 + 40 + 4
= (2028)10
to hexadecimal: = (0111 1110 1100)2 = (7EC)16
Solutions
(7777)8
to binary: = (111 111 111 111)2
to decimal: =(7x83) + (7x82) + (7x81) + (7x80)
= 3584 + 448 + 56 + 7
= (4095)10
to hexadecimal: = (1111 1111 1111)2 = (FFF)16
(247)8
to binary: = (10 100 111)2
to decimal: =(2x82) + (4x81) + (7x80)
= 128 + 32 + 7
= (167)10
to hexadecimal: = (1010 0111)2 = (A7)16
372(8) = (3*82) + (7*81) + (2*80) = (3*64) + 56+2 = 25010
24.68 = (2*81) + (4*80) + (6*8-1) = 20.7510

Convert 472(8) to binary number


Solution: 4 7 2
100 111 010
472(8)) = 100111010(2)
Example 2: Convert 5431(8) to binary number
Solution: 5 4 3 1(8)
= 101 100 011 001
= 101100011001(2)
Convert each of the following hexadecimal numbers to binary, octal, and
decimal formats.
(4FB2)16
to binary: (100 1111 1011 0010)2
to octal: (100 1111 1011 0010)2 = (47662)8
to decimal: = (4x163) + (15x162) + (11x161) + (2x160)
= (4x4096) + (15x256) + (11x16) + (2x1)
= 16384 + 3840 + 176 + 2
= (20402)10
(88BAE)16
to binary: (1000 1000 1011 1010 1110)2
to octal: (10 001 000 101 110 101 110)2 = (2105656)8
to decimal: = (8x164) + (8x163) + (11x162) + (10x161) + (14x160)
= (8x65536) + (8x4096) + (11x256) + (10x16) + (14x1)
= 16384 + 3840 + 176 + 14
= (560046)10
(DC4)16
to binary: (1101 1100 0100)2
to octal: (110 111 000 100)2 = (6704)8
to decimal: = (13x162) + (12x161) + (4x160)
= (13x256) + (12x16) + (4x1)
= 3328 + 192 + 4
= (3524)10

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