Energy Automation

Proper detection and

treatment of power swing
to reduce the risk of
Blackouts

© Siemens AG 2008
Energy Sector
Basics

XG XL XM
VG VM VG  VM
P sin( )
XG  XL  XM
VA VB

I*XG I*XL I*XM

P
Pmax
VA VB

VG VM

ϑ
0° 90° 180° ϑ

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 2 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
 Influence of voltage angle

I*XG I*XL I*XM

P

Pmax
ϑ=120° VG VB V M
PM=PG I*XG I V I*XL I*XM
ϑ=60° A
I
I*XG
V VA I*XL VB I*XVM
G M
I

VG VB VM
ϑ=60°
ϑ=120°
ϑ=180°
ϑ=180° VA=0
0° 90° 180° ϑ

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 3 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Typical impedance trajectory

Z(ϑ = 0°)

 ϑ = 60°
X
normal load condition

 ϑ = 120°
dangerous for
distance protection

 ϑ = 180°
unstable power swing
out of step tripping
Z(ϑ = 60°)
φ
Z(ϑ = 180°) Z(ϑ = 120°) R

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 4 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Required characteristics for power swing detection

 No settings are required, thus no complex calculation is needed.

 Detection of power swing with frequencies up to 10Hz.

 Detection of power swings that occur during single-pole open

condition and during faults.

 Immediate unblocking of distance protection on all kind of faults

occurring during power swing.

 Quick detection of reappeared power swing after fault clearance.

 Out-of-step tripping in case of unstable power swing

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 5 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Principle of power swing detection

X
 Continuous
calculation and
monitoring of
Impedances

 First impedance in
power swing area:
R algorithm starts to
analyze the
Zone impedance trajectory

automatically sized
power swing area

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 6 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Main criteria for power swing detection

impedance in power swing

area

monotony
power swing
AND
detected
continuity

smoothness

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 7 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
monotony criterion

 power swing if
X ΔR1 and
and ΔR
ΔR22 and
or
ΔX1 ΔX1 and
and ΔX
ΔX22
ΔX2 have
have same
same directions
direction
ΔX2 ΔX11 ΔX2  no power swing if
ΔR1 and ΔR2 and
ΔR2
ΔR2 ΔR1 ΔX1 and ΔX2 have
ΔR2 different directions
ΔR1

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 8 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
continuity criterion

 power swing
X if ΔR or ΔX
exceed a threshold
ΔX
 no power swing
if ΔR and ΔX are
below the threshold
ΔR

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 9 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
smoothness criterion

 power swing if
X ΔR1 nearly ΔR2
ΔX1 and ΔX1 nearly ΔX2


ΔX1 ΔX2 no power swing if
ΔR1 strong vary from ΔR2
ΔR2 ΔR1ΔX2 or
ΔX1 strong vary from ΔX2
ΔR2 ΔR1

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 10 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
If three machines oscillating against each other

X  Impedance trajectory
will not follow a
perfect elliptical path

 difficult to manage
with blinders

 easy to detect with

criteria monotony,
continuity and
R
smoothness

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 11 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Quick redetection of power swing after fault inception

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 12 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Secure power swing detection during open pole condition

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 13 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Necessity of power swing detection, example

D1 Trip Trip D2
 3-phase-fault initiates
a power swing in the
transmission network
Busbar Busbar
G 1 2

Transmission network

D3 Trip Trip D4
 Power swing blocking
function prevents the
distance relays D1 ..
Relay 5
3-phase D4 from unselective
fault tripping

Distribution network

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 14 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Impedance Vector for Distance Relay D4

X
3-phase reverse fault:
Zone Z2
 Impedance vector
Zone Z1 jumps to ZFault
ZLoad power swing is initiated by
the reverse fault:
 The impedance moves
R on a circular trajectory
ZFault
The power swing blocking
Zone
function prevents an
Zone Z3 unselective trip, before
the impedance vector
enters the tripping zone
Power Swing Detection Z1

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 15 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
 © Siemens AG 2008
Page 16 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Rotor angle and impedance trajectories for stable
and unstable power swing
Impedance trajectory
X
for stable power swing  distinguish between
Rotor angle for stable power swing
stable and unstable
power swing
R
 Trip only for
unstable out of step
condition

X Impedance trajectory  strong network: trip

Rotor angle for instable power swing
for unstable power swing
as fast as possible

R  weak network: keep

the line in service
as long as possible

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 17 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
Basic signals for out of step detection

X
1. power swing detected
2. impedance in out of
step area detected
3. impedance crosses
1 the line angle from
3 2
4 the right side

5 4. impedance leaves
power swing area
α
at opposite side after
R
complete crossing
5. impedance crosses
the line angle from
the left side

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 18 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
 special out of step tripping logic

 Individual out of step trip by logical combination of basic signals

Power swing detected 3

AND

COUNTER
impedance in out of step area Out of Step Trip

impedance crosses line angle

from the right side

 Trip, if the impedance crosses the line angle 3 times inside the
predefined area

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 19 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
special out of step tripping scheme

X 6. Trip, if the impedance

crosses the line angle
Out of step area
3 times inside the
predefined area
Trip
6 7. no trip, if the
impedance crosses
the line angle outside
the predefined
α
out of step area
R

 out of step protection

No Trip 7
becomes a selective
function

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 20 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector
conclusion

For the protection of the transmission systems of the future we

recommend a strong coordination of power swing detection, distance
protection and out of step protection.
This method, successfully used in Kazakhstan and Romania has the
following advantages:

 distance protection for selective clearing of faults in the protected

zone
 block distance protection in case of power swing
 flexible out of step protection to split the grid selectively according
grid study
 optimal coordination of distance protection and out of step protection
by using the same algorithm for power swing detection

© Siemens AG 2008
Page 21 21.08.23 Jörg Blumschein Energy Sector