North South University

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

LAB REPORT

Course Code: EEE141L.

Course Title: Electrical circuits 1 lab.
Course Instructor: Dr. Md. Aynal Haque (Tabia Hossain).
Experiment Number:
Experiment Name:
Lab 6: Verification of Thevenin’s, Norton’s and Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem.

Experiment Date: 11-12-21

Date of Submission: 18-12-21
Section: 13
Group Number:
Submitted To: Tabia Hossain.
Submitted By Score

Name: Sheaikh Nazibur Rahman.

ID: 2021572642
Objective :
• Experimentally perform Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem and Maximum
Power theorem
• Perform theoretical calculations.
• Verify the experimental values with theoretical values.

List of Components:

• Breadboard
• 1× 1K
• 1× 5K
• 2 × 10KΩ
• POT (10K)
• Digital Multimeter (DMM)
• Connecting Wire
• NI multisim

Theory:
Thevenin’s Theorem: Thevenin’s theorem is a theorem that is used for
simplifying a complex circuit. It works with just a single voltage source and series
resistance connected to a load.
Norton’s Theorem: Norton’s theorem is also used to simplify a complex linear
circuit, It works with just a single current source and parallel resistance connected
to a load.
Thevenin’s or Norton’s theorem makes this easy by temporarily removing the load
resistance from the original circuit and reducing what’s left to an equivalent
circuit:
- Single voltage source and series resistance in case of Thevenin.
- Single current source and parallel resistance in case of Norton.
The load resistance can then be re-connected to this “equivalent circuit” and
calculations carried out as if the whole network were nothing but a simple series
circuit:
Maximum Power Theorem:
Maximum Power will be delivered to the load when that load resistance is equal to
the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the network supplying the power. If the load
resistance is lower or higher than the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the source
network, its dissipated power will be less than maximum.
Load impedance that is too high will result in low power output. Load impedance
that is too low will not only result in low power output.
Circuit Diagram:
R1 A R3

10kΩ 10kΩ
XMM1 5
2 3

RL V2
V1 1.0kΩ 5V
10V
0

Measuring VL
R1 A R3
3
10kΩ 10kΩ
XMM1 5
2

RL V2
V1 1.0kΩ 5V
10V 4

Measuring IL
R1 A R3
3
10kΩ 10kΩ
XMM1 5
2

V2
V1 5V
10V

Measuring VTh
 R1 A R3
3
10kΩ 10kΩ
XMM1 5
2

V2
V1 5V
10V

Measuring IN
R2 A R4
1
10kΩ 10kΩ
XMM2

Measuring RTh and RN

XMM1

Rth
1 2
5.0kΩ
V1 RL
7.5V 1.0kΩ

Measuring Voltage approach RL

Results/Data/Readings:
Table 2:
Value Measured R Calculated % Error

VL 1.25 V 1.25 V 0%

IL 1.25 mA 1.25 mA 0%

Table 3:

Measurement Measured Calculated % Error

𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.5V 7.5V 0%
𝐼𝑁 1.5mA 1.5mA 0%
𝑅𝑇𝐻 5kOhm 5.00kOhm 0%
𝑉𝐿 1.25V 1.25V 0%

𝐼L 1.25mA 1.25mA 0%

Table 4:

Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

Rth 1
1 2
5.0kΩ

V1 RL
7.5V 1.0kΩ I1 Rth RL
1A 5.0kΩ 1.0kΩ

0
0
Table 5:

RL (kΩ) VL (Experimental) PL (Experimental)

1.0 1.25V 1.562mW
2.0 2.143V 2.296mW
3.0 2.812V 2.635mW
4.0 3.333V 2.777mW
5.0 3.75V 2.812mW
6.0 4.091V 2.789mW
7.0 4.375V 2.734mW
8.0 4.615V 2.662mW
9.0 4.821V 2.582mW
10.0 5.0V 2.5mW

Calculation:
Here, VTh=7.5V, RTh=5.0kΩ, RL=1.0 kΩ
IL=VTh/(RTh+RL)
=7.5 /(5.0+1.0)
=1.25mA
VL=RL*IL
=1.0*1.25
=1.25V
Therefore,
IN =VTh / RTh
=7.5/5
=1.5mA
Now,
When, RL=1.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +1) =1.25V
When, RL=2.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +2) =2.143V
When, RL=3.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +3) =2.812V
When, RL=4.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +4) =3.333V
When, RL=5.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +5) =3.75V
When, RL=6.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +)6 =4.091V
When, RL=7.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +7) =4.375V
When, RL=8.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +8) =4.615V
When, RL=9.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +9) =4.821V
When, RL=10.0k, IL = VTh / (RTh + RL) =7.5/ (5 +10) =5.0V

And we know,
PL= (VTh)^2/RL .
When, RL=1.0k, PL= (1.25)^2/1.0 =1.562 mW
When, RL=2.0k, PL= (2.143)^2/2.0 =2.296mW
When, RL=3.0k, PL= (2.812)^2/3.0 =2.635mW
When, RL=4.0k, PL= (3.333)^2/4.0 =2.777mW
When, RL=5.0k, PL= (3.75)^2/5.0 =2.812mW
When, RL=6.0k, PL= (4.091)^2/6.0 =2.789mW
When, RL=7.0k, PL= (4.375)^2/7.0 =2.734mW
When, RL=8.0k, PL= (4.615)^2/8.0 =2.662mW
When, RL=9.0k, PL= (4.821)^2/9.0 =2.582mW
When, RL=10.0k, PL= (5.0)^2/10.0 =2.5mW
Error calculation:
Percentage Error = | (Practical value – Theoretical value) | / Theoretical valu
V error: ((1.25-1.25)/1.25)*100% = 0%
IL error: ((1.25-1.25)/1.25)*100% = 0%
VTh %error: ((7.5-7.5)/ 7.5)*100% = 0%
IN %error: ((1.5-1.5)/ 1.5)*100% = 0%
RTh %error: ((5-5)/ 5)*100% = 0%
VL %error: ((1.25-1.25)/1.25)*100% = 0%
IL %error: ((1.25-1.25)/1.25)*100% = 0%

Graphical Analysis:
Questions and Answers:
1.Calculate all the theoretical values of Table 2. Show all steps.
Here, VTh=7.5V, RTh=5.0kΩ, RL=1.0 kΩ
IL=VTh/(RTh+RL)
=7.5 /(5.0+1.0)
=1.25mA
VL=RL*IL
=1.0*1.25
=1.25V

2. Comparing experimental values to theoretical values, verify Thevenin and

Norton theorem.
Here, VTh=7.5V, RTh=5.0kΩ, RL=1.0 kΩ
IL=VTh/(RTh+RL)
=7.5 /(5.0+1.0)
=1.25mA
VL=RL*IL
=1.0*1.25
=1.25V
Therefore,
IN =VTh / RTh
=7.5/5
=1.5mA
Therefore, VTh =VN.
3. Prove Thevenin Norton equivalence.
Threre are,
VTh =7.5V, RTh =5kΩ, RN=5kΩ, IN=1.5mA
RTh =RN
Now,
VTh = RN * IN =1.5*5 =7.5V

4. In a graph paper, draw 𝑃𝐿 vs 𝑅𝐿 .

5. From the graph state the value of 𝑅𝐿 for which maximum power is
obtained.
Then the maximum value of power PLmax=2.813Mw.

6. Theoretically calculate the maximum power.

we know,
PL= (VTh)^2/RL .
When, RL=5.0k, PL= (3.75)^2/5.0 =2.812mW

7. Verify the maximum power theorem

Here,
RL = RTH
So, The maximum power theorem is verified.

Discussion:
From this experiment I learn about two theorems one is Thevenin’s theorem and
another one is Norton’s theorem. Thevenin’s theorem is a theorem that is used for
simplifying a complex circuit. It works with just a single voltage source and series
resistance connected to a load. Norton’s theorem is also used to simplify a complex
linear circuit, It works with just a single current source and parallel resistance
connected to a load. The maximum power theorem will occur in Thevenin’s /
Norton’s resistance of the source network when the load resistance is equal to the
circuit resistance. From the graph, we can see that when we increase the load
resistance value then the power becomes increasing and when it becomes equal to
the circuit resistance it reaches the peak point and then it become decreasing.