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Electronics II Class Notes

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SAKIBUL ISLAM
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551 views

Electronics II Class Notes

Uploaded by

SAKIBUL ISLAM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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EMEC aC mohammed pulok ahmed ouvi 2019333049) 02) 294n Pugusd — Far Desenver (2028) BD Transduerr - oo device dit inputs and our purls ditfreat dy upes al enemy 8 triemonone, tans. ® Sano When we dejan m amplifier, we need ty speci sohas Ae workeng rmnge Of cur devin will be. Frquenay response enters dws picture Were . - Tn om amplifier, Pago wwuolly grekr tron Pay TH gin of mt a) pouer ¢ posible only Be tM Ty mm om ampliter Gorm in on amplifier G is 142 tn) \ Toe . ompifer Haslet lnm \ oe U9) Pout G+ 0 "0 P AaB -@ ” OA Woe power pont, Pay = Pry /% or Pan? 2 Pour Pou G10 tog “ Pout wy Pp n — gB : W \eg a® = }0 'eg 4a ( > 9 Pun . =~ B10 dB magic number in Aectome “ u : 4 uy | i Anis ho gpuor got is obo Wren oso | cutolf feequtoey sh up ‘ rin YW re we chine our dovins bran wirlhit ‘F | by avis pour region. | Mt bing fe und inated of fouer, ia (20. By /2 Vn [20 G: Mo £10 wal . . via 1 sons) song) a ma roe et 2 Ven Jn greene . Pou ‘: 20 log Viet 2 ap 19, @ = 1D img wa Voltage OF Tole power pomnt > , sn st Ay > 0-703 & JOX, Yen _3t St August 2023 Deve wond + deign on amplifier not Toues im input in dhe osrge (2012-204) but our amplifier has tne vange (tous -Skll2) Wrat comporrns do we need to Change br ouy our desired Outcome 2 ® Wry do ue ua models for amplifiers 2 Working wih dnevenin eireunts ave obviously more emventent and approachable than i's unaliertd counter port. But comerting on “omslitier erreur} = Was. One. ood block 5 romely y dre tronsisbrs , So. ue ue models fer hansistors de -eemvent reper it win ose} of] psistor, Copactor , Induehsr, Tndependent Ve source, Dependent V sources, current sure. | Stuff ue, Lene Tow - doh uth a vee “ Re Cal aes 2 (F probam ey ey Zi 4 re Some os dno tronsistoy modsle art de oa fy me 1s) (Ye model | > model, TT model» nyond ® tony vmomy rnrdels 2 ; worl Rerovours ef lemons om treurls haar orn exlveme changes in ‘eating, folrfyima ory specific : © fmods| dhe aor ued previously So we need mo" ; my models oud of mocessHy a ' —— f io | Vin, 2 | r L, | / “ _ | | “ >t j ot Tow Frequeneies , 1m coupling coxpatrby or has o von reoetbnes Sema ros) of the wHtoge so tro agin jy low. AS Ave Aeutmey rises, WN in pedones aves , wort o5 9 short eireutd « “Thal way Aho gpm is High ™ Jro ploteu - ® wt fan capocrioy Wehows as short avcut , ny does die goun Awp if Arqorey is Yopel en more a4 y high frequencies, row patric appear bet seen BE Ft amt CR Om Aw trent, — 4 ! V SS / } Coughing s ‘ | h a4 copacitones [ / Copocita, ani aeons capatitones i called ghee} apacitanes foromeky im very hon Frequent es. ® Why do we ue capacitors in BJT tonfiquystions 2 for BIT Config to work we need fo bos te BST and 1 ine G pant . TH @ pom) of our confiqurertin ron crore dur fp external DC interferanens ous dotortions , Te Bots oulside PC nlerfevener we Ue ropacityrs , 9 segs 2095 » AMA ond Ones! sergrioness | ie In on, onifer — ptap ape ngs ie or : ao ane tngut impeivg an Ge. ? mn oo of tng " 4 " ey etn contre iia py vddoo i we Oe g iWerro) retones 8 input mistons yy ieierre! ret. mroxreun voltone appr otrets ie. amy ompiter, ars npet verter Dudpud resistones srewd be toe. ot our conearn >) the sutped Syerpal bUt current is fomeed comer LR) a de THY Yood so 1 teed MoremuT eur Imprrion) ares yn ave dean Chose | Trnpedon cs. wporening — Inpuk venpedaTnue Oxted rmpedbne_ 3 - Arquaney, yoponse , ovrpad snage Coound selechon) {aivbrion) 3 SP] 2022 In rey hfe, FETS or und Yeeaus (4) ‘Massive Inpud impedoner Gi) veHage contmlled ompli tier, Differential amplifier ou wy are di Ffevenee veloen an 4wo Ves . , on + = ant cranes can Biased -v . e . reverting € ron meg doward ‘ain an ampliher or oP AMP an elecincal sustich, For rarssisdons fo act as an amplifier i seeds 4 be biased in drs che en, . Th ane Sourens are tot grounded , ra Souret is busheallys on open cre}. All grunds in a cree] must be eommon. haracteristiec of om Ideal Op Arp yd vollage goin eo | cone. © ven pe on. Tenge’) 4 m) Tnpud mpedanc yy ‘imfrrife and oud put Ferm 2 Cn practice \ney ove tn Ane MA * vo urd ' , weper mw) BandvHh will we 2ew, C\ower wound 1s 22D fs is ~) 2) In “seal P-omp, chomge im yppat uses instar} change mm oud put C slew wate) Lv Nee ~ ow AMP AND UNEAR INTEGRATED “a ~ CVREU\T Ve we Page It, 25 wheneutr we eomider epramp, SP eOMSMdeY choo typer OF Oar een | @ Closed loop (feedback, can We postive ov mayetne ) D open loop u Wee we “Vee u CE Feadbac (if omy one of the dotied me is realized ) Ar Meal Op- ompi, Rin? Sop = 0 fe dn + Ve For practical op OMPS co + Jop & AA, A da I @wry v dove — loop configuration used 2 © Contr] over tno gom we want. © mereor am pondwidth at our ckuiee . 1 19 September 2029 Wny 15 closed —s loop cangigueadion used $ © we com freey contol are gem we wand yn closed [oop Cond\gurations. ® Im pracdica} op-amps, Ano bandwidth is only o dew [2 when contigurat, we need Vardwiddhs of otleast some Kile. Blosed loop con bguradtor allows us te ‘merease {he amd Aah Closed loop comtiguration enmes ‘in two flavours’ amplifier Taverting omnplifier ' Non mverty Pe par Re . « l, Vin ~ oe w\——_ Vo Ve vw S Aly, Jno oudpud gels inverted Aha oudpud js ox moreimverted Chroma. input) forte o| dee mput Jn bein cae, AN feedback 5 eonnecdtd do Ine (-) termimoy, go, aw feedback W said do be megatue feedback , Deriving gem for tre ee AMAA Te a |r Vy oar — ™ nO By KVL? a Yi TR ~ Bp Ry -Vo 20 DVy: Vp TR - IRs Dvyevie- 4, C@ARe) Li = 2] aM: Y- a (4%) [Yee 2 2 ht i oud yy Be @: R DVor- Vj ie J Me: Bt vi Ri swe can contro) ane voltage goin vy se¥ing ave Ry ed Re yn ver dng cxmglitier + - | ‘ | | av, By KeL+ at port & wii ye: 0 1 24 viv Me, Bt toe Sy Ri Ri > Re c ME % fm modak omalysts, WE mabe ux ok gre virtual ground ot dhs ©) doronirok TH prolate ai even Anough, shypteall o groumd wpa grunded . Tnverdting summing armel ifier » eR ou 1 o> v Roh vy oS i vy ane or . ert we ane whole conbgurattion is als called oo meer grat suermmed uf amd — ge add all Ane sigrnals preented as signa] 92 dro output - 2 (Waves us) if BB eye Piz hae Po juntion 1 why wont tre input sign] go from ons sovires te cmodher souree md ytro duce. distorhon 7 cbservation! mo current from one SoUree ender: ito ANE Branch, of another sourta pecade Ana breech wdseld supplying current, _hypoanesiss, for one source do affect amodntr » sometneng has to dravt) arom one soueta to omodhey . But becaux ech source |» supplylry current ond aney al) supply current fo the \ \o’ mote Ya’, Mo Current dravels from a’ do amy odner souree ana wenie cmt affecd dm odher sourtes « | 3 a] 2 = 0 Volk a 20 september 202, Vottoge fallower § Reb la eae L Vg appears across fre ferminal @® ps sre whol Y Ea sould be ze \deally, bud dro cen presen of small nove — signals krad ave always present reult mm Eg Fé and thus ana Saturortqon | when We magative feedback was rhe duced, vitddal ground cory, mmo play, Tre op-omp mutwor behaves a9 dnowgh porn © gonmected do avs fa) dermal een trough m_ real it) ik sw, We Buy (ve 5) s virdually srovded wy Wv4) amd tm our case, WE SAY A es & virtual greg 70), dy > 1 nM . vind 7 Lint © 2 applying KA, i ~ 4p ~ Haro a7 fe Vile 9 ys (f)y oe ra 2 Ve (Ce) (assuming open loop “Hoge gar Pcen” °°) gm M983 op-amy can work wilh bath AC eee @® Frmplificcrtton jovl bom our emer) Tow our Fina} trough} woudl be dp cm oll our pousehsl applioness wo pendl batery and am amp fier of our crossing. But awe eo little ersiate om dra way called © eonservachon af ih marifesds here by ernirfing Ave Ewergy 7 Tw OY celum dra Ve can Teach. TH. energy of empl fier enn from fre DE viasing amd A Ve mma ty dependent on hit bios Ve comms} exceed Vee Lappe Ura) " ond canned = gh Wolow “Vee - |, _ © Voltage gon of an op OTP 5 Meg peeiieies: eee Tdeally, dre voltage gam (ok gre bloc) smould be orbit & Yad pracheally aliough mol 4 yitimive a is very high. L a Me Aye oy we we -M- ~ ve Mo RB, Oy om jw derdback pan, Vo, Vee vis TpRp > Vy 2 Vite pee > (UE) Ver - ~ See. Mite au(d Re Vike yee NN hy TA 5 eked of Eambde goin. vam, Pracheally aca vs LL py ANN dw. denorninafor goes do 1 amd at gem veeomys V2 ~ PE vi Ba Boh 2002 Invert Adder; — un va sugerpoition ineovem dor cach, pet Eye fr cramp a» eo vy, © poo ae ES untked sith, UF ond Fy uh cporgs , ROKK Ra and B, mH ye V0 oF elhor sid, Ae Avo as & Ul) ve com ste poy bone Me eee hoe. Doing dnd for a ane sourens awd wo op} ver - Me. Be & Ry Pe & We oy he Re wielgned um by chaning B'S or ave e E 1 Fo Bp ( Sty fe emuseighiel sure FY MA RE By = Ra > Re Ave: jr 9 Amp ution C a ‘nvercing adder + mvering amp Fer mm ave mevting oder pat inerting amplifier port f . ~ Oy (Ee, Be oe cacds oo input, Vo, > - f 2, *-p, + By Ve, Q _ D0 ou put -& No, Et Bs 4 Fy using Piz Ra: Py ~ Ete. tes > i a 2 | te 2S) Gt ETE , Fe 1% a \ using Pes a] Subdvactor $ he for Mt Swerdwg Vs ound Ne, Q wye- ty a! Me 2 Yo, 4 Voy fr vy, we to ymke sure wh & svenpe Aeolyrrg, superposition fon rat dw i. ev vo Hage souree, Vi 3 oe awn odd % OF cach fF tm | de gd ans actual output. for “ss caleulating sw stig ¥s amd coloslard Vow ay : - Kya Cy, 28% av, 1 Ant oudgut , of ve warm va we hue vol of gets te a vp amp. We achieve gris vortage diveder NoWlage (lower ; dn ctor! has o goin of 1. ° Vota» (4 V/s eV oN MA fe ty, ba vy ux oO omni fier wih "> gern? TD) vminbmizes qre loading effects of ¢ hgh interna} reivlonen sore. 1) Buffer sbge for unrecognized voltage sourer. do mao 14 as om ‘deal one - becouse ol op-emps igh imp ynpecernee , YA Tre voltage fern tourer appars ins jhe vdtage falower jp also called “touffer”. om - averting Ze crosirg aelectot s om open loop op-amp Was very high volts gor” - Bud Are maximum yo\ age, (ain boin Wve ad ve divection ) arround Ff tpek com oudpud 6 wmited «Wy ‘Boeing wattage: Mee Od Veg - ak . wo SA manrmnun Ypically on of-armp & given sy os Wes, voltage. 2° ouled whoge Vy > EG NEY a, sypically in Awe 2 E42 BV/p,00,000 7 SRY forge f 2/00,000- An input diffevenhal voltage Ey % BS yy will come Ave op-cern p to oulpul yl saturation, voltage . Bud Mm practical ms, Avo. smalles} af moses posess, «olor Wight thon 6S ~V~ The save se, if Ey >0, dro opromp ops AVyay voltage - com dee detect when i dre case WMH -Egdp, Wig ARE a signal cvmsq ze for avy ONY value’) av seg Net, E, = mew signed Eqs mpd sg val ys Ousteud sigmal Vo Ordpuk signal Niyep = OY Wreg ? Ev (irwertng zero level detector) [reverting usage level antetsor’) Smoke Detector $ 19 4 9022 = aa Up smoke pathicles., *4Isv | photo conducdeys, Nee TZ wel a roy! LA Sound Ljwr-j} T 47 tan sy i 4 adjustment 1 “Me smmolic deledor wots vy employing 2 twinge. D velloge divider @ volioge lave! detector srormally , Vr Ave absense ef syno¥o pavholes , se IV > divided between Aw Py ord aw vartolla vesioy. Tre variable ysivby can be bund so noe Vee of my choles can appear mb dye G) devine ot Ars opemp . Tre voltage apperng acypes dre Py reaches diva @) fermine ‘ we lah gy we small so Vp, is small 20 My conn oul os und off ond Ving © Bud bocaure ve dunt wand dre olatm yo 20 je ceosten atbsenen of srr» tole ne Ving WY MMI diode at tw oped tevanind- OE SAT AM oo” UE sent iy ahypduerd an re HEM, QM form are MP Tle gp ME tw mole garwtieht ands AW phatbcon du OT By In du pean ¥ ' re NMA Ra ciepS so Vou top ond Vp, HH + ys yrore mole qe mere drove 3 anemone Uist anaers fre photoresist om 4 ill Ve, Mees. Mo prises up beywnd dhe ord Veg ’ ve sou fo Vag ge Anroug he died amd sound Aw 107m x wren smoke putdidas emer dro chornber, light 1 rePeced dt of tro particles artd shiko a phot cam duchy « phate corduroy’ rerstenet deerenses v, suldeney From Vang 42 *Vouy * Vp, wneveoes, Ae Vp, > Vig & Sound ull producid gern gre alarm areutid « Voltage level ddeedur wit hysteresis capper Fhraheld £Vyo* Mog (+ a : = f { ‘ \; pT" Lower Aneshold SVy = Yep Cl] a Veptrets valbOr Uy ay Vig Moat ~ CVset vi canter voltage. Veyy VuteVey \ in qe Wo) wil VAVAS CL +~+—{ Fi {| | 4, — “| Yur lle Jy Nhat ——— | Hote impel cranes Stade, dnt output chars WWE output to return back be i Ws slake doo, Bub for prov shade, AWE impud usd be changed a 0 different shade Ahan befert. In a mommy, tw yim TemPm bers fre divestion dnt charge in put it comm, rm ond oubpub accordingy | Tes is whed Ue col Wy steves is + dn the cereus), ehming nQ_ chang BUN Vy od Very YoHoge eve] delecor unin mdepen dent adjushnwnt ger pr Seres awe Cemer vollage . Chow wid ae rspomic i6 and Wow much MP odusds Vay mae, Veg Mad 4 (vse) f | ™ ex AR adjusts y, | = 7 C4 BVygy Sk Vik OM eee eB! | i ae | ane purpow charges between [e’ ies | yaeweases with ie) Tidegrdor | motes. ‘ veya dotted Vera Teabed Repone £1 a rectangular pule input ‘ due eanstan] T= Re i Te tlord loop Ns oo T7107 “ot aor ae ‘miegnrtor du work prey, pacitor charge % pees) TM praacheal PUTPOKS (mot Jelly And = Yorentiodoy rt vim . | Vey - RC din ——] Vin Yn practical cases, & reudor pin ire range of (over ovjje. & emmecied WA sete WK hw capacitor C. Vout —_ Widows we dine cheat serouy oscillate petal ame 25 el 2022 outpus qurrems from opamp ave typical very YO, Xx highey current levels ore dived From opamp circuits, we appent oO BIT Amplifier to dm oudput ond Vout poor} Ana caste level. A Fiat non mnverdng current boorter - Control gna Ve and you contol tw Jy ant aM ourrem will le amnelitied . T Q if \ age 2e T “Rd ' | . : | tmee: P ae Lee [ise 's ava. raxirentinn curry qe opamp can povidi | Voltage Controlled Current couree § ae E Cecaux Virtual ground ests, Vin appear Tw \ a across BR, and tw current tay Nos ‘in Anrough. ledd Vi . ; Jout 7 and wus we ot tM ne aurped fur new 2 oulput ourrend 1 ‘mdependent ef a op plied load. But aw curnd depends ot Vans Veo ond Re For a gen Vin 4 Vee + v © Vee -Yyn (output voltage wf ane of me js Unrated ay dns orm) ‘ pieuimp voltage wang tet vi \ Vn ° DV, : : > Lemay) ° Sous anor) bh PL ema) \ = v. , 2 Mec My = a Re, tmex) | stor a gen Von Vee ond Ry amaximuny| amount af load the circuit! COW yendtia oe tomas” ® ") ¥ mg higher load leads to a 6 defiwed . Pu ting saturation . a eton Arnpli tiey vollage buffer ©) rmpur tee L | J | Vouk = Ey | Bac _/ | Oo comivols hy S72 A Wlioge gain APS” Oe ealana. oul “ = common reds voHage a The nelrumemadion amplifier i) ree caloulets dna differenes valween, a(n “Vee (hao signals. Gud so doer amy Mev Mal a a v - opamp, What probioms do tn Os os vellage wulley, svmp op amp have ond pow does daa instru mendadion amplifier sole dae 2 Problems wrin jusd om op-amps Cond solutions ) @ YH bet neue fo des op omp ve Ey, nen die cudpu us shoul be ze , Bud WH pMeHeal cases, a mowzers oudpud vellage owpears , swe culprd Woakend dais Ws offsed vellage Arak aries em Bats talwien ane oO + TL precision desived , oktged voltage wos ty we nullified , fin ave Vnsdrumendertion ompll Ker, we com dune jw. Rd cakomk VorO SNe Frey, ————— ® Soure residences POM aw mpwl sigral can couK some voltage drops hompenng previze measurements, To mae sure all Ane voltage dhe sours do dw spamp, ue aes voltage followers (atters) and poss {re vellacp Avon nvugh ahere . For proce meavurements , ® Common gyro problem can caurr problems help win dhs proba Or DF OP amps Characteristics Dre vettoge gam b sed WY L resistor Loevitom ground problem. (aR) @® snpar residence of both wnpts 6 very Nigh avd dees nol change @»u does mat deperd om voltage commen of EE, amd ew Peak Detecdor £ Here we tan Chamoe dre level AE, we aye civeu remembers TRL prtviou; uM BY Peak of Fy. awe hay diods 04 NUR short cireuets and aw Hoe OP am pr, doo voltage mater. \ go, Ej appears of An oe Or put Aeremniynal. THE capacttoy stores AUTOR Tprcserting an path af a. Ve = PER. A We sulle “ awe tu diodes act af open ctreuts ;, Preventing, B, ko reach art oulpud Pt 1) Bul an Ve shred mm he eT VT a Capacitor senes o: dhe a voltage | Suprly . sughlyng dhe prevwous pea, voldage , ane Ve dravels Fhrough aw wuter ond commts out as AW outa voltage, vy 2G October 2029 \* Tha (Yy AV) | Diegn = Corre ran -rrmo de voltage gern eulput appears du do vellage otbset of Jw. of-amp. tr DiUerntial Gain! ae oo Sn om op-amp ctrout , wide mpd connected [> — do bosn vnverding and cromnverting deraminat be Iv 2 Dg (y-¥) tt Aem Ha 4] (a= i event yn) emp Ctummon mode rejection) t in eudpud voltage when beth ‘mputs change enount, fe expeesstcl . eMp » & measure od are ayo changed by om oul 2. (eormmon mode rejecHon ratio) 5 cons iderel. for eMmeR af an op-amp did shout be cman \ practical pur poses « Me comma _ 4 Aa orn Lagarithmle scala cue 208, Te o parametey js expressed oo CoRR = Rem] se Slew Pere! Slew rode im an op-amp is the rettio ok change i oudpud vellage wry Tevet te change im Hime, Ave ie Ako. 5 Ok Ty 34} - 0p amp Sp ys oSu/ yy NLD ree alto Viens da Arequeney and amnanmuen und storied simuscidal velhage amplitude value tne} com Pe applied In an op-amp circus a ‘a : ® Te Sermute Ys | Sirex ay ete Vop \ Lino® smroseveneaan Ayeqateney (Ye) eomoxvmum vNndittorted © Op amp deeindd enanye frequeney af signals | Cfrud voldage of tre ' sinusoid . Gut Yo rmpur frequenas arxeeeds Ane distorbion appear mn dw output. ‘ 2b The slew rode af & TA) opramap 0: W/ps MA vhad araxrmay Arequeney cam we ge undistorted sim ave ouded voltage of a) 10-V peat WAY po - 5 5 Se 7 e B damose = DAVer Ana’ 21 Vop ® cedar! . os/\o& x She 2 = aout oes > gui an © 29 x0 Problems with proper charging and discharging mm high Arequeray dor kre opamp: internal eoMpensating cagacloy might we Jo blaws for due Unnvtotions im J ond distortions . BI Ocq 202 Typical gmphs for 410 at TE — » a = » 8 6 2 mn 25 z | EG ~ rei ¢ ' le 7 = ' lé : i Poay wo} jo fo 1 io Foote oe . (wa) or Ts tad rience —> | Bmndwidtn'

aw ould Gah IKH2 and af o | MHD Br 2 (-50) (194 °°?) 9 Bey? =p ts se #) Nour (vn) 2-500 mV PrP Funity® Avce) * 4 ce) >t) Voud ( mpa)> ~!2 ™V PP (vc > IMIR: sex face) > fygey? 20 Kia uerdty gam occurs af Lynity® MEE. Loy BAAN, Ni TT | November 2022 eon. a || Feedback Amplifiers ! Feedback Amplifiers : . Nifiers. IN torn of! camalidying parameter topology , tere ar fur dyt of amplifies © Voltage anptifier (@) current omplifier i Ger (21) Tremead uotemes ®) Tronsteielomes exept fi amelt fier dine lif i | assumptions ‘ Bie Gain, chuvolent —civcult pi By (ideas) Gear) (1 Practiect! errcudts) es & ra. volta Vy, . RD B a De i wd * aS 0 oO amplifier co i py Zo fede SS Rs current ep ry i P)es & Oo w ae omell fier » | Transconducton et an Jos te =) plifier Ge BL >> Be mplifie ars sn ° “Ns (is) nied 8 oF om Ay Trans resistance | Oma? Bs >> & Pond, Ro BL | vrardeal application wond be exactly Wwe Aw Meal ome, buh a will We close. loop feedloack Mm & pasic amplifer t compa redo7 Basic | demnpling een 3 3 Feedback | J, | or | amplifier [ee FT] nee Fn Ls ———_ —__j Tw characdensdies ef ons arnplifier corn change dut Jo vanouy reasons | | Cdemperedune, og eke) , Feedvaclting can compensade for drut | changes | : . . x . ar Be 2D Ker Ay . ‘ RE Ke Ky x Pls DX pt PX Fatd back ewok RO oueval) goin of cme ctrauth (ev feedbac) tf | Ye | AYe mow, Hse KEKE? KA AGRE = WAC AB) oo AR A . > aA \ mn A \* Qs Ay ti) RK EE TE Sampling — NPD civcul , : Wh decides whad Signal Jo sample om dre ouput ond how ds do ; ae Sormnpl ng chron] can Wo sed mm Fro ways. | wae fd Amplitior SP 4 ff | of Aoraoack LI mMedooy || Sum’ (Hmpks Vo) Sories (Savages to) Compare? or ™NRY aries diy s0uTeL ond Feed bac igre) dogedner and feeds dam do ave baie omnplher . This com we dam Q vey. sour Basi souree Digral Bunpdifier aiypa | Rerdback 38 | pahoorle srund (Feedbacks curved) ayeries (Jerddachs vol ng2) | 20 October 2029 Aavartages af regetine deedbac, When omy neva? iN Awe apa) signal results mo feedback signal yndo dye rnpus such o way a de cause ch decrease im dng outpud signa), te eempli her v owid do Wave MGcHiVe feedloack . SB) Aasing -mogatve fecdoact , Aho normally high mpd impedances fo Voltage voltage amplifier com We vee highey ond morma\\y lo oulpud resistones. cov Yo rmade lower. CH) Pwo, dna Arawsfer_goun Ag of an ampifier wiih feedvac con be stebilized ccpunsd Ave varahon of h- paromeders ( 0s) . S negative ferdbace TMP OVE Erequeney response and males aigniticom improvement om AW Tneenrdy of spevedions compared: to TOM feed oacled complitions. “Ime Wels 1 yredicdny Ave oudpud - lowered All dhe vmprovemends — are oblaind ad ane expene of low gem (Ax) © Vm | “A9e + Wyse) omplifer 6 Trem ~ conductance anmplitier wrens Residences ompliker v, volkage - series VotAage amelitier ith Acedback Lo wow feedback iv dei sy wired vy being collected from oudpus “Tears oneness mesic, wun eurrent — Ssertes fecava ce Liye deeavack de grads weIMg collected fom odett TTramstectstames oreaplt Fer SortM voltage - shunt Reealoaca (LG nos feadioack ded wal jp Pay collected en ovdpad current | \ Curren) amplifier wah amplitiey | “f eurven| shunt ferdloacl, Ee | Lowes ferdtoack fed back (Le a shady eollected from ouput , Igo PL ignal or Type of feedback Patio a Voltage - Senes Cc od res 4 urverd- Series Voltage Shunt — Current Shum Xo voltage Current Veltoge Current Xs, Xe 1 Xd ¢ Voltaga Ve \dage euarrend: Current A By Cm Ra Ay 8 v, , 8 Ku, 47 t. 3a fv. Ma Tre produal - AG ‘3 called loop gem or return ratio. polweeny unity and kop GAM v called 4¥ redurn fades The difference return FAO + [? 1 bAG) = 14.00 eyed susidehes tenet of ave velurn edie Ws 227° 1 mecrn 9) Ap=-|, Jor sustained eseillahon ond © apt yvemenl BE | = som | | “we amounl af ferdlack th foag 7 | 20 tg | \ called oscillakon . we os condition awe Barkrousen Cridedon * E'S A Tee URMANAA NIC AMAA tA AR NETS os Pavonrtages wegrhe feedback amplifier f 4p november 2022 o beensvlty of dremmfer omy! rcation : A . fp; dlferenhatyrg ond mncenipuleding vies Va Ap ly | | ab a.) | Tap AP A | prasad, dun chon change (HRD me censinvidy pv 1 gy ae sensitivity eo, dt peent wong 13 Aap m goin tn feedback iy orn teh dw prem vanethey “in ampltitedon if mo Feedback is present. a +H Ap? 1, Ag baton ap 8 & Ars 4° AP srs dre goin beewans emtirely vpnden on p, So id ana. feedbare mepoork 4 purtly Tebrve | ae prvems dr bo brequoney respon con ollaviated , © Petuction m_frqueney dbtertons Jf are Atdback mepoorr dent Nat yeachue lemons, da oneal! gern bene vndependent of hequency (B Aon. Lensar datorhon cule signals tt ompliher get distorted du fo operation beyond linear rege - Let ww otsuma_ fr aislordpn is dua do 4h presener ef AOS PC 2nd narmonics Bp + Me negative ferdback ts ~~ Lt Pee applied, Bp * fm 2 AAR D gre harmonic its yo dunced 1 dna efecto vy a dacdor A ODL. QG) Reduction m MOTE ee dividel by) Aro dosensihurty facto’r ovapliXier mon is Mito ducd « The mo1e p14 AB wn fardloack, Jmpud and Output resistoanea @ gam ater feedback Ay, ao wyere A may be Avs Bir Gen: Pom @® aa shuw! comecten i> uxvd mM ever inpud oF oudpul , (Aprlytny shud connection resydenes. decreases wilh cao ow decrease in Ro 5 aw con responding as feedoac im dw oud pud os connection wad ™ Aeedbac 10 either mpud or @ yu ovene output , a correspond ("9 resislames NCVER « (Depyins Senes im tae Ypud — Yereaves Ra) emmmection ay feedloaclk mm UY KL docdoy (sag) @ “TL Mereae or decreare occelys, Lamereases wy CA py decveares \ 3 ony i‘ atm) | OO Example 4 15 November 2022 Curren sates Feedback! — TW Arsen stator cmmbiguradion five 3 do] 2 Re a yo LC WO i" To saloude mpud amd oudpud vesitonars, ue © Seperae dra. mput ond outpud loop | qrore are difternd erteria Avr different circuvb, OME ae catryen! series feedback , SAT, do find tw pus loop, Dyn do ind dns oudpud POP = © Farmer amplidy Pe Nohwwyis asith PY Tealacing dhs rancinor with Sf parameer ™mede| . ce oe fF . Ye I, 2h E be Re Vo ae a rmpadatt alanough Je OVy tris 8 TH 0 Hie = short -aircuet input tpe voltage series feedback circuit Me = shod urouid ferward earrend gate fn dval case , Mt | keBe Re Feedoack gem @- a ce = shir ts 0 current sewes feedback circud . Now dacdback gem ™. de a = -~ XE. Re te Co Wede Wa hyet P2) fo Sm “i 2 he tn /u, = ORs hed Re Desensthvity Aactor DEIR Gam? py hse Re B+ nies Be vgretd Cg, gig) + (la Nye) Red (co roan) oe ven) RAM # te) small Ps + Me + Pe Gmp 2 Se oe he |-4 . | my TD nye Be fe), np?! ! [Ss Sang ‘ee Wye 7 pe Toulpat v Wndepon dent Bho 4 hp) Be Pe “sgvered i i L sae o b>! | % RQ Velinge goin | Ay —— - gat, OMNI Tip? Gy Re Rips Ry: s [Rigs AD Lie Ba ret Pe] Pah h = Dd bie gt, x SEMEN Mg) Pe Bs 4 hie CH Ry) Re By t hy Re ! Pops Ry Cag Gan) + 00 [ P= %] Osaflation condidiens | jo Nevemby 2022 - Phase ard frequency conderahon & see vowolly megative fadbock occurs fy oem ™H Frequency range af operttion in amplifiers. Bedn gen amd pha amg. changes . ards. When feedback een me wiitln drequenay Ya love ond igh jive dus fo prae avenge ad 6 Frequaney ona, etcillarien pos) aight occur, sre condithen dor stability TR sdebily cond Hon res y Tepires Anat dre zeme of TAB all te Mm aru Wehd Walt af ine complex Arequeney plane. Te Mygl_cierot Bn amplifer ip unsdable Sf de mye! eur encloses valk dre 1 ayo poe ani Wp stab odherwsse ApUn) het Smg) Aotne) unstable Doings oudside IW curve 6 ndicate () derdback a) YY [14 Ap]>d1, megotne feedloack TT apni on dre bourndory « mdigik sustained If WEAG| CI, poitive deodboa ck « oseilotpn , — be (9) 1 ponds (msde dry Cuvee indicarte (4) feedback . 7 TON) daa A O*ciation spemion The a wo wien WmHy Joop gam -Ap=! ix called dhe Barhausen, eniteron’, Te Condition, ‘ymplies bot Ap) <1 ond had ane phase a Woon mput x, in agylitd eo 0" ome litier chro) Lose gam |Apl=1 ony A has PNA. shid} of 0, ras. dat Redback ginal ord hu goulreh signal dum oul & be te? 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(LE Aumed o2cillodor dread) col pills eo c L Hartley L L ¢c tumd Le Le _ also cabled ariired oseilladoy , Tunid 08 cillador- ara wre) ott ho Oude | The fund aller atte) us do dene woth oP amp ool pitts oscillator _trensiskar Hordley oscillator ‘) Poe ohne Leyebyilat aM 2H {Log C a yn ductomes « Mo dhe muted 22 Novernber 2022, 6 exypla} encillador basically & Aunel opeillater usi7y & peeocleetri ¢ carou . The crystal (usually quate) has ow ory oy resonan} ns wna Xt ond Xq wesonake greder sdobility halting comdend frequemney, % —\ Fo> (Kr %es) ama(A og) PMH alma cawurnt yng capac or tlectricay equivalent of erysial acd » spot fr onal pa | sei 1 Teserony} 1 gurney qe a [roem| He ani TyAlke | - — ‘ series) (also called etry - then, ; nd Lee _ tm ot pe cma GTN Gm A cagacidomes aut fo wednarniica, mmaournting Ss of dm crys, ana region Wbehoem A, omd fp vf, | Qe ee A ane ay Were, Qe dn quality daotor . Fille R los so wTmere energy ve stored dra Fields Y Cane crystal Hos reuling Iq high Q.) Bindomentel Frequency of o crystel fs We Kemtadenal dependend eons dam de dniclenes af die erytoy. (ae vootliing roge ¢ cyptal ostillpoy 1» Jom. Kth's de Ibor a Min.) [eeveteearic Crystal opelyiny wolhegn to. the. erglal results Ya ave crystal ——— viorating . RoAyrry ree caical yess Wduces wage Wi 4 she S55 Fier} NESSD (also called L555 oF Mess) & 2 ordy usd AA can tan IM ety two rm\edes, Te hter edt) § only ons sAablo store In du mode, i) mono sable (one- shod wi 2 accurate Aiming Alay can be achieved « [sa stale: Tre civeull) will dent doward dad sdage_on We oon | AWee AVee A $55 OMA puk T. “7 pin GS | _ = Oe) aver drigger pont , UTP = ae vee lower dagger porn , LTP = Pe Fl Pe we It (4m. oud pud stop on a Gre rode is Ae sable a hme Ww) shade here) EEE lll D)Axiable operetiont 0 fixed stable vole, offen diz anode levown at A) obi operon Mable stides avlivibrdey wlth means aun bt 26m, One oF fe es Nt 01 ' ' t 1 @ r tected | > ew —T— | hor ements deterarine ct ayes ant duigge ring poiit. any eurout com gens rod clock pulse WH ean. meee a = 0: 69% (4d Ra) C |r» eee yenod = 0°69 ( 42) C L we Lo / . : sa Wy called pudy Geta ond tha. chime PET spa rao of Woomd T ot Aon eae swe can dune’ dnt vehow uy sf lwo ahaa oelpr\ as we Like. ew —— ews e—T+—-> ——— to 2M. t00% b D a loo, ds bn set Pe Ra . Cra “maa! eee mirae, 705 UM PB >> Re P.S e 25 November 2022 Active Fillers} vember 204 cireui dad is cestomel fo pass spoeltic wand of A filter bo Prequsmeies wane atlenuating signals oui dus band. LAL falters come ™ 4 Alavours | Wo} > b bow ‘ High 7 Be Elveninacion Pao oe Pos) or Node Filler Acie Filters —— Ideas i proce racdtial

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