20CE52I

SCHEME OF VALUATION
V Semester Diploma in Civil Engineering
TOWN PLANNING AND GREEN BUILDING ( 20CE52IT)
Question No. Marks Allotment Total Marks
1 (a) Elaborating types of survey-7 Marks 10
Explaining Contents of Base map-3Marks
1(b) Organizing development plan-3Marks 10
Functions of each type of Development plan-7Marks
2(a) Elaborating procedure for Topographical surveying-5Marks 10
Explaining Applications-5Marks
2(b) Explaining any 4 objects-4x1=4Marks 10
Explaining any 6 Principals-6x1=6Marks
3 (a) Explaining any 6 Merits-6x1=6Marks 10
Explaining any 4 Demerits-4x1=4Marks
3(b) Explaining any 5 approaches-5x2=10Marks 10
4(a) Objects-4x1=4Marks 10
Working process-6Marks
4(b) Uses of GIS-4Marks 10
Justifying any 6 applications-6x1Marks
5(a) Components of Smart city-4Marks 10
Elaborating concept of area based-6Marks
5(b) Analysing any five challenges-5x2=10Marks 10
6(a) Explaining any 5 IoT Models-5x2=10Marks 10
6(b) Necessity-4Marks 10
Smart city Thematic areas-explaining any 6 areas – 6x1=6Marks
7 (a) Describing 1ny 10 Sensor applications-10x1=10Marks 10
7(b) Tangible-5x1=5Marks 10
Intagible-5x1=5Marks
8(a) Explaining any 5 precautions-5x2=10 Marks 10
8(b) Elaborating Concept-5 Marks 10
Achieving Green Transport-5Marks
9 (a) Explaining any four effects- 4x1 ½ =6Marks 10
Concept of Heat Island effect=4Marks
9(b) Efficient plumbing Systems-5Marks 10
3R concept-5Marks
10(a) LCA concept-4Marks 10
Assessment-6Marks
10(b) Concept and process of GRIHA-5Marks 10
Concept and process of IGBC-5Marks
Certified that the Model answers prepared by me for code no 20CE52IT are from prescribed
text book, reference web site links, authentic information available on web sites and model
answers and scheme of valuation prepared by me are correct.

Signature of Chief reviewer

M GOPAL
Selection Grade Lecturer
MEI Polytechnic
Rajajinagar Bangalore-560010
Mob. No. 7338541159

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MODEL ANSWER
V Semester Diploma in Civil Engineering
TOWN PLANNING AND GREEN BUILDING ( 20CE52IT)
SECTION-1
1a) As a Town Planner what are the Techniques used for conducting surveys for land
use and contents of Base map.

Ans. TECHNIQUES FOR CONDUCTING SURVEYS FOR LAND USE

These are broadly classified as
1. Preliminary survey
2. Regional Survey
3. National Survey
4. Civic Survey
1. PRELIMINARY SURVEY
The preliminary survey is in the form of restricted inquiries made for the town planning
schemes.
The data collected in the preliminary survey are of general nature and it is conducted prior to
national, regional or civic surveys.
The main object of the preliminary survey is to decide approximately the boundary of area to
be planned and to find out the problems requiring further attention. The topics which are
covered in the preliminary survey are as follows:
i. The study of civic art, parks, playgrounds, etc.
ii. The conditions of the existing roads with respect to their construction and maintenance
problems are studied.
iii. The study of the existing housing conditions with respect to lighting, ventilation,
sanitation, conveniences and amenities.
iv. The industrial development including the arrangement and classification of various
industries, location and distribution of the manufacturing units, etc.
v. The density and character of structures, divisions and uses of land, etc.
vi. The study of the sources and distribution of power and location of power supply units.
vii. The existing railway and volume of goods traffic together with the future requirements
with the growth of town are considered.
viii. The existing Water supply and sewerage facilities as well as the future requirements are
studied.
ix. The study of the highest water level, yearly and seasonal variations, navigation
possibilities, etc.
2. REGIONAL SURVEY
The regional surveys carried out on much larger unit than civic survey, which may consist of
number of townships and villages. The investigations carried out are of general nature such as
social, physical, economic conditions of region. Surveys for regional highways, regional
transport, regional water supply come under regional survey. The topics to be covered in the
regional survey are more or less the same as those of the civic survey. It helps to develop the
whole region in a co-ordinated manner.
3. NATIONAL SURVEY
It helps to collect information regarding natural resources and potentialities and to locate the
industries in different regions. Care should be taken to see that no one region is allowed to
develop at the cost of other regions. Survey for fixing Railway alignment, Irrigation,
Hydroelectric works, Heavy industries come under national survey.
The date collected with respect to following areas:

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i. The availability of natural resources in the form of oil, minerals, gas, water, etc.
ii. The aspects of land ownership and general administration of the country are considered.
iii. The distribution and density of population.
iv. The type of agricultural soil, the crop patterns and number of crops per year.
v. The existing modes of transport such as roads, railways, waterways and air routes.
vi. The overall situation of economic conditions of the nation including availability of raw
materials and labour force, types and location of industries, etc.
The geological conditions, the extent of sea coast, etc.
4. CIVIC SURVEY OR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
In this type of survey house to house survey conducted for this purpose is the socio-economic
survey.
The town planner can make a correct diagnosis of various ills from which the town is suffering
and prescribe the correct remedies for their cure from this survey.
The data collected during the civic survey are as follows:
i. The means of communication such as roads, railways, airways and waterways are
studied together with their inter-relationship.
ii. The study of contours of the area helps in deciding the gradients of roads, location of
waterworks and sewage plants, location of public buildings and airports, etc.
iii. The study of agricultural lands, residential and commercial areas, parks, open spaces,
location of airports, etc.
iv. The study of general historical development of town, present policy of administration,
physical and social aspects of the area, etc.
v. The characteristics of houses, distribution and relation of people to houses, etc. are
studied.
vi. The character, distribution, types and special requirements of the local industries are
studied.
vii. The study of the present and future population to be served by the town planning
scheme, family structure, density of population, migration tendencies, etc.
viii. The study of buildings to be used by the common people.
ix. The study of the general health of inhabitants, death rate, causes of special diseases,
etc.
x. The study of the public services such as water supply, sewerage, telephone, gas,
electricity, etc. is made.
The topography of the area is studied with reference to climatic conditions, locations of rivers
and streams, etc.
CONTENTS OF BASE MAPS
For different levels of maps, information in base map is different.
1) For Regional Level Base Map
a)Boundary The boundaries that can be shown at this level are national boundary, state
boundaries, district boundaries, Taluk boundaries and village boundaries.
b)Road National highway, state highway, major district roads, other district roads and fair
weather roads.
c)Railway lines Broad gauge and meter gauge lines, bridges are also to be included.
d)Topography The major forestland, major hilly areas, rivers and streams, lakes, swamps,
marshy lands etc.
e)Settlements The urban settlements, rural settlements and important headquarters.
f)Contours The contour interval in the base map at the regional level is 100m.
2) For City Level Base Map
a)Planning and administrative boundaries Planning area boundary (if identified), metropolitan
boundary, urban area boundary, municipal corporation boundaries and zonal boundaries,
census ward, administrative sub-division limits (if any), urban village or rural settlement within

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the municipal limits or on the fringe of the municipal boundary, cantonment area boundary (if
any), grids (artificial or latitudes and longitudes).
b)Roads National highways, state highways, major district roads, arterial road, sub arterial
road, collector roads, and local roads.
c)Topography Hills, water bodies, Rivers and streams, canals, lakes, swamps, marshy lands
etc.
d)Religious places Religious places such as temples, mosques, churches, and tombs are shown.
e)Contours The contour interval shown in the base map at this level generally ranges between
3m to 5m depending upon physiography of town and scale of map.
f)Apart from these, all major places of archaeological interests, public and semi-public building
(important landmark), major agricultural and city forest, district parks, gardens, green belts,
floodable areas, Utilities and services lines are also shown in the base map at this level.

3) The Site Planning Level Base Map

a)All accesses to the site
b)Vegetation such as trees, bushes etc.
c)Water bodies
d)High tension lines, overhead electric lines, water supply lines including hydrants, sluice
valve, sewer lines including man-holes, vent pipes etc. with slope diameter of lines.
e)Already existing features like well, brick kilns, quarries etc.
f)Contours are drawn at an interval of 500mm.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1b) If you are In-charge of planning a new town how you organize types of development
plan, explain functions of each plan?

Ans. Drawings to be Prepared for organizing development plan

1. Boundaries of land of different types such as residential, agricultural, industrial, etc.
2. Boundary of green bell around the town
3. Contours of the whole city
4. Different zones
5. Landscape features
6. Locations of public buildings and town centers
7. Open spaces including parks and playgrounds
8. Positions of natural springs, rivers and streams
9. Positions of public utility services such as water supply station, sewage disposal plant,
power plant, etc.
10. Present and proposed communication systems, etc.
Features to be included in Development Plan
i. Keep in mind three fundamental before making“amenity, convenience and health”
ii. Convenience and cheap means of transport
iii. Good sanitation and water supply
iv. Open air spaces
v. Population density control
vi. Proper situations for places of worship, education & recreation
vii. Rational layout
viii. Requirement and Distribution of Land(Land Use Pattern) Width of roads etc.

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Types of Development Plans

1.National Development Plan

Aims at Social welfare through Economic Growth, full Employment. Equity and Social
justice.
a) Long term Perspective Plans
b) Five year Plans
c) Annual Plans
2.Regional Development Plan
Aims at organising population, economy, resources and mobility over regional space.
Contents of Regional Development Plan
a) Physical setting, settlement pattern
b) Infrastructure resources
c) Transport
d) Environment and sustainability
e) Regional Policy and development strategy
f) Regional Land use
g) Disaster Management Plan
h) Implementation Strategies and Management Structure.
3.City Development Plan
Aims at orderly development of city for its efficient functioning & enhancement of quality of
life. A coordinated act of planning proposals, for the physical development of a city, via the
purposeful transformation of its socio-economic, natural and built environment, taking into
consideration the existing requirements and the future needs, with population as the basic
parameter.
Main function of city development plan
a) To develop the town or city as a combined unit and maintain a balance b/w the spatial
allocations for the distribution of facilities.
b) Formulation of policies for the development of the town/city, aiming at the
decentralisation of city centre.
c) Presenting broad circulation links, for inter-city & intra-city traffic and a multi modal
mass transport system.
d) Preservation of the natural features of the city.
e) Division of the city in sub-divisions or zones.
4.Zonal/Area Development Plan
Aims at evolving efficient activities and space relationship through layouts and spatial
details.
Contents of a Zonal Development Plan
a) Land use plan confirming to the master plan.
b) Location and extent of land uses.
c) More detailed circulation pattern.
d) Special objectives of the zone (if any).
e) Allocation of use zones into further use premises.
f) Functions of a Zonal Development Plan
g) A zonal development plan details out and elaborates the policies of the master plan.
h) Acts as a link between the master plan and the layout plans.

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i) Contains a land-use plan for the development of the zone and show the approximate
locations and extents of land-uses proposed in the zone.
j) The schemes and layout plans indicating land use should confirm to the master plan.

5.Localarea Development Plan

A Local Area Plan (LAP) sets out a strategy for the proper planning and sustainable
development of a specific area within a local authority and for a timescale as specified by the
authority.
Contents of a Local Area Development Plan
a) Functions of a local area plan
b) it gives plot level detail.
c) It is also used to check if the master plan is confirming with land.
6.Sectoral Development Plan
a) A sector plan consists of a group of neighbourhoods where it is possible to provide
higher order facilities for larger population.
b) Contents of a Sector Development Plan
c) Il is a detailed site plan with broad identification of residential clusters.
d) Allocation of commercial areas and other facilities based on access requirement.
e) Formation of a boundary depending on circulation pattern and administrative setup.
f) Social and physical infrastructure to be allocated based on development control norms
laid down in master plan.
g) Traffic links to be identified between arterials and collector roads.
h) Functions of a Sector Development Plan
i) Each sector plan has to identify the various neighbourhoods with population ranging
from 3500-15000.
j) It is the lowest level plan for the implementation of the various levels of planning
proposals extensively detailed out.

2a) Elaborate procedure for Topographical surveying and its application in preparing
Topographical maps.

Ans. Procedure for topographic surveying

The fieldwork in topographic surveying consists of the three parts
(i) establishing horizontal control as well as a vertical control,
(ii) locating the contours, and
(iii) locating the details such as rivers, streams, lakes, roads, railways, houses, trees, etc.
The is the establishment of the horizontal and vertical control system is the most essential part
and is the first step in the topographic survey since the three coordinates of a point (i.e. two co-
ordinates in to locate it horizontally, and one co-ordinate in the vertical plane to the horizontal
plane can be established or measured only with locating it vertically with respect to the datum)
respect to well connected horizontal and vertical control systems.
(1) Horizontal Control
The horizontal control forms the skeleton of the survey from which contours and other details
are located. When the area to be surveyed is small, the horizontal control may consist of one
single station, and the distance and direction of each point can be measured with respect to this
station. When the area is relatively large, the horizontal control may consist of a traverse or a
series of connected traverses.
The traverses may be run with the help of tape-compass, plane table, or tape-transit, depending
upon the extent of the area. Sometimes, the length of the traverse sides is determined with the
help of stadia measurements, especially when the land is uneven.
A stadia traverse is thus used in the survey of an uneven area of moderate size. On very
extensive surveys, the horizontal control may be either a simple or a very elaborate
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triangulation system, additional control being provided by traverses connecting the
triangulation stations.
Secondary traverses are sometimes run with the plane table. In flat and densely wooded
countries, where triangulation is impracticable or very expensive, the primary horizontal
control may be established by precise traversing.
(2) Vertical Control:Vertical control establishes a framework with reference to which the
elevation differences are determined. This control is very important since the topographic map
must indicate the relief or the third dimension.
The object of the vertical control is to determine the elevations of the primary control stations
or to establish bench _narks near them and at the convenient interval. High order spirit level
circuits are run to determine elevations accurately defining the position of all the control points.
Trigonometric levelling is often used to transfer elevations from precise levelling circuits to
triangulation stations, these stations generally being located on high, commanding points, while
the levels are run in so far as possible, over level or gently sloping terrain. The secondary
vertical control is then established by determining the elevations of traverse stations or
benchmarks near them. This can be established by the tacheometric method or by spirit
levelling.
When the level is used, the elevations of control points can be determined by running circuits
of levels, or benchmarks can be set in such positions that they can be seen from nearby
horizontal-control points. For rough work, barometric levelling may be used.
(3) Locating Details
After having located or established the horizontal and vertical control, the detail is located from
the control points by the measurement of angles and distances to those points which are to
appear on the finished map.
The three coordinates of any point (or details) can be determined or computed by the
measurement of
(i) direction of that point from the control point,
(ii) distance of the point from the control point, and
(iii) elevation of the point. Angles may be measured with the help of a compass or transit, or
graphically by a plane table. The distance can be measured with a chain or a tape, or determined
by tacheometric observations.
The elevation of the point may be obtained by hand level or the engineer’s level or maybe
calculated from stadia or horizontal distances and vertical angles. The map is prepared by
plotting first the control points and then the detail. The contour lines are drawn next and then
the relief is depicted by means of conventional signs.
Applications of topographical maps
Topographic surveying is the process of determining the positions, both on plan and elevation,
of the natural and artificial features of a locality for the purpose of delineating them by means
of conventional signs upon a topographic map. By topography is meant the shape or
configuration of the earth’s surface.
The basic purpose of the topographic map is to indicate the three, dimensional relationships for
the terrain of any given area of land. Thus, on a topographic map, the relative positions of
points are represented both horizontally as well as vertically. The representation of the
difference in elevation is called the relief.
On a plan, the relative altitudes of the points can be represented by shading hachures, form
lines, or contour lines. In addition to the relief, the topographic map depicts natural features
such as streams, rivers, lakes, trees, etc. as well as artificial features such as highways, railroads,
canals, towns, houses, fences, and property lines.
The topographic maps are very essential for the planning and designing of most engineering
projects such as the location of railways, highways, the design of irrigation and drainage
systems, the development of water power, the layout of industrial plants, and city planning.
Topographic maps are also very useful in directing military operations during a war.

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___________________________________________________________________________

2b) As an Engineer in-charge how you will set objects of town planning and What are the
guiding principles of town planning?
Ans.
OBJECTS OF TOWN PLANNING
The main objects of town planning are
1. Health 2. Beauty 3. Convenience 4. Environment
1. Health :The object of health is achieved by creating and promoting healthy conditions and
environments for all the people — rich and poor, to live, to work, to play or relax. making
right use of the land for the right purpose by proper division of land called zoning such as
Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational etc. in order to 4 Town
Planning avoid the encroachment of one zone upon other for smooth and orderly development
of the town without causing future conflicts.
2. Beauty :The object of beauty is achieved by taking the most possible advantages of the
natural conditions surrounding the town and also by giving architectural finishes to the various
components of the town. preserving trees, natural greenery, architectural control on public as
well as semi-public buildings, ancient architectural buildings, temples, churches, mosques,
buildings of cultural and historical importance.
3. Convenience :The object of convenience is meant in the form of various needs of the
community such as social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities, etc.
This is achieved by providing cheap power and electricity, proper sites for industrial units,
transport facilities, adequate water supply, easy disposal of sewage and industrial wastes,
facilities to commercial units, etc. providing recreational amenities include open spaces, parks,
gardens and playgrounds, for children, and town-halls, stadiums, community centres, cinema
houses, theatres, etc.
4. Environment :The object of environment is important in the sense that environment should
be moulded in such a way that man can go about his normal activities with the least amount of
strain. The complex problems of the modern society such as tiresome travel to work, long hours
of work, limited time spent within the community, etc. have gradually led towards serious mal-
adjustments between the human being and the type of life he had to live. These mal-adjustments
have tended to destroy the vitality of urban living and the town planning is mainly concerned
with bringing about a better relation between man and his environment.

PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING OR COMPONENTS OF TOWN PLANNING

The subject of town planning demands knowledge of various professions, especially those of
engineering, architecture and surveying. The town should not be designed only to satisfy the
needs of the future generation. Some of the guiding principles of town planning are as follows:
1. Housing
2. Public buildings
3. Civic amenities
4. Recreation centres
5. Zoning
6. Transport facilities
7. Green belt
1. Housing :Housing accommodation to various classes of people should be allowed to
develop. It should be observed that there is no development of slums. Existing slums if any
should be cleared by making some alternate arrangement of accommodation in transit camps
for dis-housed persons.
2. Public buildings :Public and semi-public buildings should be grouped and distributed neatly
throughout the town. The unnecessary concentration of public buildings at certain spots of the
town should be avoided.

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3. Civic amenities :Civic amenities like shopping centres, dispensaries, schools, nursery, etc.
should be provided to all the residents.
4. Recreation centres :Adequate open spaces should be reserved for public recreation centres
and also for future expansion of the town.
5. Zoning :Zoning should be strictly followed. The town should be divided into suitable zones
such as residential zone, commercial zones, industrial zone and recreational zone, etc. Suitable
rules and regulations should be formed for the development of each zone.
6. Transport facilities :The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that
there is minimum loss of time from place of work to the place of residence.
The efficiency of any town is measured by the layout of its roads. A well designed road
system makes smooth flow of traffic which avoids traffic congestion.
7. Green belt :The provision of a green belt on the periphery of town results in the limitation
of its size and hence, the final size of the town can well be anticipated.
(Green belt is an open strip of land all-round the town or city reserved for special purpose of
limiting the growth of the city. It is primarily meant for intensive cultivation of vegetables,
fruits, farm industry like poultry farms, dairies, etc. It also provides sites for recreational
amenities like parks, playgrounds and picnic spots, etc.
___________________________________________________________________________

3a) Town planning department planning to conduct Arial survey. What are the merits
and demerits will face while using UAV( Unmanned Arial Vehicle) in the town?

Ans. Merits & demerits of UAV(drones) survey

Merits
1.Maintaining safe environment
UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) can be used for a variety of tasks that help promote a safer
environment. With their remote monitoring capabilities, drones can monitor situations, report
potential dangers, and warn people of unsafe conditions, helping create and maintain a safe
environment. For example, camera-equipped drones can evaluate traffic patterns which help
drivers avoid high-risk areas.
Cost saving technology
Because the drone technology is continuously getting refined, the cost of purchasing a drone
isn’t as high as it used to be. This caused their popularity to increase exponentially among the
public, you can even find used drones for sale nowadays. This means that the drones are no
longer exclusively available for the military, law enforcement, or the elite only.
UAVs can also provide numerous cost-saving opportunities in various areas; they can directly
replace several manned operations, saving on the cost of labour. Additionally, they can save
energy and operating costs because a single drone can accomplish tasks that would typically
require multiple vehicles to complete. They’re also cheaper to purchase, maintain, and fuel
than the regular airplanes.
a)Quality of aerial imaging - UAVs can take excellent Aerial Photographs, aerial videos and
accumulate large volumes of accurate data. The data obtained is transformed into detailed 3D
Maps and 3D Models for a complete analysis. Drones, when paired along with high-resolution
images or 4K video abilities, is well-known for live streaming significant events such as
entertainment, personal, political, and global affairs.
b)Precision -UAVs appropriate GPS in their software, which is why they can be programmed
and guided precisely to specific locations.
c)Easy controllable or deployable -The regular advancement in drone-control technology
allows operators to quickly deploy and operate drones even with a relatively minimal technical
background. With an extensive range of low-cost drones available for several purposes, drones
are open to a broad spectrum of operators. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have a more

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comprehensive range of movement, fly lower in all directions, and can navigate effortlessly
when contrasted to a crewed aircraft.
d)Security-Another advantage that weighs out the pros and cons of a drone is the security
centered around them. With relevant permissions and licenses, drone operators can utilize an
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) to render safety and surveillance to private organizations,
potential venues, and other expenses. Drones can also accumulate reliable information from
natural catastrophes to support safety and recovery efforts.
e)Minimizes obvious danger and health risks-With the support of a Drone, numerous
dangers like elevation, wind, weather, and radiation that were earlier suffered by crew members
have been replaced with more viable and safer alternatives. Drones facilitate straightforward
and secure inspections of towering and complicated constructions like oil and gas refineries,
flare stacks, and pipelines.
f)In-depth and detail data inplace -Many drone models are launched into the market with
obstacle avoidance capacities. They can operate quite close to constructions, and this
encourages them to seize precise data. They capture high-resolution images or 4K videos that
explicitly reveal cracks, damages, displaced wires, and additional defects that we cannot detect
through our naked eye. UAVs allow obtaining complete data without endangering inspection
crew members of the company.
g)Flexibility for quick inspections -Since Drones come with varied specifications, several can
provide high or low altitude Inspections. The versatility of these characteristics empowers
clients to customize the tools with ease for their projects. Drones are suitable for both regular
and emergency scenarios, the Construction Industry abides by these advantages, especially
building developers for Rooftop Inspections. Drones can carry out multiple roles, such as
capturing high-quality photos, videos, thermal images, etc. This data is then transmitted and
processed immediately, as opposed to the time-consuming conventional method.
h)Reach hazardous area - UAVs make obtaining efficient data from hard-to-reach locations
a cakewalk for industry professionals. It is the most suitable alternative to overcome limitations
of traditional methods regarding worker's safety, especially in hazardous situations like
radiation monitoring, inspecting high-voltage lines. Drones also allow a more cost-effective
approach toward inspections of these locations.
Demerits
1.Privacy Violation
While the advantages of drones are numerous, It’s also a technology that can be easily abused
because UAVs can be manipulated to invade the privacy of a specific target group or individual.
With the many causes calling for using drones to maintain safety, many personal liberties could
be violated in the name of providing personal or public security with a drone.
2.Endangering Public Safety
Safety is a primary concern when dealing with aerial drones. UAVs need to be programmed
with the capability to sense and detect potential collisions and safely maneuver their way
around them. To avoid any possible dangerous repercussions, these capabilities need to match
those of manned aircraft pilots.
It’s easy to crash an aerial drone, an experienced pilot has the precise skills required to navigate
an aerial drone, but for an amateur pilot, the threat of an accident is quite high. Drones that are
flown in heavily-populated areas have an increased risk of ground impact or injury, especially
in the event of a system failure or system hacking.
3.Potential Threat to Nature
Drones are vulnerable to wild animal attacks and can also pose a threat to nature. When flying
drones in an area that has a large concentration of wild animals, there’s a high risk of crashing
against a tree or potentially colliding with a defenseless creature.
Large flying wild birds such as eagles are usually the main culprit when they come in contact
with an aerial drone; they fight the invasion of their space by attacking and sometimes even
capturing drones that navigate the habitat in which they roam.

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4.Unclear Legislation
Since the rapid, widespread use of drones is relatively new, legislation is still catching up.
Certain rules have been established for small drones that apply to commercial and recreational
use, but there are still ambiguities. Laws, procedures, and policies which regulate the usage of
drones and protect property owners from aerial trespassing are still being developed, so for
now, the UAV technology operates in a legal gray area.
5.Software issues or malfunction - There have previously been many drones that have fired
weapons to commoners, generating a significant amount of casualties, injuries, and damages
due to malfunctions or software blunders. Drone mishaps strike other military personnel's
safety as well. Drones are still in the process of improvement to limit accidents or hazards that
can affect the health and safety of human lives.
6. Vulnerable to wild animals
Drones are susceptible to wild animal attacks and are sometimes also dangerous to nature. It is
possible that when a drone operator is flying in a domain with a considerable number of wild
animals, they crash against a tree or possibly conflict with a vulnerable animal. Large flying
birds like eagles are regularly attacking and even capturing drones operating in their space to
obtain crucial data.
7.Easy to hack
One substantial downside to drone technology's growth is its vulnerability. Hackers can
quickly attack a drone's central control system and become the drone's original controller. The
primary control system includes significant knowledge crucial for hackers to evade without the
initial operator's awareness. Hackers can acquire private information, corrupt or damage the
files, and leak data to unauthorized third parties.
8.Weather dependent
Drones are more vulnerable to weather conditions when contrasted to traditional aircraft. For
example, if the climatic conditions are un
favorable, the UAV will not maneuver appropriately or gather reliable data or imagery.
However, there are drones available that are more stable and can withstand gusts of wind
successfully.
9.Knowledge and skill
As discussed earlier, if one necessitates seizing accurate, high-quality data, they need to possess
the demanded skillset. This specification would indicate that an average farmer would require
comprehensive training or a third party drone service provider to capture, process, and analyze
farming data. With expanding operators in the industry, drone costs and its accompanying
resource expenses will gradually reduce.
10.Data transfer speed is slow
One of the cons in expanding drone technology in precision agriculture is its data transmission
speed, which some suppose could be a week. If the time necessitated for data delivery results
in a farmers' unproductivity and damage to fertilizers, crops, or pesticides, the operation of the
drone would be a waste in the end. Thus, if data transfer speed is slow, suffering and damage
can occur in that period, following all efforts going to waste.

3b) If you are an Environmental Engineer what are the innovative techniques you adopt
in waste management.
Ans.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
Smart waste management refers to any system that uses technology to make trash collection
more efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Most of these systems are equipped
with the Internet of Things (IoT), a monitoring technology that collects and tracks real-time
data, to help optimize waste collection and spur future innovation.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), roughly 75% of the waste stream
in the United States is recyclable, but only about 30% of recyclable materials actually get
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recycled. Considering humans produce just over 2 billion tons of waste each year, that’s a lot
of unnecessary trash ending up in the world’s landfills and waterways.
The world’s trash problem isn’t going away any time soon, and traditional waste management
systems aren’t equipped to deal with the extra trash produced by growing populations. To help
bridge the gap, communities need to adopt smart waste management technologies that increase
efficiency, lower collection costs and divert more trash away from landfills.

Innovative Technologies Revolutionizing Waste Management

The first step toward creating efficient, sustainable waste management systems is learning why
our current ones aren’t working. The following technologies combine IoT data analytics with
modern solutions to help identify challenges and improve as they go.
1. Smart Waste Bins
When left to their own devices, people don’t always bother to sort their waste into the proper
waste or recycling bins. To help reduce improper recycling sorting, Polish company Bin-e
designed a smart waste bin that uses artificial intelligence-based object recognition to
automatically sort recyclables into separate compartments. After sorting, the machine
compresses the waste and monitors how full each bin is.
Smart waste bins take human error out of the initial sorting process, making material processing
faster and easier for recycling facilities. This can lower waste management costs by as much
as 80% and drastically improve employee efficiency.
2. Waste Level Sensors
Homes and businesses across the country rely on routine waste collection services to dispose
of their trash. Weekly services have been around for decades, but they aren’t always the most
efficient option.
To help minimize unnecessary trips to and from landfills, companies and communities can
install waste level sensors in bins or dumpsters of any size. These devices collect and store data
on fill levels, allowing collection services to predict how often bins need to be emptied. This
also helps prevent public containers from overflowing and contaminating the surrounding area.
3. AI Recycling Robots
While talking about innovation, we cannot skip the robotic technology that has become the top
trend in recent decades. After the import of recycling waste products was restricted by China
in 2018, western companies expedited their innovative steps to integrate robotic technology
with a better processing capability.
Furthermore, researchers in numerous companies and universities highlight a more than $6
billion environmental service gap in the recycling technologies and indicate robotic technology
is a potential solution to fill this gap. All these institutions strive to develop more AI-enabled
robotics that can assist in:
a) Controlling quality
b) Sorting recyclables
c) Minimizing the health risks to human work teams.
Currently, several companies produce robotic solutions for recycling efforts. As stated by the
producer firms, the investments are mainly focused on improving the quality of shipped
secondary commodities and reducing labour costs on the sorting line.
Fortunately, recycling robots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) can help pick up some of
the slack.
These robots are designed to accurately identify and sort recyclable materials, increasing
efficiency and reducing the need for human workers. This not only saves recycling centers
money over time, but also helps divert materials that would otherwise end up in landfills.
4. Garbage Truck Weighing Mechanisms
Like waste level sensors, weighing mechanisms installed in garbage trucks can help predict fill
levels and reduce collection trips. They do this by measuring and storing the weight of waste
containers, then using the data to predict fill levels over time. Cities can use this technology to

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more accurately predict how often they need to send their trucks out and reduce annual
collection costs.
5. Pneumatic Waste Pipes
As populations grow in urban areas, so does the need for waste management solutions that can
accommodate increasing amounts of trash. Some cities are taking on this challenge by
installing pneumatic waste disposal bins that connect to a series of underground pipes. Trash
travels through the pipes to a waste collection plant where it can be sorted or hauled away. This
system eliminates the need for traditional waste collection, reduces energy costs and increases
overall efficiency.
6. Solar-Powered Trash Compactors
In an effort to increase collection efficiency and reduce trips to and from the dump,
manufacturer Ecube Labs created a solar-powered trash compactor that can hold up to five
times more than traditional trash bins. These machines compress trash as it accumulates to
increase bin capacity, and they collect and transmit data on fill and collection times to help
streamline the collection process.
7. E-Waste Kiosks
Electronic waste that is improperly disposed of can be harmful to both humans and the
environment. Fortunately, many companies and organizations have started e-waste recycling
programs that will accept — and even reimburse you for — old electronic devices.
ecoATM, a smart recycling company, took this idea one step further by creating a line of e-
waste recycling kiosks that allow you to exchange your electronics for cash on the spot. While
they won’t always offer cash for devices that are broken or destroyed, they accept phones,
tablets and MP3 players in any condition and ensure that they are recycled properly.
8. Robotic Trash Cans
Robotic wheeled trash containers that roll out on their own at the push of a button are an
example of the most significant innovations. This innovation in solid waste management is
beneficial for those with limited mobility and motor skills.
9.Internet of Things (IoT)
Waste management technologies are one of the best examples of industrial internet of things
(IoT) applications. So what does IoT mean for waste management? The leverage of IoT and
cloud computing technology provide high-tech sensors and enable waste management
companies to optimize hauling routes. Throughout the process, haulers identify full waste
containers’ locations and collection times. To summarize, IoT aims to boost efficiency and
save money by reducing unnecessary pickups.
The GPS monitoring system is a great innovation like sensors. As data is the key in today’s
world, waste companies utilize computer algorithms to collect information of the most efficient
routes based on distance and traffic patterns. All areas, including residential routes, industrial
waste pickup, construction containers, and smart bins, can seize the opportunity of merging
with such an innovative tool.
10.Waste-to-Raw Material
The search to reuse the waste in a productive manner has been markedly increasing for
sustainability. Companies aim to reduce waste of raw material by extracting plastics and
cellulose fiber. For this, autoclave sterilization technology is essential because autoclaves are
used as heat treatment processing units to destroy microorganisms before disposal. The main
purpose of all this effort is to make a contribution to sustainable development and the circular
economy solutions, which are vitally important for the future of the planet.
11. Self-Driving Trucks
It’s still in the development phase, but autonomous waste pickup is close to being implemented.
As known, Volvo has been working on this technology for many years with Uber for a self
driving pickup truck. This system targets a truck maneuvering itself while the operator gets out
to collect the garbage. Gear changing, steering, and speed are also optimized for low fuel
consumption and emissions.

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“Our self-driving refuse truck is leading the way in this field globally, and one of several
exciting autonomous innovations we are working with right now” explains Lars Stenqvist,
Chief Technology Officer, Volvo Group. Additionally, Stenqvist states this new technology
provides benefits for a reduction in the risk of occupational injuries.
12.Waste-to-Energy
Generating actual power from waste is one of the major innovations in the waste management
industry. This role of technology in waste management aims to convert waste into energy in
landfills. Digesters produce the biogas from different sorts of waste, such as food, agriculture,
etc., and transform that into the energy utilized on-site. Thus, energy recovery, an important
waste management move for the circular economy transition, occures.
It is important to mention thermal energy conversion within the waste-to-energy plant business
plan. Waste-to-energy technology is based on the change in heat and pressure. It works well to
turn waste into chemicals, fertilizers, oils, etc. Aside from that, the microturbines, burning
waste gas to create power and heat, have already become a substitute for traditional methods
with advanced landfill technology.
13. Decomposition Technologies
Decomposition technologies utilize natural mechanisms to break down organic materials into
useful products. Controlled decomposition or composting breaks down organic waste into
simpler forms using bacteria or fungi. The resulting compost enriches the soil with beneficial
nutrients and prevents soil erosion. Startups deploy composting to reduce the amount of food
being thrown away. There is also a shift to compostable bio-based plastics to reduce plastic
pollution. Additionally, several innovative compostable materials have come up that lead to
zero waste. This ensures organic matter reuse, thereby reducing the amount of solid waste
ending up in landfills.
14. Blockchain
Blockchain enables responsible waste management by bringing transparency and traceability
to the value chain. Waste tracking also enables compatibility with environmental regulations.
This allows waste management facilities to divert more waste away from landfills. Moreover,
blockchain verifies waste management information at each step. For example, a company
delivering waste to a carrier puts all the information in a digital document validated by the
carrier. It makes it easier for the final waste recipient to confirm they have received the waste
and ensures the security of transactions.
15. Recycling Apps
Sorting through contaminated waste is one of the biggest challenges for recycling centers. In
an effort to limit unrecyclable materials entering these centers, organizations have released
apps like Recycle Nation and Recycle that make recycling easier for individuals. These apps
provide users with information on recycling rates and center locations, and their comprehensive
lists of materials help users determine which items can be recycled.
___________________________________________________________________________

4a) For a Civil Engineer, how does remote sensing help in planning a city and its
objectives? Explain working process of remote sensing?

Ans. OBJECTIVES OF REMOTE SENSING

Its main purpose is to determine information about an object or phenomenon that may not be
feasible to make physical contact with or that requires additional research. The distance
between the object and the sensor can be small or large.
i. To Map the Earth helps to provide information about the Earth and its properties. It
provides information about where things are located and the distances between them.
ii. To Survey land use which provides information about land boundaries. It can help with
city planning and real estate transactions.

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iii. To Measure the depth of oceans which provides information on how much heat the
ocean is absorbing which is a way to track global warming.
iv. To Measure the movement of ocean currents which helps to predict sediment transport,
estimate drift contaminates, evaluate the mixing and transporting of nutrients and
oxygen, and report wave conditions. This can help in climate analysis, response to
environmental disasters, search and rescue operations, and coastal engineering projects.
v. To Measure the features of clouds which helps meteorologists to predict the weather,
which can affect matters involving human travel, safety, and planning.

WORKING PROCESS OF REMOTE SENSING

In remote sensing, the process involves an interaction between the incident radiation and the
targets of interest. It involves following seven elements:
1. Energy Source or Illumination :The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an
energy source, which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest.
The passive RS system relies on sun as the strongest source of EM energy and measures energy
that is either reflected and or emitted from the earth’s surface features. However, active RS
systems use their own source of EM energy.
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere :As the energy travels from its source to the target, it will
come in contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through. This interaction may
take place a second time as the energy travels from the target to the sensor.
3. Interaction with the Target :Once the energy makes its way to the target through the
atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the
radiation. When the energy interacts with the target, depending upon the characteristics of the
target, the energy is transmitted, absorbed, scattered, emitted, or reflected from the target to the
sensor.
4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor :After the energy has been scattered by, or emitted
from the target, it requires a sensor (that is a remote sensor that is not in contact with the target)
to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation. Sensors are electromagnetic instruments
designed to receive and record retransmitted energy. They are mounted on satellites, aeroplanes
or even balloons. The sensors are highly sensitive to wave lengths, yielding data on the absolute
brightness from the object as a function of wavelength.
5. Transmission, Reception and Processing :The energy recorded by the sensor has to be
transmitted, often in an electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data is
processed into an image (hard copy and/or digital).
The data products are mainly classified into two categories :
Pictorial or Photographic product (analogue) and Digital product.

6. Interpretation and Analysis :The processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally
or electronically, to extract information about the target, which was illuminated.
7. Application :The final element of the remote sensing process is achieved by extracting the
required information from the imagery about the target in order to better understand it, or to
reveal some new information, or to assist in solving a particular problem.
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In an ideal case, produced electromagnetic energy contains all wavelengths and there no loss
of energy during propagation. When the energy interacts with the target, depending upon the
characteristics of the target, the energy is transmitted, absorbed, scattered, emitted, or reflected
from the target to the sensor. The energy from the target to the sensor is in the form of return
signal, reaching a linear sensor which responds linearly to electromagnetic energy of all
wavelengths and intensity. The return signal recorded and processed in real time by the data
recorder. The data is then processed into a format which is useful for interpretation. The
information about the target collected is made available to the users in the desired form.

4b) State Government has decided to convert your city into a smart city. Explain uses and
applications of GIS in urban planning?

Ans. USES AND APPLICATIONS OF GIS IN URBAN PLANNING

GIS in urban planning is becoming increasingly useful over time. Initially, the high costs of
installation and operation stunted the adoption of GIS in urban planning. However, as GIS
hardware became less expensive and GIS software became more user-friendly - adoption has
increased.
There are numerous benefits of using GIS in urban planning,
1. Improved mapping :With a single repository for current and historical data and maps, GIS
can improve map currency (whether or not a map is up-to-date), increase the efficacy of
thematic mapping, and lower expenditures for data storage
2. Increased access to vital information :Desktop GIS makes it easier to store, manage, and
access data from a variety of sources. Cloud GIS offers that same benefit, while enabling access
from any device.
3. Improved communication :With a unified system for data storage and management,
internal parties can access the information they need immediately - rather than sifting through
documents, hard drives, or trying to track down data across departments.
4. Increased quality and efficiency for public services :GIS can be used to create a public
facing portal (like this one), opening the flow of information between government
organizations and the public. Government officials can share information quickly, while
members of the public have self-serve access to the information they need.
5. Increased support for strategic decision making :With speedier access to a wider ranger
of important geographic information, planners can create informed strategies more effectively.
More than that, they can explore a wider range of 'what-if' scenarios - ideally leading to
stronger, more effective long-term strategies.
Applications: GIS platforms have a variety of capabilities that can be applied to urban
planning. Database management, visualization, spatial analysis, and spatial modeling are
among the most widely employed.
1.Database management :Database management is the process of creation, import,
maintenance, and use of all data traveling in and out of a GIS platform. For urban planning,
this involves the storage of environmental data, socioeconomic data, land use maps and plans,
and planning applications.
As cities produce huge quantities of data in many different formats. GIS provides a single
database where all that data can be stored and easily organized. Once data has been added to
the database, urban planners can use spatial queries to quickly access the information.
2.Visualization :In the context of urban planning, visualization often refers to maps. Desktop
GIS offers powerful mapping visualization tools, enabling planners to create maps (sometimes
even in 3D). Environmental and socioeconomic data can be used to help create these maps, or
added after the fact as a secondary data source.
Digital maps make it easier for urban planners to make decisions and explore solutions. For
example, identifying an ideal location for a new park or public space.

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3.Spatial analysis & modelling :GIS in urban planning enables spatial analysis and modeling,
which can contribute to a variety of important urban planning tasks. These tasks include site
selection, land suitability analysis, land use and transport modeling, the identification of
planning action areas, and impact assessments.
GIS functionality such as interpolation, buffering, map overlay, and connectivity measurement
help urban planners to achieve these tasks.
4.Resource inventory :GIS platforms, especially those used in conjunction with remote
sensors, decrease time spent collecting land-use and environmental information. With remote
images, urban planners can detect current land use, as well as changes to land use for an entire
urban area. These images can also be used to create compelling visualizations with 3D CAD
models.
5.A land use map :Creating land-use maps & plans. Future land-use maps act as a
community’s guide to future infrastructure, build plans, and public spaces. These maps help
ensure that a city’s urban planning accounts for environmental conservation, pollution,
mitigating transportation issues, and limiting urban sprawl.
With GIS, urban planners can quickly create maps of the city as it is today, and then use various
modeling and predictive data techniques to explore scenarios for the future. Ideally using this
exercise to create a future land-use map that is thoughtful, sustainable, and sound.
6.Planning applications :GIS can help the government and businesses process and organize
planning applications. Many GIS portals can be made public facing, which means citizens can
access data such as parcel outlines and information, county/district boundaries, and area
zoning. With vital information more widely available to all, government resources (which
might have been spent fielding these requests and finding the data) can be put to use elsewhere.
Moreover, with all the applications stored in a central database, organization, processing, and
status tracking becomes much simpler.
7.Analyzing socioeconomic & environmental data :Creating future land-use maps must take
into account several environmental scenarios, as well as project future demand for land
resources. Modeling must include population data, economic activities, and spatial distribution.
8.An environmental map :The visual component of GIS makes analyzing location-based data
(like socioeconomic and environmental trends) simpler and more effective. GIS enables the
creation of thematic maps i.e. maps that combine data and location in order to explore
correlation and display trends.
With the various data sets stored in the GIS database, users can create layered images that
include topography, street maps, thematic maps, and more - helping to easily identify ideal
spaces, as well as areas of potential conflict.
9.Land suitability analysis/site selection :GIS tools like map overlay enable urban planners
to conduct land suitability analysis, an important step in site selection.
10.A walkability map :Remote sensing, spatial queries, and environmental data analysis help
urban planners find areas of environmental sensitivity. By overlaying existing land
development on land suitability maps, they can identify any areas of conflict between the
environment and potential development.
11.Measuring connectivity :GIS geo processing functions like map overlay, buffering, and
spatial analysis help urban planners to conduct connectivity measurement.
Connectivity refers to how easy it is to walk or bike in a given city. A highly-connected area
will give its residents numerous options to get from A to B quickly.
12.Impact assessments :An environmental impact assessment can be conducted to evaluate
the potential effects urban development will have on the environment. If issues are found, the
urban planner can then recommend ways to alleviate or mitigate negative outcomes.
13.Evaluation, monitoring, & feedback :GIS tools can help evaluate a building plan, monitor
the project after completion, and even gather feedback to help make improvements.
Together with remote sensing, GIS can help planners to track if development is following the
area’s land use plan. It can also help them evaluate impact and suggest adjustments - if required.

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___________________________________________________________________________

5a) As per Government of India, what are the components of Smart city concept. Explain
components of area based development?

Ans. Components of Smart city concept as per Govt. of India (GOI).

a)E-Governance and citizen services
i) Public information, grievance redressal ii) Electronic service ddelivery
iii) Citizen engagement iv) Citizens- city’s eyes and ears
v) Video crime monitoring

b) Waste Management
i) Waste to energy & fuel ii)Waste to compost
iii) Waste water to be treated iv)Recyling and reduction of C&D waste
c)Water management
i) Smart meters and management ii) Leakage identification, preventive maintenance
iii)Water quality monitoring
d)Energy management
i)Smart meters and management ii) Renewable sources of energy
iii) Energy efficient & green buildings
e)Urban mobility
i) Smart parking ii) Intelligent traffic management
iii) Integrated multi-model transport
f)Others
i) Tele-medicine and Tele education ii) Incubation/ trade facilitation centres
iii) Skill development centres.

CONCEPT OF AREA BASED DEVELOPMENT(THREE MODEL)

The strategic components of Area-based development in the Smart Cities Mission undertaken
by the Government of India are
i. City improvement (retrofitting),
ii. City renewal (redevelopment) and
iii. City extension (Greenfield development)
Retrofitting: Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing built-up area to achieve Smart
City objectives, along with other objectives, to make the existing area more efficient and
livable. In retrofitting, an area consisting of more than 500 acres will be identified by the city
in consultation with citizens.
Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services in the identified area and the vision
of the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to become smart. Since existing structures are
largely to remain intact in this model, it is expected that more intensive infrastructure service
levels and a large number of smart applications will be packed into the retrofitted Smart
City.This strategy may also be completed in a shorter time frame, leading to its replication in
another part of the city.
Redevelopment: Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the existing built-up
environment and enable co-creation of a new layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed
land use and increased density.
Redevelopment envisages an area of more than 50 acres, identified by Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) in consultation with citizens. For instance, a new layout plan of the identified area will
be prepared with mixed land-use, higher FSI and high ground coverage.
Greenfield development: Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart Solutions
in a previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using innovative planning, plan financing

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and plan implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for
affordable housing, especially for the poor.
Greenfield developments are required around cities in order to address the needs of the
expanding population.
Unlike retrofitting and redevelopment, greenfield developments could be located either within
the limits of the ULB or within the limits of the local Urban Development Authority (UDA).
Pan-city development envisages application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing
city-wide infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology,
information and data to make infrastructure and services better. For example, applying Smart
Solutions in the transport sector (intelligent traffic management system) and reducing average
commute time or cost to citizens will have positive effects on productivity and quality of life
of citizens. Another example can be waste water recycling and smart metering which can make
a substantial contribution to better water management in the city.
___________________________________________________________________________

5b) As a project manager what are the challenges will occur during the development of
Smart city?

Ans. CHALLENGES IN SMART CITY

To transform a city into a smart city, the entire eco-system of a city has to be developed around
the four pillars of development i.e., physical, institutional, social, and economic infrastructure.
The Government of India has taken various initiatives to support the four pillars of
development. The government’s Smart Cities Mission aims to improve the quality of life and
create smarter outcomes for the Indian citizens by harnessing the technologies for cities’
development. However, while handing over the onus of planned urbanization to the cities and
states, the government is faced with a number of challenges. Here is a list of the major
challenges faced by the smart city mission in India.
1.Technical Constraints & Technological Obsoleteness: The smart city mission aims to
harness the smart technologies to develop the city into a smart one. However, most of the urban
local bodies have a limited technical capacity to ensure the development of the smart cities.
These technical and technological limitations hinder the cost-effective and timely
implementation of the smart steps. Moreover, the investment in technology is being done for a
time-frame of 5-10 years. But, seeing the fast evolution of technology from 2G to 3G to 4G in
the past 4-5 years, it seems that this time frame would not suffice. Moreover, the latest
technology, i.e., internet of things (IoT) is still a new concept for many. If the smart cities do
not keep options for adaption and upgradation in technology, they might lag behind using
obsolete technologies in the technologically-evolving world.
2.Retrofitting Existing Infrastructure: Real estate of India is set to see a major development
due to the smart city mission as the development of infrastructure has attracted the highest
investment. Due to infrastructural development, people are eager to buy a property in India and
invest in the country’s smart cities. However, the challenge lies in identifying the weak areas
of the city that would experience retrofitting and be transformed into a smart area. The
challenge lies in analyzing the entire city area and finding out the areas where retrofitting can
be performed and how. Moreover, retrofitting the areas with historical importance or that have
any heritage value would also be a challenge in transforming cities into smart one.
3.Financing For Project: Keeping the funds and finances flowing in for the smart cities
mission can also be a challenge for the Indian government. Although the Center has released
around INR 9,940 crores for the smart cities mission in the Union Budget 2018, the total
investment for the project has gone up to 1,91,155 crores. Getting the right finances flowing in
for the completion of the project and later the maintenance of the technological developments
in the smart cities can be a challenge.

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4.Urbanizing Public Transport: A smart, reliable, sustainable, and affordable transport
system is at the core of turning a city into a smart one. There is a need for urban mobility
connecting people and cities seamlessly. However, urbanizing the public transport for urban
mobility can be a challenge for the Indian government due to the inadequate transport system
currently persisting in the cities. Various factors like lack of investment, high population
density, zoning, and poor urban planning have been making the transit system in Indian cities
inadequate. Optimal utilization of mass transit and the urbanization of public transport should
be the key focus of smart city initiative to overcome this challenge.
5.Coordinating Three-Tier Governance: Effective horizontal as well as vertical coordination
between the different institutions is imperative for the implementation of the smart city
solutions. The center, state, and the local bodies need to be in perfect coordination to ensure
that the proper development of smart cities. However, there is a lack of coordination among
the three-tier governance which might be a big roadblock in the successful completion of this
project.
___________________________________________________________________________

6a) IoT concept used everywhere these days. Explain different IoT models used in the
Smart city concept ?
Ans.
IoT MODELS USED IN SMART CITY
A smart city is the one that uses information and communication technologies (ICT) to
increase operational efficiency, share information with the public and improve both the
quality of government services and citizen welfare.
a)Smart cities use intelligent solutions to optimize infrastructure and smart and responsive
governance to engage citizens in the management of their city.
b)A system of sensors, networks, and applications collect useful data, like traffic congestion,
energy use, and CO2 levels.
c)Smart cities use IoT devices such as connected sensors, lights, and meters to collect and
analyze data. The cities then use this data to improve infrastructure, public utilities and
services, and more.
IoT-enabled smart city use cases span multiple areas: from contributing to a healthier
environment and improving traffic to enhancing public safety and optimizing street lighting.
IoT-driven smart city solutions allow tracking parameters critical for a healthy environment in
order to maintain them at an optimal level. For example, to monitor water quality, a city can
deploy a network of sensors across the water grid and connect them to a cloud management
platform. IoT models used for:
i. Road traffic ii.Smart parking iii. Public transport
iv. Utilities
 Smart meters & billing
 Revealing consumption patterns
 Remote monitoring
v. Street lighting vi.Waste management vii.Public safety, etc.
Here is a six-step implementation model to follow for creating an efficient and scalable IoT
architecture for a smart city.
Stage 1: basic IoT-based smart city platform
 The network of smart things
 Gateways
 Data lake
 Big data warehouse
Stage 2: Monitoring and basic analytics
Stage 3: Deep analytics
Stage 4: Smart control
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Stage 5: Instant interacting with citizens via user applications
Stage 6: Integrating several solutions
Traffic management
a)Traffic management with the aid of smart technology can improve public infrastructure,
transit, and safety.
b)Sensors tracking data about traffic flow patterns, road blockages, roadwork and other
conditions can be fitted on roads for better inputs.
Parking
a)You can now save much time, effort, and resources with smart city parking solutions.
Therefore, bringing down traffic congestions and easy allotment of parking spaces.
b)The sensors fit in the ground in the parking lots can give a signal of a vehicle moving out and
thus free parking slot available. The IoT sensors send the data to a cloud-based parking platform
that transmits this data to the real-time parking map of the city.
c)Drivers can use an app on their smartphones to access these maps, checking the nearby
parking slots available. Thus, saving time and resources and cutting down traffic too.
d)This smart parking system also warns of any illegal parking to the law officers.
Smart utility meters
a)A top IoT device among utility companies is the smart meter. These devices attach to
buildings and connect to a smart energy grid, allowing the utility companies to manage
energy flow more effectively.
b)Smart meters also allow users to track their energy consumption—leaving a significant
financial impact. Insider Intelligence expects utility companies to save $157 billion by
2035 due to smart meter adoption and implementation.
Smart grids
a)Arguably the greatest implementation of smart architecture and infrastructure is smart
grids, which help tremendously with resource conservation. Amsterdam, for example, has
been experimenting with offering home energy storage units and solar panels for
households that are connected to the city's smart grid.
b)These batteries help lower stress on the grid at peak hours by allowing residents to store
energy during off-peak hours. The solar panels also let residents sell spare energy from the
panels back to the grid.
Smart waste management solutions
a)Waste management is both costly, inefficient, and can cause traffic buildup. Smart waste
management solutions can alleviate some of these pain points by monitoring how full trash
cans are at a given point and send that data to waste management companies, providing the
best waste pick-up routes.
b)Some smart waste bins, like the EVOECO, have the ability to tell users which items should
be composted or recycled and can even show messages that share how much an
organization can save by recycling.
Smart air quality monitors
a)There are constantly air particles, dust, dirt, cleaning chemicals, floating around in the air
of one's office building or home. Smart air quality monitors can detect these particles and
inform users of pollutants.
b)Monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) can better alert people of unsafe pollutant levels via
an indicator light or push notifications to one's smart phone or tablet.
Planning for a future with fewer cars :Smart cities also encompass traffic management
through share rides. Companies like Uber and Ola have brought share ride technologies that
would considerably curtail the need for parking. Once shared and individual vehicles have
lesser use of parking spaces, these spaces would also include green zones and shopping centres.
Micro mobility :With the increasing population, there is stress on the existing transport
systems like cars, buses, and trains. According to the 2019 research, Indians on average have

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lost 65 hours a year due to traffic congestion. In 2019, the traffic has amounted to around Rs
12 Billion per driver on average.
There are a lot of technology start-ups that are developing transportation sharing platforms for
electric bikes and scooters. These would relieve congestion, and in turn, help connect people
to public transport systems for longer trips.
Fleet management :Smart city solutions leverage technology systems
towards transportation companies and fleet operators who can effectively monitor their
vehicles in real-time. This would help optimize their routes, bring down fuel costs, as well as
lower emissions.

6b) As an Civil Engineer highlight the necessity of Smart city. Explain Smart city
thematic areas?
Ans.
NECESSITY OF SMART CITY
a)Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting programme launched by the
Government of India to develop smart cities and make them citizen friendly and sustainable.
b)With an increase on urban population and rapid expansion of areas, government is looking
at smarter ways to manage complexities, increase efficiencies and improve quality of life. This
has created a need for cities that monitor and integrate infrastructure to better optimise
resources and maximise services to citizens.
c)The objective of the smart city initiative is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that
provide core infrastructure to give a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable environment
through application of some smart solutions such as data-driven traffic management, intelligent
lighting systems, etc.
d)Smart City Ideas means development solutions and practices that are aimed at creating an
overall development.
The need of a smart city is to be able to fulfil –
i. Easy access transport facility
ii. Mixed land parcel promotions
iii. Creating open and recreational zones
iv. Enhancing promising housing opportunities
v. Sustainable development
vi. Inclusive involvement of and integration of neighbouring areas.

SMART CITY THEMATIC AREAS

Smart Cities involve multiple groups representing various perspectives, goals, and ambitions.
a) Governance and services
b) Integration of ICT infrastructure
c) Sustainability and social capital
This kind of thematic approach supports multi-dimensional Smart City planning. For example,
if the aim is improving the system of public transportation, then each of these themes are
integrated by planners working towards achieving Smart City applications.
Comprehensive planning efforts network concepts and relationships together under the
following themes:
1.Infrastructure and technology:Smart cities need all kinds of infrastructure that respond to
the current and future needs of people living in them. Technology can collect and analyse
information to provide solutions as situations change, such as demands for power due to
extreme heat or cold, or traffic and crowd management. Experts working under this theme can
develop solutions that support the infrastructure and technology challenges of smart cities.
2.Economic development:Cities are the engines of growth for countries and account for
around 80% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A vibrant economy is essential to a city or
region being globally competitive. Smart cities develop more competitive business

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environments. The economy of a smart city is driven by technically inspired innovation,
creativity and entrepreneurship, provided by smart people. All smart cities aim to increase
employment rates, increase the value of property, increase the number of businesses and
patents, and decrease the number of people living in poverty. The challenge is how to do this
in a way that does not lead to a loss in physical and mental well-being, damage to the
environment and includes people from all classes.
3.Mobility and Transport:As the world increases its population, getting from place to place
becomes more challenging if we do not find new ways to do move around. This theme will
focus on how to improve mobility for all whilst working towards zero emissions and minimal
impact on the environment. It will also address how we can meet the future demand. There are
so many questions to answer and attitudes to change such as shifting mindsets from ownership
to sharing.
4.Health and WellbeingA smart city is a healthy city for reasons that extend beyond health
care. This theme will focus on what needs to be done to make cities healthy. We know of many
technologies which can be used to deliver health care such as tele-medicine, and the importance
of early detection and early intervention, but what can be done to reduce ill-health in the first
place? One of the biggest causes of ill-health and death is poor air quality. So how can the
quality of air be improved to make a city clean and healthy?
Increasing active transport such as walking or riding a bicycle will improve mental health and
well-being as well as cardiovascular health, so how can we make active transport safe for
everyone?
5.Urban Planning :Urban planning frameworks are necessary to ensure the initiatives required
to create smart cities are successful. This theme will explore how technology and humans
interact across housing, public spaces, workspaces, infrastructure and environment.
Technological advancements needed for the efficient functioning of cities should be integrated
with appropriate planning mechanisms to ensure the best outcomes for equity, prosperity and
health. Existing planning systems need to be reviewed and their ability to integrate new and
smart technologies needs to be assessed so that it is sustainable and benefits the environment.
6:Governance and Engagement Governance and community engagement are essential to
facilitating prosperous and sustainable cities but can also become politicised.
This theme will examine how governance can be improved within the smart cities context. It
will focus on issues of accountability and transparency regarding government, industry and
community partnerships. In particular, this theme will explore new forms of community
participation in decision-making about urban issues.
Data can be obtained from existing and new data sources that are yet to be developed and used
to provide information for decision-making. The scope is immense and covers areas such as
research, planning, economic development, intelligent city services, comprehensive asset
management, targeted service delivery and more responsive community safety.
7.Security and Safety:Smart cities technologies are growing rapidly and the dollar value of
this growth means there is a lot at stake. The inter-connectivity across virtual and physical
infrastructure that makes a smart city work are also vulnerable to significant cyber security
risks which could result in crippling a city and even cause death.
This theme will examine the many cyber threats and how to protect critical infrastructure such
as electricity and water supply from cyber threats. It will also look at how to ensure the integrity
and confidentiality of data is protected. Active threat detection and prevention of cyber threats
is essential to developing and monitoring smart cities.
8:Cultural Heritage :Using values of cultural heritage as a foundation, this theme addresses
the challenges that face cultural heritage management in rapid urban growth environments.
Urban cultural heritage is fundamental to cities all over the world and the interpretation,
management and conservation of such heritage is increasingly a matter of significant urgency
for communities.
Smart Cities have tended to overlook these challenges, and in some cities, rapid urban growth

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can sit alongside sites of four thousand years of urban civilisation and overtake it if not properly
protected and promoted. It is important that smart cities apply heritage-based planning
protocols and consider how new technologies could support retaining and promoting the
cultural heritage of the city locally and more broadly.
9.Energy, water and waste :Access to energy and clean water is vital to human well-being,
yet rapid urbanisation creates significant challenges for securing reliable access to these critical
resources for its residents. Moreover, the urbanisation and associated economic activities
generate large amounts of waste and pollutants, further endangering the access to clean water.
Traditional water treatment technologies are energy intensive, making it hard to achieve a goal
of supplying water and energy needs sustainably. Smart cities must offer opportunities to adopt
technological solutions across the supply-chain including changing approaches to production/
supply, distribution and demand.
10.Food security and agriculture:With an increasing global population, 69% more food
calories will be needed to feed 9.6 billion people by 2050. Increases in food related illnesses
along with the need for more nutritional food to feed a growing population is a looming global
challenge. Agri-food research and innovation systems will need to change the ways in which
they work to meet these challenges in a world of limited resources and increasingly hostile
production environment. This theme will work to translate knowledge from the laboratory to
the rest of the world in all areas of food production.

7a) As an In-charge of maintenance, explain different sensors used to maintain Utilities

and services in Smart city?
Ans.
Sensor Applications for a Smarter World
1. Smart Parking :Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city.
2. Structural health :Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges
and historical monuments.
3. Noise Urban Maps :Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time.
4. Smartphone Detection :Detect iPhone and Android devices and in general any device
which works with WiFi or Bluetooth interfaces.
5. Eletromagnetic Field Levels :Measurement of the energy radiated by cell stations and and
WiFi routers.
6. Traffic Congestion :Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and
walking routes.
7. Smart Lighting :Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
8. Waste Management :Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash
collection routes.
9. Smart Roads :Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to
climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.
Smart Environment
10. Forest Fire Detection :Monitoring of combustion gases and premetive fire conditions to
define alert zones.
11. Air Pollution :Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic
gases generated in farms.
12. Snow Level Monitoring :Snow level measurement to know in real time the quality of ski
tracks and allow security corps avalanche prevention.
13. Landslide and Avalanche Prevention :Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and earth
density to detect dangerous patterns in land conditions.
14. Earthquake Early Detection ;Distributed control in specific places of tremors.

7b) If you are a project manager how you will explain Tangible and Intangible benefits
towards sustainable development.
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Ans.
TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE BENEFITS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
The green buildings bring multiple benefits not only for environment but also for economy and
society. The green building in collective play important role in addressing the environmental
issues like global warming, climate change, pollution, depletion of natural resources etc. These
may also be helpful in achieving the goals of sustainable development and economic growth.
The benefits of green buildings range from individual building to global level. These can be
divided into three main categories viz. environmental, economic and social and each category
is further subdivided into global, national and local levels. The benefits have been explained
from the facts and statistics from various third-party sources.
i) Environmental
Green buildings offer benefits to our climate and environment. These not only reduce the
harmful impacts on the environment but also produce a positive impact on the
environment. General benefits of green buildings are:
a. Protect ecology and ecosystems
b.Reduce wastage of water
c. Conserve natural resources
d. Improve air and water quality
The facts and statistics of benefits of green building taken from website of World Green
Building Council (www.worldgbc.org) are discussed as follow:
a) Global level:
i. The building sector has the largest potential for significantly reducing greenhouse gas
emissions compared to other major emitting sectors – UNEP, 2009.
ii. This emissions savings potential is said to be as much as 84 gigatonnes of CO2 by 2050,
through direct measures in buildings such as energy efficiency, fuel switching and the use of
renewable energy – UNEP, 2016.
iii. The building sector has the potential to make energy savings of 50% or more in 2050, in
support of limiting global temperature rises to 2°C (above pre-industrial levels) – UNEP, 2016.
b) Building level:
i. As per reports of Green building Council Australia, the Green Star certification in Australia
have been shown to produce 62% fewer greenhouse gas emissions than average Australian
buildings, and 51% less potable water than if they had been built to meet minimum industry
requirements.
ii. As per the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) report, certified green buildings results in
energy savings of 40 - 50% and water savings of 20 - 30% compared to conventional buildings
in India.
iii. In South Africa, buildings achieving the Green Star certification have been shown to save
on average between 30 - 40% energy and carbon emissions every year, and between 20 - 30%
potable water every year, when compared to the industry norm.
iv. As per US Green Building council report, Green buildings achieving the LEED certification
in the US have been shown to consume 25% less energy and 11% less water, than non-green
buildings.
ii) Economic
Green buildings offer a number of economic benefits as discussed below.
a. Reduce construction and working costs
b. Create market for green product and services
c. Improve occupant productivity
d. Green buildings are generally costly than standard buildings
Further, the following facts and statistics taken from website of World Green Building Council
(www.worldgbc.org; as discussed follow) prove the benefits of green building from global
level to building level.

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a). Global level:Global energy efficiency measures could save an estimated €280 to €410
billion in savings on energy spending (and the equivalent to almost double the annual electricity
consumption of the United States) – European Commission, 2015.
b) National level:
i. Canada’s green building industry generated $23.45 billion in GDP and represented
nearly 300,000 full-time jobs in 2014 – Canada Green Building Council / The Delphi
Group, 2016.
ii.Green building is projected to account for more than 3.3 million U.S. jobs by 2018 –
US Green Building Council / Booz Allen Hamilton, 2015.
c) At a building level: Building owners report that green buildings - whether new or renovated
- command a 7% increase in asset value over traditional buildings – Dodge Data & Analytics,
2016.
iii) Social benefits: Green building also offers positive social benefits in terms of:
a. Improve quality of life
b. Minimize pressure on local infrastructure
c. Improve comfort and health
___________________________________________________________________________
8a) As a Civil Engineer, what precaution will you take to reduce carbon footprints from
construction and operation?
Ans.
Carbon footprints that results from the building construction and operations
The construction industry alone stands responsible for more than 50% of greenhouse emissions
which thereby have proven to lead to rising temperatures, rising sea levels, floods, droughts,
and spread of infectious diseases among many others. Our buildings consume more than 35%
of all generated energy and a not-so-surprising 60% of the electricity that is generated. A
building’s carbon footprint refers to all the carbon released into the atmosphere during the
design, construction, and operation of the project.
Reducing carbon footprint.
i.Reducing energy consumption by insulating home, installing energy-efficient lighting,
lowering your thermostat in the winter, and turning off unused appliances.
ii.Installing solar panels on roof and generating renewable energy.
iii. Purchasing Renewable Energy Certificates to support clean electricity generation.
iv.Recycling waste to avoid items being sent to landfill while reducing the demand for oil and
gas.
v.Taking shorter showers to save energy and water.
vi.Using public transport instead of driving, and where possible, try to walk or cycle.
vii.Buying carbon offsets to balance out monthly or annual carbon emissions.
The following methods adopted to reduce carbon foot print in construction industry:
1. Testing different blends of cement with addition of alternative additives such as
alkali-activated slag mortars or fly ash in concrete;
2. Changing cement production methods;
3. Addition of reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt mixtures;
4. Recycling building wastes such as concrete aggregate and recycled asphalt in common
construction materials;
5. Conversion from the wet process to the dry process in concrete manufacturing;
6. Substitution of lower carbon content fuels for coal, coke, and petroleum coke;
7. Alternate options in terms of vehicle type, engine power, truck capacity, and fuel type
to improve the fuel efficiency in the construction vehicles;
8. Reducing idle time by using direct fired heaters, auxiliary power units (APU), thermal
storage systems, on-board batteries, and automatic engine shut-off devices;
9. Applications of alternate water resources for water reuse purposes;
10. Switching to efficient HVAC systems; and

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11. Utilization of different building operations/systems will lessen energy consumption
and reduce GHG emissions up to 90% in different stages in construction industry.
12. Improving recyclable waste materials such as glass, rubber crumbs, etc., as construction
materials;
13. Developing decision making tools for effective carbon foot printing;
14. Creating inventory databases for Life Cycle Assessment for each alternative material’s
embodied carbon value.

8b)What is concept of Green transportation. As an engineer how you will achieve Green
transportation in city?
Ans.
Green transportation is a low-carbon initiative, thus very environmentally friendly. The
promotion of green transportation is not only good for the use of road resources, the ease of
traffic congestion, the decrease of energy consumption and the improvement of air quality, but
also, as a return to health and leisure lifestyles, good for the improvement of human health.
Public transport, walking and cycling play key roles in green transport. Developments in
technology and fuels can effectively reduce emissions. Emissions from transport and traffic
can also be reduced by improvements in community structures.
Green Transport can be achieved by:
a) Increase electric mobility in combination with renewable electricity generation and
apply a system strategies approach that interlinks energy sectors.
b) Develop sustainable and affordable advanced biofuel pathways for all transport modes
including non-car modes such as freight, aviation and shipping.
c) Explore emerging technology solutions and innovation for emerging transport modes
such as aviation, shipping and military applications.
Look for ways to create a personal and positive impact
i.Avoid quick acceleration and heavy braking. It can reduce fuel economy by 33% on the
highway
ii.Car-pooling is a great way to share costs of fuel and parking. It breaks the monotony of the
daily commute.
iii.Do not idle. Unnecessary idling pollutes the air, wastes fuel, and causes excess engine wear.
iv.Drive instead of flying if the trip is less than 400 Km.
v.Drive smoothly. Stop/start driving is much less efficient and more polluting than driving at a
constant speed.
vi.Drive within the speed limit. Driving at 90 km per hour uses 25% less fuel than driving at
110 km per hour. Fit the car with cruise control, using it during highway driving will help to
maintain a steadier speed, which will save fuel.
vii.Go by Bicycle. Don't have to bike everywhere, but simply incorporate into a lifestyle. It
will not only reduce petrol consumption, but keep in great shape as well. Start using bicycles
for errands.
viii.Go for Eco-friendly car washes. These protect environment, communities and water
supply. These washes save water and recycle the water that is used for cleaning water and
reusing it. • Keep windows open when driving at under 70 km per hour. Air conditioning can
incre-ase fuel consumption by 10%.
ix.Prefer public transportation. It is an affordable and environmentally friendly choice. •
Regularly check tyre pressure. Under-inflated tyres can increase fuel consumption by 3% and
take 10,000 km off the tyre's life.
x.Service your car regularly. A well-tuned car can use 15% less fuel. • Screw on fuel cap firmly
to avoid evaporation and leaks when turning corners.
xi.Travel light. Do not use the car as a mobile storeroom. Extra Luggage consumes more fuel.
An extra 50 kg of weight increases fuel consumption by 2%.

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xii.Use a clean diesel vehicle for group trips. According to the US Environment Protection
Agency, clean diesel vehicles produce 90% fewer emissions than regular diesel engines • Work
from home periodically if your job allows it.
xiii.Walk for short distances. Explore the joy of walking a little bit every day — it is healthy
and energizing.
xiv.When going for a new car, look for fuel-efficient vehicles, with low greenhouse gas
emissions

9a) In what way light pollution effect the building and explain concept of Heat Island
effects on structures?
Ans.
EFFECTS OF THE BUILDING ON LIGHT POLLUTION
Light pollution reduction is minimizing light trespass from the building and site and reducing
sky-glow and glare. It increases night sky access, improves night time visibility, and reduces
development impact on nocturnal environments.
Light pollution is usually divided into the two main categories: annoying light and excessive
light. Light pollution can be also divided to indoor and outdoor light pollution.
large parts of urban areas in Europe and North America. Light pollution can have adverse health
effects such as frequent headaches, fatigue, increased stress, decrease of libido and increased
anxiety.
Over-illumination
Over-illumination due to:
a. Not using timers, occupancy sensors or other controls to extinguish lighting when not needed
b. Improper design, especially of workplace spaces, by specifying higher levels of light than
needed for a given task
c.Incorrect choice of fixtures or light bulbs, which do not direct light into areas as needed
d. Improper selection of hardware to utilize more energy than needed to accomplish the lighting
task
e. Incomplete training of building managers and occupants to use lighting systems efficiently
f. Inadequate lighting maintenance resulting in increased
stray light and energy costs
g. "Daylight lighting" can be required by citizens to reduce crime or by shop owners to attract
customers, so over illumination can be a design choice, not a fault. In both cases target
achievement is questionable.
h. Substitution of old mercury lamps with more efficient sodium or metal halide lamps using
the same electrical power
i. Indirect lighting techniques, such as lighting a vertical wall to bouce photons on the ground.
Glare :Glare is often the result of excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the field
of view. For example, glare can be associated with directly viewing the filament of an
unshielded or badly shielded light. Light shining into the eyes of pedestrians and drivers can
obscure night vision for up to an hour after exposure.
Clutter :Clutter refers to excessive groupings of lights. Groupings of lights may generate
confusion, distract from obstacles (including those that they may be intended to illuminate),
and potentially cause accidents. Clutter is particularly noticeable on roads where the street
lights are badly designed, or where brightly lit advertising surrounds the roadways.
Sky glow :Sky glow refers to the "glow" effect that can be seen over populated areas. It is the
combination of all light reflected from what it has illuminated escaping up into the sky and
from all of the badly directed light in that area that also escapes into the sky, being scattered
(redirected) by the atmosphere back toward the ground.
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Heat islands are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat

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more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies. Urban areas, where these
structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited, become “islands” of higher
temperatures relative to outlying areas.
When urban and suburban areas lose land surface and naturally occurring vegetation, heat can
no longer easily escape. Tall buildings, concrete, and asphalt trap heat and contribute to the
warming effect. Waste heat from energy use is another source of additional heat. Other
contributing factors include local weather, seasonal changes, time of day, and geographic
location.
Increased temperatures during summer in cities amplify energy demand for air conditioning.
Studies reveal that electricity demand for air conditioning or cooling increases in the ranges of
1.5 to 2 percent for every 1°F (0.6°C) increase in air temperatures (ranges of 68 to 77°F (20 to
25°C), implying that the community requires about 5 to 10 percent more electricity demand to
cater for the urban heat effect.
___________________________________________________________________________
9b) As an Engineer, what steps adopted to reduce indoor waste by water efficient
plumbing system and 3R concept?
Ans.
WATER EFFICIENT PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Reducing indoor water use in residences and businesses can be accomplished through water-
efficiency standards for plumbing fixtures. Generally, the standards impose a maximum on the
amount of water used per flush by toilets and urinals and per minute by faucets and
showerheads.
House as a System
a) Install high-quality shut-off valves on piping and provide easy access to them through
walls or floors.
b) Use high-quality materials, fittings and fixtures.
c) Insulate cold and hot water pipes.
d) Run plumbing inside the air barrier system, or, if piping must pass through the barrier,
properly seal the joint with acoustical caulking (or other appropriate material), and
ensure it is structurally supported.
Kitchen
a) Install faucet aerators (5.7 litres per minute [lpm] / 1.5 gallons per minute [gpm] or
less).
b) Ensure aerator or faucet has flow regulation settings or a hands-free faucet.
c) Avoid a sink garbage disposal unit—use compost or kitchen waste programs instead.
d) Choose a dishwasher with a timer, a heat on/off setting, or a smart sensor.
e) Install shut-off valves in under the sink faucet and dishwasher.
Bathroom
a) Install faucet aerators (5.7 lpm / 1.5 gpm or less).
b) Install thermostatic valves at shower, bath and faucet fixtures.
c) Install a drainwater heat recovery unit on the shower drain.
d) Check for leaks: faucets, diverter tub spouts, showers, baths and toilets.
e) Install accessible shut-off valves on service pipes to sink taps, toilets, tub and shower.
Hot Water System
a) Set hot water tank to 60°C or as required to meet building code, safety regulations.) and
insulate it.
b) Put heat traps on cold and hot water pipe connections to the water tank.
c) Minimize both the pipe size of the distribution network and the distance between the
source of hot water and the fixtures.
d) Install a drainwater heat recovery unit on the shower drain piping.
e) Make new construction solar ready more easily to accept solar water heating systems
in the future.

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Reduce the frequency and cost of future repairs and replacements
a) Install high-quality shut-off valves on water pipes, which will reduce future effort,
money and wasted material when repairs or replacements are required.
b) Provide easy access to shut-off valves through walls or floors.
c) Inform homeowners that shut-off valves should be fully-opened and closed every three
to four months to prevent them from seizing up.
d) Use high-quality materials and fittings to reduce the frequency of replacement.
Conserve energy
a) Insulate both hot and cold pipes to prevent heat loss, condensation, moisture damage
and corrosion of fittings.
b) Minimize the distance between the hot water tank and the location of fixtures that
require hot water.
Maintain the integrity of the home’s air barrier
a) Run all plumbing inside the air barrier system of the house to help reduce air leakage,
heat loss, wall moisture problems and related costs.
b) If plumbing must pass through the air barrier, be sure that the joint between the pipe
and air barrier is sealed with appropriate materials and that it is structurally supported.
1. Water metering
2. Reclaimed water

WASTE MANAGEMENT SEGREGATION OF WASTE, 3R CONCEPT

The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often called
the "3Rs." Reducing means choosing to use things with care to reduce the amount of waste
generated. Reusing involves the repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable
aspects. Recycling means the use of waste itself as resources. Waste minimization can be
achieved in an efficient way by focusing primarily on the first of the 3Rs, "reduce," followed
by "reuse" and then "recycle."
Reduce/Reduction
To make something smaller or useless, resulting in a smaller amount of waste. “Source
reduction” is reducing waste before purchasing by purchasing products which are not wasteful
in their packaging or use. A key part of waste reduction is ‘conservation’ - using natural
resources wisely, and using less than usual in order to avoid waste. Many stores allow shoppers
to scoop out the amount they need of bulk goods like nuts or coffee. This considerably reduces
waste and packaging materials. Buying in bulk by selecting bigger quantities, in a single box
package – for example, buy the largest box of toothpaste, concentrated detergent. This not only
reduces the waste but also save money.
Reuse
Reuse of materials in their original form is practiced instead of throwing them away, or passing
those materials on to others who could use them tool . Here are some methods for reuse.
Take along washable cups or travel mugs instead of disposable: a lot of restaurants and
conventent stores will be glad to fill or refill your own mug.
At the time of using disposables like plastic cups, plates, utensils and plastic food storage bags,
don’t throw them away, Wash and reuse them - most of them will last for a long time with
many to replace. They may not cost much to replace, but it doesn’t make any more sense to
throw away those things than it does to throw away your bicycle after one use.
Use cloth gift bags and stop ripping the paper off gifts! If you remove the wrapping paper
carefully, you can use it again, and there’s nothing wrong with doing just that! And don’t forget
to use canvas or cloth bags when shopping so that you don’t need to make the choice between
“paper / plastic”.
Recycle

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