MA 547 (Complex Analysis)

Tutorial and Practice Problem Set

This file will be continuously updated during the course to include tutorial and practice problems
which can be solved using the ideas discussed in the lectures till that time. You are encouraged
to try (at least read the question) to solve these problems. I shall discuss some of these problems
as tutorial problems.

√
1. Show that |z| ≤ |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| ≤ 2|z| for all z ∈ C.
 
 1  1
2. If z ∈ C such that |z| = 2, then show that  4 ≤ .
z − 4z 2 + 3  3
 
5  2z − 1  7
3. If z ∈ C such that |z| = 3, then show that ≤  ≤ .
13  z 2 + 4  5
1


4. Let z, w ∈ C and λ ∈ R with λ > 0. Show that |z + w|2 ≤ (1 + λ)|z|2 + 1 + λ
|w|2 .
n
5. Let z ∈ C \ {1} such that z n = 1, where n ∈ N. Show that 1 + 2z + · · · + nz n−1 = .
z−1
6. Let z, w ∈ C such that (1 + |z|2 )w = (1 + |w|2 )z. Show that z = w or zw = 1.
1 + z + z2
7. Let z ∈ C \ R such that ∈ R. Show that |z| = 1.
1 − z + z2
8. If z, w ∈ D, then show that |(1 − |z|2 )w + (1 − |w|2 )z| < |1 − z 2 w2 |, where D = {u ∈ C : |u| < 1}.

9. Let z, w ∈ C such that Re(z) > 0 and Re(w) > 0. Show that |z − w| < |z + w|.

10. If z, w ∈ C, then show that |1 + z| + |1 + w| + |1 + zw| ≥ 2.

11. Let z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C such that z1 +z2 +z3 = 0 and |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = 1. Show that z12 +z22 +z32 = 0.

12. Show that |z1 + z2 | + |z2 + z3 | + |z3 + z1 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 | + |z3 | + |z1 + z2 + z3 | for all z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C.

13. Let z1 , z2 , z3 be distinct nonzero complex numbers such that |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 |. If
z1 + z2 z3 , z2 + z1 z3 , z3 + z1 z2 ∈ R, then show that z1 z2 z3 = 1.
   
 3 1   1 
14. Let z ∈ C \ {0} such that z + 3  ≤ 2. Show that z +  ≤ 2.
 
z z
15. Show that all the roots of the equation (z + 1)3 + z 3 = 0 lie on the straight line Re(z) + 12 = 0.
 n
1 + iz
16. Let a, b ∈ R and n ∈ N. Show that all the roots z ∈ C of the equation = a + ib are
1 − iz
real iff a2 + b2 = 1.

17. Let a, b, c ∈ C such that a 6= 0 and |a| 6= |c|. Show that a root (in C) of the equation
az 2 + bz + c = 0 has modulus 1 iff |ab − bc| = |aa − cc|.
z−a
18. Let a ∈ C such that |a| < 1 and let f (z) = for all z ∈ D. Show that f : D → D is
1 − az
one-one and onto.
 1 + ix
19. Let f (x) = for all x ∈ R. Show that f : R → C is one-one. Also, determine the range
1 − ix
of f .

20. Let a, b ∈ C and let f (z) = az + bz for all z ∈ C. Show that f : C → C is one-one and onto iff
|a| =
6 |b|.

21. Let n ∈ N and let z1 , . . . , zn , w1 , . . . , wn ∈ C. Show that

n n n
2
P  P 
|zk |2 |wk |2 − |zj wk − zk wj |2 .
P P
 zk wk  =
k=1 k=1 k=1 1≤j<k≤n
P n 2  Pn n
 P 
2 2
Hence deduce the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality: |zk wk | ≤ |zk | |wk | .
k=1 k=1 k=1

22. Let z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C represent the vertices of an isosceles triangle in the complex plane, with a
right angle at the vertex z2 . Show that z12 + 2z22 + z32 = 2z2 (z1 + z3 ).

23. Show that three distinct given points z1 , z2 , and z3 in C represent the vertices of an equilateral
triangle in the complex plane iff z12 + z22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 .

24. Let z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C such that z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 and |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = 1. Show that z1 , z2 , and
z3 represent the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle |z| = 1 in the complex
plane.

25. Let z1 , z2 ∈ C such that z1 6= z2 and let λ > 0. Describe the locus of the point z in the complex
plane satisfying the equation |z − z1 | = λ|z − z2 |.

26. Let z1 , z2 ∈ C such that Re(z1 ) > 0 and Re(z2 ) > 0. Show that Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ).

27. Let z ∈ C such that Re(z n ) ≥ 0 for all n ∈ N. Show that z is a non-negative real number.
π π 10


(1 − i)49 cos 40 + i sin 40 √
28. Show that √ + 2 = 0.
(8i − 8 3)6
∞
{z ∈ C : z n = 1} = {z ∈ C : |z| = 1}.
S
29. State TRUE or FALSE with justification:
n=1

2|z − w|
30. If d(z, w) = p p for all z, w ∈ C, then show that d is a metric on C.
1 + |z|2 1 + |w|2
31. Examine whether {z ∈ C : Re(z)Im(z) 6= 0} is an open/closed set in C.
∞
{z ∈ C : z n = 1} is open/closed in (a) C
S
32. Examine whether (b) {z ∈ C : |z| = 1}.
n=1

33. Show that A ⊂ C is a bounded set in C iff there exist z0 ∈ C and r > 0 such that A ⊂ Br (z0 ).

34. Let (zn ) be a convergent sequence in C with lim zn 6= 0 and let (wn ) be an unbounded sequence
n→∞
in C. Show that the sequence (zn wn ) is unbounded.
∞
P
35. Let (zn ) be a sequence in C and let z ∈ C. Show that the series zn converges with sum z iff
n=1
∞
P ∞
P
both the series Re(zn ) and Im(zn ) converge with sums Re(z) and Im(z) respectively.
n=1 n=1
∞
P 1
36. If z ∈ C such that 1 < |z| < 2, then show that the series 2 2
is convergent.
n=1 n + z
 ∞
P z 2n
37. If z ∈ D, then show that the series n 5n
is convergent.
n=1 2 + z + z
∞
P
38. Let (zn ) be a sequence in C such that Re(zn ) ≥ 0 for all n ∈ N. If both the series zn and
n=1
∞ ∞
zn2 are convergent, then show that the series |zn |2 is also convergent.
P P
n=1 n=1
∞
π
X z
39. If z ∈ C \ {0} such that |Arg(z)| ≤ 4
, then show that the series is convergent.
n=1
(1 + z 2 )n
∞
40. Let (zn ) be a sequence in C such that sup |Arg(zn )| < π2 . If the series
P
zn is convergent, then
n∈N n=1
∞
P
show that the series zn is absolutely convergent.
n=1
∞ 
P 1 1
41. If z ∈ C \ N, then show that the series + is convergent.
n=1 z−n n
∞
P ∞
P n
P
42. Let an and bn be absolutely convergent series in C. If cn = ak bn−k for all n ∈ N ∪ {0},
n=0 n=0 k=0
∞
P
then show that the series cn is absolutely convergent.
n=0

43. Determine all the limit points in C of the sets 

n1 i o i
(a) + : m, n ∈ N (b) x + : x ∈ R, x > 0 .
m n x
44. State TRUE or FALSE with justification.
(a) Every uncountable subset of C has a limit point in C.
(b) Every uncountable subset Ω of C has a limit point which belongs to Ω.

45. Show that {cos n + i sin n : n ∈ N} is dense in ∂D.

46. If f : C → C is continuous such that f (2z) = f (z) for all z ∈ C, then show that f is a constant
function.

47. If f : Ω ⊂ C → C is continuous at z0 ∈ Ω and f (z0 ) 6= 0, then show that there exists r > 0
such that f (z) 6= 0 for all z ∈ Ω ∩ Br (z0 ).

48. State TRUE or FALSE with justification: If f : C → C is continuous and Ω is a bounded

subset of C, then f (Ω) must be a bounded subset of C.

49. Let f : Ω → C be a continuous function, where Ω is a compact set in C. If f (z) 6= 0 for all
z ∈ Ω, then show that there exists r > 0 such that f (Ω) ⊂ C \ Br (0).

50. Let f : C → C be continuous and lim f (z) = 0. Show that f is bounded and that there exists
|z|→∞
z0 ∈ C such that |f (z)| ≤ |f (z0 )| for all z ∈ C.

51. Examine whether the following subsets of C are connected.

(a) {z ∈ C : Re(z), Im(z) ∈ Q}
(b) {z ∈ C : 1 < |z| < 2}
(c) {z ∈ C : Re(z)Im(z) > 0}
(d) {z ∈ C : |z − 1| ≤ 1} ∪ {z ∈ C : |z − 1 + 2i| < 1}
(e) {z ∈ C : (Re(z))2 + (Im(z))3 ∈ R \ Q}
 √ √
(f) {z ∈ C : |z| ≤ 2} ∪ {z ∈ C : |z − 2 − 2i| ≤ 2}
(g) {z ∈ C : |Re(z)| < |Im(z)| }
(h) C \ {z ∈ C : Re(z), Im(z) ∈ Q}

52. Let Ω be a nonempty connected subset of C. If f : Ω → C is continuous such that (f (z))2 = 1

for all z ∈ Ω, then show that f (z) = 1 for all z ∈ Ω or f (z) = −1 for all z ∈ Ω.

53. Let f : Ω → C be continuous, where Ω is a nonempty connected set in C. If |(f (z))2 − 1| < 1
for all z ∈ Ω, then show that either |f (z) − 1| < 1 for all z ∈ Ω or |f (z) + 1| < 1 for all z ∈ Ω.

54. Let Ω be a nonempty connected set in C. Let f : Ω → C and g : Ω → C be continuous

such that {z ∈ Ω : |f (z)| < |g(z)|} =
6 ∅ and {z ∈ Ω : |f (z)| > |g(z)|} =
6 ∅. Show that
{z ∈ Ω : |f (z)| = |g(z)|} =
6 ∅.

55. Show that there is no continuous function f : C\{0} → C such that f (z)2 = z for all z ∈ C\{0}.

56. Show that f : C → C is nowhere differentiable in C, where for each z = x + iy ∈ C,

(a) f (z) = Re(z) (b) f (z) = Im(z) (c) f (z) = |z|
(d) f (z) = 2x + ixy 2 (e) f (z) = ex (cos y − i sin y)

57. Determine all the points of C at which f : C → C is differentiable, if for each z = x + iy ∈ C,

(a) f (z) = x3 + i(1 − y)3 (b) f (z) = zIm(z) (c) f (z) = x2 + iy 2
2 2
(d) f (z) = x + y + i(2y − x) (e) f (z) = z z (f) f (z) = x3 y 2 + ix2 y 3
(g) f (z) = |z|4 (h) f (z) = x2 − y 2 + 2i|xy|

58. Show that for each of the functions f : C → C defined as below, the Cauchy-Riemann equations
are satisfiedpat 0 but f 0 (0) does not exist (in C).
(a) f (z) =  |xy| for all z = x + iy ∈ C.
 z5
if z 6= 0,
(b) f (z) = |z|4
 0 if z =20.

 (1 + i)Im(z )
if z 6= 0,
(c) f (z) = |z|2
0 if z = 0.


 (1 + i)x3 − (1 − i)y 3
if z = x + iy 6= 0,
59. Let f : C → C be defined by f (z) = x2 + y 2
0 if z = 0.

Show that f is continuous. Also, show that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at
(0, 0) but f is not differentiable at 0.
 3
 x y(y − ix)
if z = x + iy 6= 0,
60. Let f : C → C be defined by f (z) = x6 + y 2
0 if z = 0.

Show that f is continuous. Also, show that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at
(0, 0) but f is not differentiable at 0.

61. Show that f : C → C is not holomorphic at any point of C, where for each z = x + iy ∈ C,
z
(a) f (z) = z|z| (b) f (z) = (c) f (z) = xy + iy
1 + |z|
(d) f (z) = ey (cos x + i sin x) (e) f (z) = x2 + iy 3
62. Let f : Ω → C be differentiable at a point z0 ∈ Ω, where Ω is an open set in C, and let
g(z) = f (z) for all z ∈ Ω. Show that g : Ω → C is differentiable at z0 iff f 0 (z0 ) = 0.

63. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C, and let g(z) = f (z) for all z ∈ Ω. If
g : Ω → C is holomorphic, then show that f is a constant function.

64. Let Ω be an open set in C and let Ω∗ = {z : z ∈ Ω}. Show that Ω∗ is open in C.
If f : Ω → C is holomorphic and g(z) = f (z) for all z ∈ Ω∗ , then show that g : Ω∗ → C is
holomorphic and that g 0 (z) = f 0 (z) for all z ∈ Ω∗ .

65. Let u and v be respectively thereal part andthe imaginary part of f : Ω ⊂ C → C and let
f (z) − f (z0 )
z0 = x0 + iy0 ∈ Ω0 . If lim Re exists (in R), then show that both ux (x0 , y0 )
z→z0 z − z0
and vy (x0 , y0 ) exist (in R).

66. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C. If L is a line in C and f (Ω) ⊂ L,

then show that f is a constant function.

67. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C. If P is the parabola in C given by

the equation y = x2 and f (Ω) ⊂ P , then show that f is a constant function.

68. Let f : Ω → C be an holomorphic function, where Ω is a domain in C. If f 0 : Ω → C is a

constant function, then show that there exist a, b ∈ C such that f (z) = az + b for all z ∈ Ω.

69. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C. If for each z ∈ Ω, either f (z) = 0

or f 0 (z) = 0, then show that f is a constant function.

70. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C. If for each z ∈ Ω, Re(f (z)) = 0 or

Im(f (z)) = 0, then show that f : Ω → C is a constant function.

71. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C. If z0 ∈ Ω such that f 0 (z0 ) 6= 0, then

show that there exists δ > 0 such that f is one-one on Bδ (z0 ).
  
1
Im if (x, y) ∈ R2 \ {(0, 0)},

72. Let u(x, y) = (x + iy)2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

2
Examine whether u : R → R is harmonic.

73. Let u : Ω → C be a harmonic function, where Ω is a domain in R2 . If f (z) = ux (x, y) − iuy (x, y)
for all z ∈ Ω0 = {x + iy : (x, y) ∈ Ω}, then show that f : Ω0 → C is holomorphic.

74. Let u : Ω → R and v : Ω → R be harmonic, where Ω is a domain in R2 . If

f (z) = uy (x, y) − vx (x, y) + i(ux (x, y) + vy (x, y)) for all z ∈ Ω0 = {x + iy : (x, y) ∈ Ω}, then
show that f : Ω0 → C is holomorphic.

75. Let f : Ω → C be a holomorphic function, where Ω is an open set in C. Show that

∂2 ∂2 0

2 2
(a) ∂x 2 + ∂y 2 Re(f (z)) = 2|f (z)|
∂2 ∂2 0

2 2
(b) ∂x 2 + ∂y 2 |f (z)| = 4|f (z)|

for all z = x + iy ∈ Ω.

76. Does there exist an holomorphic function f : Ω → C for some open set Ω in C such that for all
z = x + iy ∈ Ω,
(a) Re(f (z)) = x2 − 2y ? (b) Im(f (z)) = x3 − y 3 ?
77. Determine all v : R2 → R such that f = u+iv : C → C is holomorphic, where for all (x, y) ∈ R2 ,
(a) u(x, y) = y 3 − 3x2 y (b) u(x, y) = e−x (x sin y − y cos y).
Also, express f (z) in terms of z ∈ C.

78. Determine all holomorphic functions f = u + iv : C → C such that

u(x, y) − v(x, y) = ex (cos y − sin y) for all (x, y) ∈ R2 .
∞
an z n in C is given by
P
79. Show that the radius of convergence R of a power series
n=0
R = sup{|z| : z ∈ C, an z n → 0} = sup{|z| : z ∈ C, the sequence (an z n ) is bounded}.
∞ ∞
an z n and bn z n respectively.
P P
80. Let R1 and R2 be the radii of convergence of the power series
n=0 n=0
∞
n
P
If R is the radius of convergence of the power series (an + bn )z , then show that
n=0
R ≥ min{R1 , R2 }.
Is it necessary that R = min{R1 , R2 }? Justify.
If R1 6= R2 , then show that R = min{R1 , R2 }.

81. Determine the radius of convergence of each of the following power series.  n
∞
(−1)n n
∞
2n
∞
1 (−1)n n2 n
∞ 2 + (−1)n
zn
P P P P
(a) n z (b) z (c) (1 + n ) z (d) n+1
n=1 n=0 n=0 n=0 5 + (−1)
∞
n2 n
P
(e) a z , where a ∈ C
n=0

82. Determine all z ∈ C for which the following power series are convergent.
∞ 2n ∞ ∞ z 4n ∞ (2z − i)n
n n n
P P P P
(a) 2
(z − 2 − i) (b) 2 (z − 2) (c) (d)
n=1 n n=0 n=0 4n + 1 n=0 3n + 1

∞ (−1)n
z n(n+1) is 1. Also, examine
P
83. Show that the radius of convergence of the power series
n=1 n
the convergence of the power series for z = 1, −1, and i.
∞ ∞
an z n and bn z n respectively.
P P
84. Let R1 and R2 be the radii of convergence of the power series
n=0 n=0
∞
n
P
If R is the radius of convergence of the power series an bn z , then show that R ≥ R1 R2 . (It
n=0
is assumed that R1 R2 is defined.)
Is it necessary that R = R1 R2 ? Justify.

85. Let an ∈ C \ {0} for all n ∈ N ∪ {0} and let R be the radius of convergence of the power
∞ ∞ 1
an z n . Is it necessary that the radius of convergence of the power series z n is
P P
series
n=0 n=0 an
1
? Justify.
R
∞
an z n . Determine the radius of
P
86. Let R be the radius of convergence of the power series
n=0
convergence of each of the following power series.
∞ ∞ ∞
a2n z n 2n an zn nn an z n
P P P
(a) (b) (c)
n=0 n=0 n=1

87. Show that |1 − (1 − z)ez | ≤ |z|2 for all z ∈ D.

 88. Let f : C → C be an entire function such that f 0 (z) = f (z) for all z ∈ C and f (0) = 1. Show
that f (z) = ez for all z ∈ C.

89. Let f : C → C be differentiable at 0 and f 0 (0) = 1. If f (z + w) = f (z)f (w) for all z, w ∈ C,

then show that f (z) = ez for all z ∈ C.

90. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domain in C. If g(z) = ef (z) for all z ∈ Ω and if
g : Ω → C is a constant function, then show that f is a constant function.
If f is assumed to be only continuous, then does a similar result hold? Justify.
 −1
91. Let f : C → C be defined by f (z) = e
z4 if z 6= 0,
0 if z = 0.
Show that the Cauchy-Riemann equations for f are satisfied at every point of R2 but f is not
continuous (and hence not differentiable) at 0.

92. For all z ∈ C, show that

(a) sin(−z) = − sin z and cos(−z) = cos z.
(b) cos(π + z) = − cos z and sin( π2 + z) = cos z.
(c) sin z = sin z and cos z = cos z.
(d) sin 2z = 2 sin z cos z and cos 2z = cos2 z − sin2 z.
(e) sin 3z = 3 sin z − 4 sin3 z and cos 3z = 4 cos3 z − 3 cos z.

93. For all z = x + iy ∈ C, show that

(a) | sin z|2 = sin2 x + sinh2 y.
(b) | cos z|2 = cos2 x + sinh2 y.
(c) | sinh z|2 = sinh2 x + sin2 y.
(d) | cosh z|2 = sinh2 x + cos2 y.

94. For all z, w ∈ C, show that

(a) sin(z + w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w.
(b) cos(z + w) = cos z cos w − sin z sin w.

95. Show that {sin z : z ∈ C} = C and {cos z : z ∈ C} = C.

96. Let f (z) = sin z and g(z) = cos z for all z ∈ C. Determine all the periods of f : C → C and
g : C → C.
π
97. Show that {z ∈ C : cos z = 1} = 2πZ and {z ∈ C : sin z = 1} = + 2πZ.
2
98. Show that {z ∈ C : cos(iz) = cos(iz)} = C and {z ∈ C : sin(iz) = sin(iz)} = πiZ.

99. Solve for z ∈ C the following equations.

(a) ez = 2i (b) cos2 z = 4 (c) tan z = i

100. Let f (z) = tan z for all z ∈ Ω = C \ {(2n + 1) π2 : n ∈ Z}. Determine the range of the function
f : Ω → C.

101. State TRUE or FALSE with justification: If f is an entire function such that |f (x)| ≤ 10 and
|f (iy)| ≤ 10 for all x, y ∈ R, then there must exist λ ∈ R such that |f (z)| ≤ λ for all z ∈ C.
∞
sin(z n ) is absolutely convergent.
P
102. If z ∈ D, then show that the series
n=1
 1
(
z sin if z 6= 0,
103. Show that the function f : C → C, defined by f (z) = z
0 if z = 0,
is not continuous at 0.

 2 1
|z| sin if z ∈ C \ {0},
104. Let f (z) = |z|
 0 if z = 0.
Examine whether f : C → C is differentiable at 0.
sin z
(
if z 6= 0,
105. Let f : C → C be defined by f (z) = z
1 if z = 0.
Show that f is an entire function.
1
106. Show that log = − log z for all z ∈ C \ {0}.
z
107. Examine whether (a) Log(1 + i)2 = 2Log(1 + i) (b) Log(−1 + i)2 = 2Log(−1 + i)
(c) log(i2 ) = 2 log i.

108. If z1 = 1+i, z2 = 1−i and z3 = −1−i, then examine whether (z1 z2 )i = z1i z2i and (z2 z3 )i = z2i z3i ,
where only principal values are considered.
√
2i
109. Show that all the values of (1 − i) lie on a straight line in the complex plane.

110. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is an open set in C. If ϕ : [a, b] → Ω is differentiable,

then show that f ◦ ϕ is differentiable and (f ◦ ϕ)0 (t) = f 0 (ϕ(t))ϕ0 (t) for all t ∈ [a, b].
i−1
111. Let γ(0) = 0 and γ(t) = e t for all t ∈ (0, 1]. Show that γ : [0, 1] → C is a rectifiable path in
C. Also, determine the length of γ.

112. Let γ(0) = 0 and γ(t) = t + it sin 1t for all t ∈ (0, 1]. Show that γ : [0, 1] → C is a path in C
but γ is not rectifiable.

113. Let γ1 : [a, b] → C and γ2 : [a, b] → C be rectifiable paths in C such that γ1 (b) = γ2 (a). Show
that the path γ1 + γ2 is rectifiable and that `(γ1 + γ2 ) = `(γ1 ) + `(γ2 ).

Let γ be the polygon [1 − i, 1 + i, −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i]. Express γ as a path and hence evaluate

114. Z
1
dz.
γ z

115. Without
 Z zevaluating  the integral, show that
+ 4 6π
(a)  dz  ≤ , where γ(t) = 2eit for all t ∈ [0, π2 ].
 
z 3−1 7
 Zγ dz  √
(b)  ≤ 4 2, where γ denotes the line segment in C from i to 1.
 
z4

 Rγ 
(c)  (ez − z) dz  ≤ 60, where γ denotes the triangle [0, 3i, −4, 0] in C.
 
γ
Z dz  1
(d)   ≤ √ , where γ is the straight line segment from 2 to 2 + i.

2
γ z +1 2 5
116. Let f : Ω → C be continuous, where Ω is a domain Z in C. Let z0 ∈ Ω and for each r > 0, let
γr (t) = z0 + reit for all t ∈ [0, 2π]. Show that lim f (z) dz = 0 and
r→0 γ
Z r
f (z)
lim dz = 2πif (z0 ).
r→0 γ z − z0
r

it
117. Let f : C → C be a bounded Z continuous function and for each r > 0, let γr (t) = re for all
f (z)
t ∈ [0, 2π]. Show that lim dz = 0 for all z0 ∈ C.
r→∞ γ (z − z0 )2
r
Z iz
it e
118. For each r > 0, let γr (t) = re for all t ∈ [0, π]. Show that lim dz = 0.
r→0 γ z
r

119. For each r > 0, let γr (t) = reit for all t ∈Z [0, 2π]. If p(z) and q(z) are polynomials with
p(z)
deg q(z) ≥ deg p(z) + 2, then show that lim dz = 0.
r→∞ γ q(z)
r

120. Let f : Ω → C be continuous, Zwhere Ω is an open set in C. If γZis a smooth path in Ω such
 f (z) 2  1 
that 0 ∈ / {γ}, then show that  dz  ≤ max 2 · `(γ) · |f (z)|2 |dz|.
 
γ z z∈{γ} |z| γ
Z 1
dt
121. If f (z) = for all z ∈ C \ [0, 1], then show that f : C \ [0, 1] → C is continuous.
0 t−z
R R
122. Let f (z) = |z|2 for all z ∈ C. Evaluate f (z) dz and f (z) dz, where γ1 = [1, i] and
γ1 γ2
γ2 = [1, 1 + i, i].
Hence show that f : C → C does not have any primitive on C.

123. Let z0 ∈ C and Z

let γ be a closed rectifiable path in C such that z0 ∈
/ {γ}. If n ∈ Z and n 6= 1,
dz
then show that n
= 0.
γ (z − z0 )

124. Let f : Ω → C and g : Ω → C be analytic, where Ω is an open set in C. If γ is a rectifiable

path in Ω joining z1 ∈ Ω to z2 ∈ Ω, then show that f g 0 = f (z2 )g(z2 ) − f (z1 )g(z1 ) − f 0 g.
R R
γ γ

z 2 sin z dz, where γ(t) = eit for all t ∈ [0, π2 ].

R
125. Evaluate
γ

126. If z, w ∈ C such that Re(z) ≤ 0 and Re(w) ≤ 0, then show that |ez − ew | ≤ |z − w|.

127. Let f : Ω → C be holomorphic, where Ω is a domainZin C. If |f (z) − 1| < 1 for all z ∈ Ω and
f 0 (z)
if γ is a closed rectifiable path in Ω, then show that dz = 0.
γ f (z)