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L8 Energy Changes Revision 02.

Year: 10 Topic: Chemistry
Unit: Energy Changes Date Set:
Information to read / watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eExCBkp4jB4
GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Bond Energy Calculations"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdValXAVUOc
GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Bond Energy Calculations 2"

Objectives:
Recall the energy changes in bond making and breaking.
Describe how alkaline, & rechargeable batteries and hydrogen cells work.
Apply understanding to exam style questions.

Extension: Exam Question 3

Additional Websites:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2396yc/revision/1
Pages 1-

Page 1 of 11
 ME Task Lesson 8
Energy Changes Revision 02

Q1.
A student investigated the voltage produced by simple cells.

The diagram shows the apparatus used.

The table shows the voltage produced with different metal electrodes.
 
Electrode A Electrode B Voltage in V

Copper Copper 0.00

Copper Iron 0.78

Copper Magnesium 2.71

Copper Tin 0.48

Copper Zinc 1.10

(a)     List the metals in the table in order of reactivity.

Most reactive  ____________________

      ____________________

      ____________________

      ____________________

Least reactive  Copper
(2)

Page 2 of 11
(b)     Batteries consist of cells.

Describe how a 6.0 V battery can be made from cells of voltage 1.5 V

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Why do non-rechargeable cells stop producing electricity?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     Complete the word equation for the reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell.

hydrogen  +  ___________________  ⟶  water
(1)

(e)     Give two reasons why using a hydrogen fuel cell is seen as non-polluting.

Use the equation in part (d).

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 3 of 11
 Q2.
Chemical reactions can produce electricity.

(a)  The diagram below shows a simple cell.

Which of these combinations would not give a zero reading on the voltmeter in the
diagram above?

Tick one box.

 

Electrode A Electrode B Electrolyte

Sodium chloride
Copper Copper
solution

Zinc Zinc Water

Sodium chloride
Copper Zinc
solution

Copper Zinc Water

(1)

Alkaline batteries are non-rechargeable.

(b)  Why do alkaline batteries eventually stop working?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)  Why can alkaline batteries not be recharged?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 4 of 11
 Hydrogen fuel cells and rechargeable lithium-ion batteries can be used to power electric
cars.

(d)  Complete the balanced equation for the overall reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell.

________ H2 + ________ ⟶ ________ H2O

(2)

(e)  The table below shows data about different ways to power electric cars.
 
Rechargeable
Hydrogen fuel
  lithium-ion
cell
battery

Time taken to refuel or

5 30
recharge in minutes

Distance travelled before

refuelling or recharging in Up to 415 Up to 240
miles

Distance travelled per unit of

22 66
energy in km

Cost of refuelling or
50 3
recharging in £

Minimum cost of car in £ 60 000 18 000

Evaluate the use of hydrogen fuel cells compared with rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries to power electric cars.

Use the table above and your own knowledge.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Page 5 of 11
 (Total 11 marks)

Q3.
Cells contain chemicals which react to produce electricity.

(a)     Why can a rechargeable cell be recharged?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Give two factors that affect the voltage produced by a cell.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Balance the half-equation for the reaction occurring at an electrode in one type of
hydrogen fuel cell.

H2   +  OH−  ⟶  H2O   +  e−
(1)

(d)     Why is the fuel cell in Question (c) described as an alkaline fuel cell?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)     Another type of fuel cell uses methanol instead of hydrogen.

The diagram represents the reaction in this fuel cell.

The table shows the bond energies for the reaction.

 
  C–H C–O O–H O=O C=O

Bond energy in kJ / mol 412 360 464 498 805

Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

Use the diagram and the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 11
___________________________________________________________________

Overall energy change = ____________________ kJ / mol

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 7 of 11
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)     magnesium
zinc
iron
tin
(copper)
three in the correct order scores 1 mark
all correct scores 2 marks
2

(b)     use 4 cells (each of voltage 1.5 V)

1

connect in series
1

(c)     reaction stops
1

(because) one of the reactants is used up

1

(d)     (hydrogen +) oxygen ( ⟶ water)

1

(e)     any two from:

•   produces water
•   water is not harmful / polluting
•   does not produce carbon dioxide
•   does not produce other named pollutant
allow an answer of only produces water for 2 marks
2
[9]

Page 8 of 11
 Q2.

(a)  copper, zinc, sodium chloride solution

1

(b)  a reactant is used up

allow the reaction stops
allow electrolyte / electrode / ions / metal / metal
hydroxide / alkali for reactant
1

(c)  the reaction is not reversible

1

(d)  2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O
allow fractions / multiples
allow 1 mark for O2
2

(e)  Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a sufficient

range of correct reasons, is given.
5−6

Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also be a simple
judgement.
3−4

Level 1: Relevant points are made. This is not logically linked.

1−2

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

reasons why fuel cells could be judged as better

 
from the table from other knowledge

•     time for refuelling a fuel •     hydrogen can be

cell is faster than renewable if made by
recharging electrolysis using
      or renewable energy
      a fuel cell does not need •     lithium-ion batteries can
to be recharged catch fire
•     a fuel cell has a greater •     produces only water
range       or
      no pollutants produced
•     lithium-ion batteries may
release toxic chemicals
on disposal
•     lithium-ion batteries
(eventually cannot be
recharged so) have a
finite life

Page 9 of 11
 reasons why the lithium-ion battery could be judged as better
 
from the table from other knowledge

•     lithium-ion uses energy •     hydrogen is often made

more efficiently from fossil fuels so is not
•     cost of lithium-ion car renewable
much less •     charging points are more
•     cost of recharging much widely available than
less than refuelling with hydrogen filling stations
hydrogen •     hydrogen takes up a lot of
space
      or
      is difficult to store
•     hydrogen can be highly
flammable / explosive
•     no emissions produced
•     (catalyst in the hydrogen
fuel-cell eventually
becomes poisoned so)
have a finite life
[11]

Page 10 of 11
Q3.
(a)     the chemical reaction is reversible
1

(b)     any two from:

•   type of electrode
•   electrolyte
•   concentration of electrolyte
•   temperature
2

(c)     H2 + 2OH− → 2H2O + 2 e−
allow multiples
1

(d)     contains OH− ions

1

(e)     (bonds broken)

((6 × 412) + (2 × 360) + (2 × 464) + (3 × 498)) = 5614

1

(bonds made)
((4 × 805) + (8 × 464)) = 6932
1

(overall energy change)

(6932 − 5614) = −1318 (kJ / mol)
allow ecf from marking point 1 and / or marking point 2
1
an answer of 1318 (kJ / mol) scores 3 marks

Page 11 of 11