Probability 25

EXERCISE (O-1)
PART # 1
1. 6 married couples are standing in a room. If 4 people are chosen at random, then the chance that
exactly one married couple is among the 4 is-

16 8 17 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
33 33 33 33
PB0001
2. The probability that a positive two digit number selected at random has its tens digit at least three
more than its unit digit is -
(A) 14/45 (B) 7/45 (C) 36/45 (D) 1/6
PB0002
3. A 5 digit number is formed by using the digits 0,1,2,3,4 & 5 without repetition. The probability that
the number is divisible by 6 is :
(A) 8% (B) 17% (C) 18% (D) 36%
PB0003
4. A cube with all six faces coloured is cut into 64 cubical blocks of the same size which are thoroughly
mixed. Find the probability that the 2 randomly chosen blocks have 2 coloured faces each -
PB0004
5. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of cards. Find the probability that the card is a-
(i) king or a red card (ii) club or a diamond (iii) king or a queen (iv) king or an ace
(v) spade or a club (vi) neither a heart nor a king
PB0005
6. A bag contain 5 white, 7 black, and 4 red balls, find the chance that three balls drawn at random are
all white.
PB0006
7. If four coins are tossed, Two events A and B are defined as
A : No two consecutive heads occur
B : At least two consecutive heads occur.
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Find P(A) and P(B). State whether the events are equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
PB0007
8. Thirteen persons take their places at a round table, Find the odds against two particular persons sitting
together.
PB0008
9. A has 3 shares in a lottery containing 3 prizes and 9 blanks, B has 2 shares in a lottery containing 2
prizes and 6 blanks. Compare their chances of success.
PB0009

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26 JEE-Mathematics
10. Mr. A forgot to write down a very important phone number. All he remembers is that it started with
713 and that the next set of 4 digit involved are 1,7 and 9 with one of these numbers appearing twice.
He guesses a phone number and dials randomly. The odds in favour of dialing the correct telephone
number, is -
(A) 1 : 35 (B) 1 : 71 (C) 1 : 23 (D) 1 : 36
PB0010
11. Consider a function ƒ(x) that has zeroes 4 and 9. Given that Mr. A randomly selects a number from
the set {–10, –9,–8,......8,9,10}, what is the probability that Mr. A chooses a zero of ƒ(x2) ?
PB0011
12. (a) A fair die is tossed. If the number is odd, find the probability that it is prime.
(b) Three fair coins are tossed. If both heads and tails appear, determine the probability that exactly
one head appears.
PB0012
13. Mr. A lives at origin on the cartesian plane and has his office at (4,5). His friend lives at (2,3) on the
same plane. Mr. A can go to his office travelling one block at a time either in the +y or +x direction.
If all possible paths are equally likely then the probability that Mr. A passed his friends house is -
(A) 1/2 (B) 10/21 (C) 1/4 (D) 11/21
PB0013
14. I have 3 normal dice, one red, one blue and one green and I roll all three simultaneously. Let P be the
probability that the sum of the numbers on the red and blue dice is equal to the number on the green
die. If P is the written in lowest terms as a/b then the value of (a + b) equals -
(A) 79 (B) 77 (C) 61 (D) 57
PB0014
15. There are three passengers on an airport shuttle bus that makes stops at four different hotels. The
probability that all three passengers will be staying at different hotels, is -

1 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 4 8 4
PB0015

PART # 2
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1. In throwing 3 dice, the probability that atleast 2 of the three numbers obtained are same is -
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 4/9 (D) none
PB0016
2. There are 4 defective items in a lot consisting of 10 items. From this lot we select 5 items at random.
The probability that there will be 2 defective items among them is -

1 2 5 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 21 21
PB0017

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 Probability 27
3. From a pack of 52 playing cards, face cards and tens are removed and kept aside then a card is drawn
at random from the remaining cards. If
A: The event that the card drawn is an ace
H: The event that the card drawn is a heart
S : The event that the card drawn is a spade
then which of the following holds ?
(A) 9P(A) = 4P(H) (B) P(S) = 4P(A H)
(C) 3P(H)= 4P(A S) (D) P(H)= 12P(A S)
PB0018
4. If two of the 64 squares are chosen at random on a chess board, the probability that they have a side
in common is -
(A) 1/9 (B) 1/18 (C) 2/7 (D) none]
PB0019
5. Two red counters, three green counters and 4 blue counters are placed in a row in random order. The
probability that no two blue counters are adjacent is -
7 7 5
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
99 198 42
PB0020
6. South African cricket captain lost the toss of a coin 13 times out of 14. The chance of this happening was
7 1 13 13
(A) 13 (B) 13 (C) 14 (D)
2 2 2 213
PB0021
7. There are ten prizes, five A's, three B's and two C's, placed in identical sealed envelopes for the top
ten contestants in a mathematics contest. The prizes are awarded by allowing winners to select an
envelope at random from those remaining. When the 8th contestant goes to select the prize, the
probability that the remaining three prizes are one A, one B and one C, is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/10
PB0022
8. A coin is tossed and a die is thrown. Find the probability that the outcome will be a head or a number
greater than 4.
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PB0023
9. A coin is biased so that heads is three times as likely to appear as tails. Find P(H) and P(T). If such a
coin is tossed twice find the probability that head occurs at least once.
PB0024
10. Given two independent events A, B such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6. Determine
(i) P(A and B) (ii) P(A and not B) (iii) P(not A and B) (iv) P(neither A nor B)
(v) P(A or B)
PB0025

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28 JEE-Mathematics
11. The probabilities that a student will receive A, B, C or D grade are 0.40, 0.35, 0.15 and 0.10 respectively.
Find the probability that a student will receive
(i) not an A grade (ii) B or C grade (iii) at most C grade
PB0026
12. In a single throw of three dice, determine the probability of getting
(i) a total of 5 (ii) a total of atmost 5 (iii) a total of at least 5.
PB0027
13. A natural number x is randomly selected from the set of first 100 natural numbers. Find the probability
100
that it satisfies the inequality. x + > 50
x
PB0028
14. 3 students A, B and C are in a swimming race. A and B have the same probability of winning and
each is twice as likely to win as C. Find the probability that B or C wins. Assume no two reach the
winning point simultaneously.
PB0029
15. A box contains 7 tickets, numbered from 1 to 7 inclusive. If 3 tickets are drawn from the box without
replacement, one at a time, determine the probability that they are alternatively either odd-even-odd
or even-odd-even.
PB0030
16. Let a red die, a blue die, a green die and a white die are rolled once, the dice being fair. The outcomes
on the red, blue, green and white die denote the numbers, a, b,c and d respectively. Let E denotes the
event that absolute value of (a – 1) (b – 2) (c – 3) (d – 6) = 1, then P(E) is -

1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
324 648 324 162
PB0031
17. 5 different marbles are placed in 5 different boxes randomly. Find the probability that exactly two
boxes remain empty. Given each box can hold any number of marbles.
PB0032
18. Let A and B be events such that P(A) 4 / 5 , P(B) = 1/3, P(A/B) = 1/6, then :
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

(a) P(A B)
(b) P(A B)
(c) P(B/A)
(d) Are A and B independent?
PB0033

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 Probability 29

PART # 3
1. Let A & B be two events. Suppose P(A) = 0.4 , P(B) = p & P(A B) = 0.7. The value of p for
which A & B are independent is :
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/5
PB0034
2. A pair of numbers is picked up randomly (without replacement) from the set
{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19}. The probability that the number 11 was picked given that the sum
of the numbers was even, is nearly :
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.125 (C) 0.24 (D) 0.18
PB0035
3. For a biased die the probabilities for the different faces to turn up are given below :
Faces : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probabilities : 0.10 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.05 0.17
The die is tossed & you are told that either face one or face two has turned up. Then the probability
that it is face one is :
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/10 (C) 5/49 (D) 5/21
PB0036
4. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1
only. The probability that the determinant chosen has the value non negative is :
(A) 3/16 (B) 6/16 (C) 10/16 (D) 13/16
PB0037
5. A card is drawn & replaced in an ordinary pack of 52 playing cards. Minimum number of times must
a card be drawn so that there is atleast an even chance of drawing a heart, is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) more than four
PB0038
6. A license plate is 3 capital letters (of English alphabets) followed by 3 digits. If all possible license
plates are equally likely, the probability that a plate has either a letter palindrome or a digit palindrome
(or both), is

7 9 8
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

52 65 65
PB0039
7. Whenever horses a, b, c race together, their respective probabilities of winning the race are 0.3, 0.5
and 0.2 respectively. If they race three times the probability that “the same horse wins all the three
races” and the probability that a, b, c each wins one race, are respectively (Assume no dead heat)
8 9 16 3 12 15 10 8
(A) ; (B) , (C) ; (D) ;
50 50 100 100 50 50 50 50
PB0040

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30 JEE-Mathematics
8. Two cubes have their faces painted either red or blue. The first cube has five red faces and one blue
face. When the two cubes are rolled simultaneously, the probability that the two top faces show the
same colour is 1/2. Number of red faces on the second cube, is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
PB0041
9. A committee of three persons is to be randomly selected from a group of three men and two women
and the chair person will be randomly selected from the committee. The probability that the committee
will have exactly two women and one man, and that the chair person will be a woman, is/are
(A) 1/5 (B) 8/15 (C) 2/3 (D) 3/10
PB0042
10. An urn contains 3 red balls and n white balls.
Mr. A draws two balls together from the urn. The probability that they have the same colour is 1/2.
Mr. B draws one ball from the urn, notes its colour and replaces it. He then draws a second ball from
the urn and finds that both balls have the same colour is, 5/8. The possible value of n is
(A) 9 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 1
PB0043
11. The probability that an automobile will be stolen and found within one week is 0.0006. The probability that
an automobile will be stolen is 0.0015. The probability that a stolen automobile will be found in one week is
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.6
PB0044
12. A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1, 2, 3,.... ,100. Two tickets are chosen at random. It is given
that the maximum number on the two chosen tickets is not more than 10. The minimum number on
them is 5, with probability

1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
9 11 19
PB0045
13. Two boys A and B find the jumble of n ropes lying on the floor. Each takes hold of one loose end
1
randomly. If the probability that they are both holding the same rope is then the number of ropes
101
is equal to
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

(A) 101 (B) 100 (C) 51 (D) 50

PB0046

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 Probability 31
[REASONING TYPE]
14. For children A,B,C and D have 1,3,5 and 7 identical unbiased dice respectively and roll them with
the condition that one who obtains an even score, wins. They keep playing till some one or the other
wins.
Statement-1: All the four children are equally likely to win provided they roll their dice simultaneously.
Statement-2: The child A is most probable to win the game if they roll their dice in order of A,B,C
and D respectively.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
PB0047
15. In one day test match between India and Australia the umpire continues tossing a fair coin until the
two consecutive throws either H T or T T are obtained for the first time. If it is H T, India wins and if
it is T T, Australia wins.
Statement-1: Both India and Australia have equal probability of winning the toss.
Statement-2: If a coin is tossed twice then the events HT or TT are equiprobable.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
PB0048

PART # 4
1. If E & F are events with P(E) P(F) & P(E F) > 0, then :
(A) occurrence of E occurrence of F
(B) occurrence of F occurrence of E
(C) non occurrence of E non occurrence of F
(D) none of the above implications holds.
PB0049
2. Events A and C are independent. If the probabilities relating A, B and C are P (A) = 1/5; P (B) 1/
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

6 ;
P(A C) = 1/20; P(B C) = 3/8 then
(A) events B and C are independent
(B) events B and C are mutually exclusive
(C) events B and C are neither independent nor mutually exclusive
(D) events A and C are equiprobable
PB0050

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32 JEE-Mathematics
3. An unbiased cubic die marked with 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 is rolled 3 times. The probability of getting a total
score of 4 or 6 is
16 50 60
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
216 216 216
PB0051
4. A bag contains 3 R & 3 G balls and a person draws out 3 at random. He then drops 3 blue balls into
the bag & again draws out 3 at random. The chance that the 3 later balls being all of different colours
is
(A) 15% (B) 20% (C) 27% (D) 40%
PB0052
5. A biased coin with probability P, 0 < P < 1, of heads, is tossed until a head appears for the first time.
If the probability that the number of tosses required is even is 2/5, then the value of P is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/2
PB0053
6. Two numbers a and b are selected from the set of natural number then the probability that a2 + b2 is
divisible by 5 is
9 7 11 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 18 36 81
PB0054
7. When a missile is fired from a ship, the probability that it is intercepted is 1/3. The probability that the
missile hits the target, given that it is not intercepted is 3/4. If three missiles are fired independently
from the ship, the probability that all three hits the target, is
(A) 1/12 (B) 1/8 (C) 3/8 (D) 3/4

PB0055
8. An urn contains 10 balls coloured either black or red. When selecting two balls from the urn at
random, the probability that a ball of each colour is selected is 8 15 . Assuming that the urn contains
more black balls than red balls, the probability that at least one black ball is selected, when selecting
two balls, is

18 30 39 41
(A) (B) (C) (D)
45 45 45 45
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PB0056
9. An unbiased die with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 on its six faces is rolled. After this roll if an odd
number appears on the top face, all odd numbers on the die are doubled. If an even number appears
on the top face, all the even numbers are halved. If the given die changes in this way then the probability
that the face 2 will appear on the second roll is -
(A) 2/18 (B) 3/18 (C) 2/9 (D) 5/18
PB0057

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 Probability 33
10. A butterfly randomly lands on one of the six squares of the T-shaped figure
shown and then randomly moves to an adjacent square. The probability that
the butterfly ends up on the R square is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3
(C) 2/3 (D) 1/6
PB0058
11. A fair coin is tossed a large number of times. Assuming the tosses are independent which one of the
following statement, is True?
(A) Once the number of flips is large enough, the number of heads will always be exactly half of the
total number of tosses. For example, after 10,000 tosses one should have exactly 5,000 heads.
(B) The proportion of heads will be about 1/2 and this proportion will tend to get closer to 1/2 as the
number of tosses increases
(C) As the number of tosses increases, any long run of heads will be balanced by a corresponding run
of tails so that the overall proportion of heads is exactly 1/2
(D) All of the above
PB0059
12. The number 'a' is randomly selected from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, ...... 98, 99}. The number 'b' is selected
from the same set. Probability that the number 3a + 7b has a digit equal to 8 at the units place, is
1 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 16 16 16
PB0060

PART # 5
1. An examination consists of 8 questions in each of which one of the 5 alternatives is the correct one.
On the assumption that a candidate who has done no preparatory work chooses for each question any
one of the five alternatives with equal probability, the probability that he gets more than one correct
answer is equal to
(A) (0.8)8 (B) 3 (0.8)8 (C) 1 (0.8)8 (D) 1 3 (0.8)8
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PB0061
2. An ant is situated at the vertex A of the triangle ABC. Every movement of the ant consists of moving
to one of other two adjacent vertices from the vertex where it is situated. The probability of going to
any of the other two adjacent vertices of the triangle is equal. The probability that at the end of the
fourth movement the ant will be back to the vertex A, is :
(A) 4/16 (B) 6/16 (C) 7/16 (D) 8/16
PB0062

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34 JEE-Mathematics
3. A key to room number C3 is dropped into a jar with five other keys, and the jar is throughly mixed. If
keys are randomly drawn from the jar without replacement until the key to room C3 is chosen, then
what are the odds in favour that the key to room C3 will be obtained on the 2nd try?
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 5 (C) 1 : 6 (D) 5 : 6
PB0063
4. Lot A consists of 3G and 2D articles. Lot B consists of 4G and 1D article. A new lot C is formed by
taking 3 articles from A and 2 from B. The probability that an article chosen at random from C is
defective, is
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/5 (C) 8/25 (D) none
PB0064
5. Mr. A and Mr. B each have a bag that contains one ball of each of the colours blue, green, orange, red
and violet. 'A' randomly selects one ball from his bag and puts it into B's bag. 'B' then randomly
selects one ball from his bag and puts it into A's bag. The probability that after this process the
contents of the two bags are the same, is
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/5 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/2
PB0065
6. An instrument consists of two units. Each unit must function for the instrument to operate. The reliability
of the first unit is 0.9 & that of the second unit is 0.8. The instrument is tested & fails. The probability
that "only the first unit failed & the second unit is sound" is :
(A) 1/7 (B) 2/7 (C) 3/7 (D) 4/7
PB0066
7. A box contains 10 tickets numbered from 1 to 10. Two tickets are drawn one by one without
replacement. The probability that the "absolute value of difference between the first drawn ticket
number and the second is not less than 4" is
7 7 11 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30 15 30 30
PB0067
8. A purse contains 2 six sided dice. One is a normal fair die, while the other has 2 ones, 2 threes, and 2
fives. A die is picked up and rolled. Because of some secret magnetic attraction of the unfair die, there
is 75% chance of picking the unfair die and a 25% chance of picking a fair die. The die is rolled and
shows up the face 3. The probability that a fair die was picked up, is
(A) 1/7 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/6 (D) 1/24
PB0068
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9. On a Saturday night 20% of all drivers is U.S.A. are under the influence of alcohol. The probability
that a driver under the influence of alcohol will have an accident is 0.001. The probability that a sober
driver will have an accident is 0.0001. If a car on a Saturday night smashed into a tree, the probability
that the driver was under the influence of alcohol, is -
(A) 3/7 (B) 4/7 (C) 5/7 (D) 6/7
PB0069

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 Probability 35
10. A box has four dice in it. Three of them are fair dice but the fourth one has the number five on all of
its faces. A die is chosen at random from the box and is rolled three times and shows up the face five
on all the three occasions. The chance that the die chosen was a rigged die, is
216 215 216
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
217 219 219
PB0070
11. On a normal standard die one of the 21 dots from any one of the six faces is removed at random with
each dot equally likely to be chosen. The die is then rolled. The probability that the top face has an
odd number of dots is
5 5 11 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
11 12 21 11
PB0071
Paragraph for question nos. 12 to 14
A JEE aspirant estimates that she will be successful with an 80 percent chance if she studies 10 hours
per day, with a 60 percent chance if she studies 7 hours per day and with a 40 percent chance if she
studies 4 hours per day. She further believes that she will study 10 hours, 7 hours and 4 hours per day
with probabilities 0.1, 0.2 and 0.7, respectively
12. The chance she will be successful, is
(A) 0.28 (B) 0.38 (C) 0.48 (D) 0.58
PB0072
13. Given that she is successful, the chance she studied for 4 hours, is
6 7 8 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 12 12 12
PB0072
14. Given that she does not achieve success, the chance she studied for 4 hour, is
18 19 20 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
26 26 26 26
PB0072
[REASONING TYPE]
15. A fair coin is tossed 3 times consider the events
A : first toss is head
B : second toss is head
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C : exactly two consecutive heads or exactly two consecutive tails.

Statement-1: A, B, C are independent events.
Statement-2: A, B, C are pairwise independent.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
PB0073
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36 JEE-Mathematics
PART # 6
1. A bowl has 6 red marbles and 3 green marbles. The probability that a blind folded person will draw
a red marble on the second draw from the bowl without replacing the marble from the first draw, is
(A) 2/3 (B) 1/4 (C) 5/12 (D) 5/8
PB0074
2. The probability that a radar will detect an object in one cycle is p. The probability that the object will
be detected in n cycles is :
(A) 1 pn (B) 1 (1 p)n (C) pn (D) p(1 – p)n–1
PB0075
3. In a certain factory, machines A, B and C produce bolts. Of their production, machines A, B, and C
produce 2%, 1% and 3% defective bolts respectively. Machine A produces 35% of the total output of
bolts, machine B produces 25% and machine C produces 40%. A bolts is chosen at random from the
factory's production and is found to be defective. The probability it was produced on machine C, is
6 23 24 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
11 45 43 11
PB0076
4. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3,...... , 10}. The probability
that the minimum of the chosen numbers is 3 or their maximum is 7 is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/4 (D) 11/40
PB0077
5. Two buses A and B are scheduled to arrive at a town central bus station at noon. The probability that
bus A will be late is 1/5. The probability that bus B will be late is 7/25. The probability that the bus B
is late given that bus A is late is 9/10. Then the probabilities
(i) neither bus will be late on a particular day and
(ii) bus A is late given that bus B is late, are respectively
(A) 2/25 and 12/28 (B) 18/25 and 22/28
(C) 7/10 and 18/28 (D) 12/25 and 2/28
PB0078
6. If at least one child in a family with 3 children is a boy then the probability that exactly 2 of the children
are boys, is
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(A) 3/7 (B) 4/7 (C) 1/3 (D) 3/8

PB0079
7. From an urn containing six balls, 3 white and 3 black ones, a person selects at random an even
number of balls (all the different ways of drawing an even number of balls are considered equally
probable, irrespective of their number). Then the probability that there will be the same number of
black and white balls among them
(A) 4/5 (B) 11/15 (C) 11/30 (D) 2/5
PB0080

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 Probability 37
8. There are three main political parties namely 1, 2, 3. If in the adjoining
table pij , (i, j=1, 2, 3) denote the probability that party j wins the
general elections contested when party i is in the power. What is the
probability that the party 2 will be in power after the next two
elections, given that the party 1 is in
the power?
(A) 0.27 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.14 (D) 0.06
PB0081
9. Shalu bought two cages of birds : Cage-I contains 5 parrots and 1 owl, and Cage-II contains 6 parrots,
as shown

Cage-I Cage-II

Birds like to fly

One day Shalu forgot to lock both cages and two birds flew from Cage-I to Cage-II. Then two birds
flew back from Cage-II to Cage-I. Assume that all birds have equal chance of flying, the probability
that the Owl is still in Cage-I, is
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/3 (C) 2/3 (D) 3/4
PB0082
1 1 1
10. Suppose families always have one, two or three children, with probabilities , and respectively.
4 2 4
Assume everyone eventually gets married and has children, the probability of a couple having exactly
four grandchildren is
27 37 25 20
(A) (B) (C) (D)
128 128 128 128
PB0083
11. Miss C has either Tea or Coffee at morning break. If she has tea one morning, the probability she has
tea the next morning is 0.4. If she has coffee one morning, the probability she has coffee next morning
is 0.3. Suppose she has coffee on a Monday morning. The probability that she has tea on the following
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

Wednesday morning is
(A) 0.46 (B) 0.49 (C) 0.51 (D) 0.61
PB0084
12. In a maths paper there are 3 sections A, B & C. Section A is compulsory. Out of sections B & C a
student has to attempt any one. Passing in the paper means passing in A & passing in B or C. The
probability of the student passing in A, B & C are p, q & 1/2 respectively. If the probability that the
student is successful is 1/2 then :
(A) p = q = 1 (B) p = q = 1/2 (C) p = 1, q = 0 (D) p = 1, q = 1/2
PB0085

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38 JEE-Mathematics
[REASONING TYPE]
13. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards a card is drawn at random. Two events A and B are
defined as
A : Red card is drawn.
B : Card drawn is either a Diamond or Heart
Statement-1: P(A + B) = P(AB)
Statement-2: A B and B A
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
PB0086

EXERCISE (O-2)
[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]
1. n different books (n > 3) are put at random in a shelf. Among these books there is a particular book 'A'
and a particular book B. The probability that there are exactly 'r' books between A and B is -

2 2(n r 1) 2(n r 2) (n r)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n(n 1) n(n 1) n(n 1) n(n 1)

PB0087
2. Of all the mappings that can be defined from the set A : {1, 2, 3, 4} B(5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, a mapping is
randomly selected. The chance that the selected mapping is strictly monotonic, is

1 2 5 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
125 125 4096 2048
PB0088
3. A fair die is thrown 3 times. The chance that sum of three numbers appearing on the die is less than
11, is equal to -
1 2 1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 8
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

PB0089
4. One bag contains 3 white & 2 black balls, and another contains 2 white & 3 black balls. A ball is
drawn from the second bag & placed in the first, then a ball is drawn from the first bag & placed in the
second. When the pair of the operations is repeated, the probability that the first bag will contain 5
white balls is:
(A) 1/25 (B) 1/125 (C) 1/225 (D) 2/15
PB0090

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 Probability 39

5. If a, b and c are three numbers (not necessarily different) chosen randomly and with replacement from
the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, the probability that (ab + c) is even, is
35 59 64 75
(A) (B) (C) (D)
125 125 125 125
PB0091
6. A purse contains 100 coins of unknown value, a coin drawn at random is found to be a rupee. The
chance that it is the only rupee in the purse, is (Assume all numbers of rupee coins in the purse to be
equally likely.)
1 2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5050 5151 4950 4950
PB0092
7. Mr. Dupont is a professional wine taster. When given a French wine, he will identify it with probability
0.9 correctly as French, and will mistake it for a Californian wine with probability 0.1. When given a
Californian wine, he will identify it with probability 0.8 correctly as Californian, and will mistake it
for a French wine with probability 0.2. Suppose that Mr. Dupont is given ten unlabelled glasses of
wine, three with French and seven with Californian wines. He randomly picks a glass, tries the wine,
and solemnly says : "French". The probability that the wine he tasted was Californian, is nearly equal
to
(A) 0.14 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.34 (D) 0.44
PB0093
8. Sixteen players s1 , s2 ,..... , s16 play in a tournament. They are divided into eight pairs at random.
From each pair a winner is decided on the basis of a game played between the two players of the pair.
Assume that all the players are of equal strength. The probability that "exactly one of the two players
s1 & s2 is among the eight winners" is
4 7 8 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 15 15
PB0094
9. A multiple choice test question has five alternative answers, of which only one is correct. If a student has
done his home work, then he is sure to identify the correct answer; otherwise, he chooses an answer at
random.
Let E : denotes the event that a student does his home work with P(E) = p and
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

F : denotes the event that he answer the question correctly.

(a) If p = 0.75 the value of P(E/F) equals
8 10 12 15
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 16 16 16
(b) The relation P(E/F) P(E) holds good for
(A) all values of p in [0, 1] (B) all values of p in (0, 1) only
(C) all values of p in [0.5, 1] only (D) no value of p.

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40 JEE-Mathematics
(c) Suppose that each question has n alternative answers of which only one is correct, and p is fixed
but not equal to 0 or 1 then P(E/F)
(A) decreases as n increases for all p (0, 1)
(B) increases as n increases for all p (0, 1)
(C) remains constant for all p (0, 1)
(D) decreases if p (0, 0.5) and increases if p (0.5, 1) as n increases
PB0095

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

10. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(A) 3 coins are tossed once. Two of them atleast must land the same way. No matter whether they
land heads or tails, the third coin is equally likely to land either the same way or oppositely. So,
the chance that all the three coins land the same way is 1/2.
(B) Let 0 < P(B) < 1 and P(A/B) = P(A/Bc) then A and B are independent.
(C) Suppose an urn contains 'w' white and 'b' black balls and a ball is drawn from it and is replaced
along with 'd' additional balls of the same colour. Now a second ball is drawn from it. The
probability that the second drawn ball is white is independent of the value of 'd'.

(D) A, B, C simultaneously satisfy P(ABC) = P(A)·P(B)·P(C) and P(AB C ) = P(A)·P(B)· P( C ) and

P(ABC) = P(A)· P( B) ·P(C) and P(ABC) = P( A) ·P(B)·P(C) then A, B, C are independent.

PB0096
11. Identify the correct statement :
(A) If the probability that a computer will fail during the first hour of operation is 0.01, then if we turn
on 100 computers, exactly one will fail in the first hour of operation.
(B) A man has ten keys only one of which fits the lock. He tries them in a door one by one discarding
the one he has tried. The probability that fifth key fits the lock is 1/10.
(C) Given the events A and B in a sample space. If P(A) = 1, then A and B are independent.
(D) When a fair six sided die is tossed on a table top, the bottom face can not be seen. The probability
that the product of the numbers on the five faces that can be seen is divisible by 6 is one.
PB0097
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12. Two whole numbers are randomly selected and multiplied. Consider two events E1 and E2 defined
as
E1 : Their product is divisible by 5
E2 : Unit's place in their product is 5.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(A) E1 is twice as likely to occur as E 2. (B) E1 and E2 are disjoint
(C) P(E2/E1) = 1/4 (D) P(E1/E2) = 1
PB0098

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 Probability 41
13. A boy has a collection of blue and green marbles. The number of blue marbles belong to the sets
{2, 3, 4, ..... 13}. If two marbles are chosen simultaneously and at random from his collection, then
the probability that they have different colour is 1 2 . Possible number of blue marbles is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 10
PB0099
14. If A & B are two events such that P(B) 1, BC denotes the event complementary to B, then
P (A ) P (A B )
(A) P A BC =
1 P (B)
(B) P (A B) P(A) + P(B) 1

(C) P(A) > < P A B according as P A BC > < P(A)

(D) P A BC + P A C BC = 1

PB0100
3 1 5
15. For P(A) = ; P(B) = ; P(A B) = which of the following do/does hold good?
8 2 8

(A) P A c B 2P A B c (B) P(B) = P A B

(C) 15 P A c Bc 8 P B Ac (D) P A Bc PA B
PB0101
16. If E1 and E2 are two events such that P(E1) = 1/4, P(E2/E1) =1/2 and P(E1/ E2) = 1/4
(A) then E1 and E2 are independent
(B) E1 and E2 are exhaustive
(C) E2 is twice as likely to occur as E1
(D) Probabilities of the events E1 E2 , E1 and E2 are in G.P.
PB0102
17. Two events A and B are such that the probability that at least one of them occurs is 5/6 and both of
them occurring simultaneously is 1/3. If the probability of not occurrence of B is 1/2 then
(A) A and B are equally likely (B) A and B are independent
(C) P(A/B) = 2/3 (D) 3 P(A) = 4 P(B)
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

PB0103
18. The probabilities of events, A B, A, B & A B are respectively in A.P. with probability of second
term equal to the common difference. Therefore the events A and B are
(A) mutually exclusive (B) independent
(C) such that one of them must occur (D) such that one is twice as likely as the other
PB0104

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42 JEE-Mathematics
19. A box contains 11 tickets numbered from 1 to 11. Six tickets are drawn simultaneously at random.
Let E1 denotes the event that the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn is even and E2 denotes the
event that the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn is odd. Which of the following hold good?
(A) E1 and E2 are equally likely (B) E1 and E2 are exhaustive
(C) P(E2) > P(E1) (D) P(E1/E2) = P(E2 / E1)
PB0105
20. If E & F are the complementary events of events E & F respectively & if 0 < P (F) < 1, then :
(A) P (E F) + P( E F) = 1 (B) P (E F) + P(E F ) = 1
(C) P ( E F) + P (E F ) = 1 (D) P (E F ) + P ( E F ) = 1
PB0106
21. Probability of n heads in 2n tosses of a fair coin can be given by
n 2
2 n
n n Cr
n
2r 1 n
n r Cr
r 0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r 1 2r r 1 2r r 0 2n n
2
n
Cr
r 0
PB0107
22. Which of the following statements is/are True?
(A) A fair coin is tossed n times where n is a positive integer. The probability that nth toss results in
head is 1/2.
(B) The conditional probability that the nth toss results in head given that first (n – 1) tosses results in
head is 1 2 n
(C) Let E and F be the events such that F is neither impossible nor sure. If P(E/F) > P(E) then
P(E/Fc) > P(E)
(D) If A, B and C are independent then the events (A B) and C are independent.
PB0108
[MATRIX MATCH TYPE]
23. Column-I Column-II
(A) Two different numbers are taken from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. (P) 4
The probability that their sum and positive difference, are both multiple of 4,
is x 55 then x equals (Q) 6
(B) There are two red, two blue, two white and certain number (greater than 0)
of green socks in a drawer. If two socks are taken at random from the (R) 8
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

drawer without replacement, the probability that they are of the same
colour is 1/5 then the number of green socks are
(C) A drawer contains a mixture of red socks and blue socks, atmost 17 in all. (S) 10
It so happens that when two socks are selected randomly without
replacement, there is a probability of exactly 1 2 that both are red
or both are blue. The largest possible number of red socks in the drawer
that is consistent with this data, is
PB0109

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 Probability 43

EXERCISE (S-1)
1. In a box, there are 8 alphabets cards with the letters: S, S, A,A,A,H,H,H. Find the probability that the
word 'ASH' will form if :
(i) the three cards are drawn one by one & placed on the table in the same other that they are
drawn.
(ii) the three cards are drawn simultaneously.
PB0110
2. There are 2 groups of subjects one of which consists of 5 science subjects & 3 engg. subjects & other
consists of 3 science & 5 engg. subjects. An unbiased die is cast . If the number 3 or 5 turns up a
subject is selected at random from first group, otherwise the subject is selected from 2nd group. Find
the probability that an engg. subject is selected.
PB0111
3. A pair of fair dice is tossed. Find the probability that the maximum of the two numbers is greater than 4.
PB0112
4. In a given race, the odds in favour of four horses A, B, C & D are 1 : 3, 1 : 4, 1 : 5 and
1 : 6 respectively. Assuming that a dead heat is impossible, find the chance that one of them wins the
race.
PB0113
5. A covered basket of flowers has some lilies and roses. In search of rose, Sweety and Shweta alternately
pick up a flower from the basket but puts it back if it is not a rose. Sweety is 3 times more likely to
be the first one to pick a rose. If sweety begin this 'rose hunt' and if there are 60 lilies in the basket,
find the number of roses in the basket.
PB0114
6. A certain drug, manufactured by a Company is tested chemically for its toxic nature. Let the event
"THE DRUG IS TOXIC" be denoted by H and the event "THE CHEMICAL TEST REVEALS
THAT THE DRUG IS TOXIC" be denoted by S. Let P(H) = a, P(S/H) = P (S / H) = 1 a. Then
show that the probability that the drug is not toxic given that the chemical test reveals that it is toxic,
is free from ‘a’.
PB0115
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

7. Players A and B alternately toss a biased coin, with A going first. A wins if A tosses a Tail before
B tosses a Head; otherwise B wins. If the probability of a head is p, find the value of p for which
the game is fair to both players.
PB0116
a b
8. The entries in a two-by-two determinant are integers that are chosen randomly and
c d
independently, and , for each entry, the probability that the entry is odd is p. If the probability that
the value of the determinant is even is 1/2, then find the value of p.
PB0117
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44 JEE-Mathematics
9. There are 4 urns. The first urn contains 1 white & 1 black ball, the second urn contains 2 white &
3 black balls, the third urn contains 3 white & 5 black balls & the fourth urn contains 4 white & 7
black balls. The selection of each urn is not equally likely. The probability of selecting ith urn is

i2 1
(i = 1,2,3,4). If we randomly select one of the urns & draw a ball, then the probability of ball
34

being white is p/q where p and q N are in their lowest form. Find (p+q).
PB0118
10. A room has three electric lamps. From a collection of 10 electric bulbs of which 6 are good 3 are
selected at random & put in the lamps. Find the probability that the room is lighted.
PB0119
11. Find the minimum number of tosses of a pair of dice so that the probability of getting the sum of the
digits on the dice equal to 7 on at least one toss is greater than 0.95.
(log102 = 0.3010; log103 = 0.4771)
PB0120
12. The probability that a person will get an electric contract is 2 5 and the probability that he will not get
plumbing contract is 4 7 . If the probability of getting at least one contract is 2 3 , what is the probability
that he will get both?
PB0121
13. Five horses compete in a race. John picks two horses at random and bets on them. Find the probability
that John picked the winner. Assume no dead heat.
PB0122
14. There are 6 red balls and 6 green balls in a bag. Five balls are drawn out at random and placed in a red
box. The remaining seven balls are put in a green box. If the probability that the number of red balls
p
in the green box plus the number of green balls in the red box is not a prime number, is where p
q
and q are relatively prime, then find the value of (p + q)
PB0123
15. A lot contains 50 defective & 50 non defective bulbs . Two bulbs are drawn at random, one at a
time, with replacement . The events A, B, C are defined as :
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

A = { the first bulb is defective}; B = { the second bulb is non defective}

C = { the two bulbs are both defective or both non defective}
Determine whether (i) A,B,C are pair wise independent (ii) A,B,C are independent
PB0124
16. An unbiased normal coin is tossed 'n' times
Let E1 : event that both Heads and Tails are present in 'n' tosses.
E2 : event that the coin shows up Heads atmost once.
Find the value of 'n' for which E1 and E2 are independent.
PB0125

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 Probability 45
17. A bomber wants to destroy a bridge . Two bombs are sufficient to destroy it . If four bombs are
dropped, what is the probability that it is destroyed, if the chance of a bomb hitting the target is 0.4.
PB0126
18. The chance of one event happening is the square of the chance of a 2nd event, but odds against the first
are the cubes of the odds against the 2nd . Find the chances of each (assume that both events are
neither sure nor impossible).
PB0127
19. A bag contains N balls, some of which are white, the others are black, white being more in number
than back. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag, without replacement. It is found that the
probability that the two balls are of the same colour is the same as the probability that they are of
different colour. It is given that 180 < N < 220. If K denotes the number of white balls, find the exact
value of (K + N).
PB0128
20. An aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots at an enemy’s plane moving away from it. The
probability of hitting the plane at first, second, third & fourth shots are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 & 0.1 respectively.
What is the probability that the gun hits the plane.
PB0129
21. In a batch of 10 articles, 4 articles are defective. 6 articles are taken from the batch for inspection.
If more than 2 articles in this batch are defective, the whole batch is rejected Find the probability that
the batch will be rejected.
PB0130
22. An author writes a good book with a probability of 1/2. If it is good it is published with a probability
of 2/3. If it is not, it is published with a probability of 1/4. Find the probability that he will get atleast
one book published if he writes two.
PB0131
23. A uniform unbiased die is constructed in the shape of a regular tetrahedron with faces numbered 2,
2, 3 and 4 and the score is taken from the face on which the die lands. If two such dice are thrown
together, find the probability of scoring.
(i) exactly 6 on each of 3 successive throws.
(ii) more than 4 on at least one of the three successive throws.
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

PB0132
24. A biased coin which comes up heads three times as often as tails is tossed. If it shows heads, a chip
is drawn from urn-I which contains 2 white chips and 5 red chips. If the coin comes up tail, a chip
is drawn from urn-II which contains 7 white and 4 red chips. Given that a red chip was drawn, what
is the probability that the coin came up heads ?
PB0133

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46 JEE-Mathematics
25. Each of the ‘n’ passengers sitting in a bus may get down from it at the next stop with probability p.
Moreover, at the next stop either no passenger or exactly one passenger boards the bus. The probability
of no passenger boarding the bus at the next stop being po. Find the probability that when the bus
continuous on its way after the stop, there will again be ‘n’ passengers in the bus.
PB0134
26. A normal coin is continued tossing unless a head is obtained for the first time. Find the probability that
(a) number of tosses needed are atmost 3.
(b) number of tosses are even.
PB0135
27. Before a race the chance of three runners, A, B, C were estimated to be proportional to 5, 3, 2, but
during the race A meets with an accident which reduces his chance to 1/3. What are the respective
chance of B and C now?
PB0136
28. A is one of the 6 horses entered for a race, and is to be ridden by one of two jockeys B or C. It is 2 to
1 that B rides A, in which case all the horses are equally likely to win; if C rides A, his chance is
trebled, what are the odds against his winning?
PB0137
29. A real estate man has eight master keys to open several new houses. Only one master key will open
a given house. If 40% of these homes are usually left unlocked, find the probability that the real estate
man can get into a specific home if he selects three master keys at random.
PB0138
30. A, B are two inaccurate arithmeticians whose chance of solving a given question correctly are (1/8)
and (1/12) respectively. They solve a problem and obtained the same result. If it is 1000 to 1 against
their making the same mistake, find the chance that the result is correct.
PB0139
31. During a power blackout, 100 persons are arrested on suspect of looting. Each is given a polygraph
test. From past experience it is known that the polygraph is 90% reliable when administered to a
guilty person and 98% reliable when given to some one who is innocent. Suppose that of the 100
persons taken into custody, only 12 were actually involved in any wrong doing. If the probability
that a given suspect is innocent given that the polygraph says he is guilty is a/b where a and b are
relatively prime, find the value of (a + b).
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PB0140

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 Probability 47

EXERCISE (S-2)
1
1. N fair coins are flipped once. The probability that at most 2 of the coins show up as heads is .
2
Find the value of N.
PB0141
2. To pass a test a child has to perform successfully in two consecutive tasks, one easy and one hard
task. The easy task he can perform successfully with probability 'e' and the hard task he can perform
successfully with probability 'h', where h < e. He is allowed 3 attempts, either in the order (Easy,
Hard, Easy) (option A) or in the order (Hard, Easy, Hard)(option B) whatever may be the order, he
must be successful twice in a row. Assuming that his attempts are independent, in what order he
choses to take the tasks, in order to maximise his probability of passing the test.
PB0142
3. A box contains three coins two of them are fair and one two headed. A coin is selected at
random and tossed. If the head appears the coin is tossed again, if a tail appears, then another
coin is selected from the remaining coins and tossed.
(i) Find the probability that head appears twice.
(ii) If the same coin is tossed twice, find the probability that it is two headed coin.
(iii) Find the probability that tail appears twice.
PB0143
4. Eight players P1 , P2 , P3 ,..........P8 play a knock out tournament. It is known that whenever the
players Pi and Pj play , the player Pi will win if i < j . Assuming that the players are paired at
random in each round, what is the probability that the players P4 reaches the final ?
PB0144
5. A doctor is called to see a sick child. The doctor knows (prior to the visit) that 90% of the sick
children in that neighbourhood are sick with the flu, denoted by F, while 10% are sick with the
measles, denoted by M.
A well known symptom of measles is rash, denoted by R. The probability of having a rash for a child
sick with the measles is 0.95. However, occasionally children with the flu also develop a rash, with
conditional probability 0.08.
Upon examination the child, the doctor finds a rash. What is the probability that the child has the
measles ?
If the probability can be expressed in the form of p/q where p,q N and are in their lowest form, find
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

(p + q).
PB0145
6. A permutation of 5 digits from the set {1,2,3,4,5} where each digit is used exactly once, is chosen
p
randomly. Let expressed as rational in lowest form be the probability that the chosen permutation
q
changes from increasing to decreasing, or decreasing to increasing at most once e.g. the strings like 1
2 3 4 5, 5 4 3 2 1, 1 2 5 4 3 and 5 3 2 1 4 are acceptable but strings like 1 3 2 4 5 or 5 3 2 4 1 are not,
find (p + q).
PB0146
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48 JEE-Mathematics
7. (a) Two natural numbers x and y are chosen at random. Find the probability that x2 + y2 is divisible
by 10.
(b) Two numbers x & y are chosen at random from the set {1,2,3,4,....3n}. Find the probability that
x² – y² is divisible by 3.
PB0147
8. A hotel packed breakfast for each of the three guests. Each breakfast should have consisted of three
types of rolls, one each of nut, cheese and fruit rolls. The preparer wrapped each of the nine rolls
and once wrapped, the rolls were indistinguishable from one another. She then randomly put three
rolls in a bag for each of the guests. If the probability that each guest got one roll of each type is
m/n where m and n are relatively prime integers, find the value of (m + n).
PB0148
9. A coin has probability 'p' of showing head when tossed. It is tossed 'n' times. Let pn denote the
probability that no two (or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that,
p1 = 1, p 2 = 1 – p 2 & pn = (1 – p)pn–1 + p(1 – p)pn–2 , for all n > 3.
PB0149
10. In a tournament, team X, plays with each of the 6 other teams once. For each match the
probabilities of a win, drawn and loss are equal. Find the probability that the team X, finishes
with more wins than losses.
PB0150
11. A pair of students is selected at random from a probability class. The probability that the pair selected
10
will consist of one male and one female student is . Find the maximum number of students the
19
class can contain.
PB0151
12. 3 students {A, B, C} tackle a puzzle together and offers a solution upon which majority of the 3
agrees. Probability of A solving the puzzle correctly is p. Probability of B solving the puzzle correctly
is also p. C is a dumb student who randomly supports the solution of either A or B. There is one more
student D, whose probability of solving the puzzle correctly is once again, p. Out of the 3 member
team {A, B, C} and one member team {D}, which one is more likely to solve the puzzle correctly.
PB0152
13. In a knockout tournament 2n equally skilled players; S1, S2, ........ S2n are participating. In each round
players are divided in pair at random and winner from each pair moves in the next round. If S2
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

reaches the semifinal then the probability that S1 wins the tournament is 1/20. Find the value of 'n'.
PB0153
14. All the face cards from a pack of 52 plying cards are removed. From the remaining pack half of the
cards are randomly removed without looking at them and then randomly drawn two cards

p(38 C 20 )
simultaneously from the remaining. If the probability that, two cards drawn are both aces, is 40 ,
C 20 .20 C 2
then find the value of p.
PB0154

E
 Probability 49

EXERCISE (JM)
1. If C and D are two events such that C D and P(D) 0, then the correct statement among the following
is :- [AIEEE-2011]
P(D)
(1) P(C | D) P(C) (2) P(C | D) (3) P(C|D) = P(C) (4) P(C|D) P(C)
P(C)

PB0155
2. Consider 5 independent Bernoulli's trials each with probability of success p. If the probability of at
31
least one failure is greater than or equal to , then p lies in the interval :- [AIEEE-2011]
32

1 11 1 3 3 11
(1) 0, (2) ,1 (3) , (4) ,
2 12 2 4 4 12

PB0156
3. Let A, B, C be pairwise independent events with P(C)> 0 and P(A B C) = 0. Then P(Ac Bc|C)
is equal to: [AIEEE-2011]
(1) P(Ac) – P(B) (2) P(A) – P(Bc) (3) P(Ac) + P(Bc) (4) P(Ac) – P(Bc)
PB0157
4. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3, ..... , 8}. The probability
that their minimum is 3, given that their maximum is 6, is : [AIEEE-2012]
2 3 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 8 5 4
PB0158
5. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each question has three alternative answers of which
exactly one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4 or more correct answers just by guessing
is : [JEE-MAIN 2013]
17 13 11 10
(1) (2) (3) (4)
35 35 35 35
PB0159
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

1 1 1
6. Let A and B be two events such that P (A B) , P (A B) and P (A) , where A stands
6 4 4
for the complement of the event A. Then the events A and B are : [JEE(Main)-2014]
(1) mutually exclusive and independent. (2) equally likely but not independent.
(3) independent but not equally likely. (4) independent and equally likely.
PB0160

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50 JEE-Mathematics
7. Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows
up four, E2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is the event that the sum of numbers on both
dice is odd, then which of the following statements is NOT true ? [JEE(Main)-2016]
(1) E1, E2 and E3 are independent. (2) E1 and E2 are independent.
(3) E2 and E3 are independent. (4) E1 and E3 are independent.
PB0161
8. A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls are randomly drawn, one–by–one, with
replacement, then the variance of the number of green balls drawn is :- [JEE(Main)-2017]
6 12
(1) (2) (3) 6 (4) 4
25 5
PB0162
9. If two different numbers are taken from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, ......., 10), then the probability that their
sum as well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is :- [JEE(Main)-2017]
7 6 12 14
(1) (2) (3) (4)
55 55 55 45
PB0163
10. For three events A, B and C, P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P(Exactly one of B or C occurs)
1 1
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = and P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = . Then
4 16
the probability that at least one of the events occurs, is :- [JEE(Main)-2017]
3 7 7 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 32 16 64
PB0164
11. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag, its colour is observed
and this ball along with two additional balls of the same colour are returned to the bag. If now a ball
is drawn at random from the bag, then the probability that this drawn ball is red, is:
[JEE(Main)-2018]
2 1 3 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 4 10
PB0165
12. An urn contains 5 red and 2 green balls. A ball is drawn at random from the urn. If the drawn ball
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

is green, then a red ball is added to the urn and if the drawn ball is red, then a green ball is added
to the urn; the original ball is not returned to the urn. Now, a second ball is drawn at random from
it. The probability that the second ball is red, is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
26 32 27 21
(1) (2) (3) (4)
49 49 49 49
PB0166

E
 Probability 51
13. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the outcome is a head then a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the
sum of the numbers obtained on them is noted. If the toss of the coin results in tail then a card from
a well-shuffled pack of nine cards numbered 1,2,3,...,9 is randomly picked and the number on the
card is noted. The probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8 is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
13 19 19 15
(1) (2) (3) (4)
36 36 72 72
PB0167
14. If the probability of hitting a target by a shooter, in any shot, is 1/3, then the minimum number of
independent shots at the target required by him so that the probability of hitting the target at least once
5
is greater than , is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
6
(1) 6 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 3
PB0168
15. Let S = {1, 2, ...... , 20}. A subset B of S is said to be "nice", if the sum of the elements of B is 203.
Then the probability that a randomly chosen subset of S is "nice" is :- [JEE(Main)-2019]
6 5 4 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
220 220 220 220
PB0169
16. In a random experiment, a fair die is rolled until two fours are obtained in succession. The probability
that the experiment will end in the fifth throw of the die is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2019]
150 175 200 225
(1) (2) (3) (4)
65 65 65 65
PB0170
17. In a game, a man wins Rs. 100 if he gets 5 of 6 on a throw of a fair die and loses Rs. 50 for getting
any other number on the die. If he decides to throw the die either till he gets a five or a six or to a
maximum of three throws, then his expected gain/loss (in rupees) is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
400 400 400
(1) gain (2) loss (3) 0 (4) loss
3 3 9
PB0171
18. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If two families have two children
each, then the conditional probability that all children are girls given that at least two are girls is :
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

[JEE(Main)-2019]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
11 17 10 12
PB0172
19. If three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen at random, then the probability that the
triangle formed with these chosen vertices is equilateral is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
3 1 3 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
10 10 20 5
PB0173
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52 JEE-Mathematics
20. In a workshop, there are five machines and the probability of any one of them to be out of service
1
on a day is . If the probability that at most two machines will be out of service on the same day
4
3
3
is k , then k is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
4
17 17 17
(1) (2) 4 (3) (4)
2 8 4
PB0174
21. An unbiased coin is tossed 5 times. Suppose that a variable X is assigned the value k when
k consecutive heads are obtained for k = 3, 4, 5 otherwise X takes the value –1. Then the
expected value of X, is : [JEE(Main)-2020]
3 3 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 16 8 8
PB0175
22. A random variable X has the following probability distribution : [JEE(Main)-2020]
X : 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) : K 2 2K K 2K 5K2
Then P(X > 2) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
7 23 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 36 36 6
PB0176
23. If 10 different balls are to be placed in 4 distinct boxes at random, then the probability that two of
these boxes contain exactly 2 and 3 balls is : [JEE(Main)-2020]
945 965 945 965
(1) (2) (3) (4)
211 211 210 210
PB0177
24. In a box, there are 20 cards, out of which 10 are lebelled as A and the remaining 10 are labelled as
B. Cards are drawn at random, one after the other and with replacement, till a second A-card is obtained.
The probability that the second A-card appears before the third B-card is : [JEE(Main)-2020]
11 13 9 15
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 16 16 16
PB0178
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

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 Probability 53

EXERCISE (JA)
1. (a) Let be a complex cube root of unity with 1. A fair die is thrown three times. If r1, r2
r1 r2 r3
and r3 are the numbers obtained on the die, then the probability that 0 is -
1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18 9 9 36
PB0179
4 1
(b) A signal which can be green or red with probability and respectively, is received by
5 5
station A and then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving the signal
3
correctly is . If the signal received at station B is green, then the probability that the original
4
signal was green is - [JEE 2010, 3+5]
3 6 20 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 7 23 20
PB0180
Paragraph for Question 2 and 3
Let U1 and U2 be two urns such that U1 contains 3 white and 2 red balls, and U2 contains only
1 white ball. A fair coin is tossed. If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U1 and
put into U2. However, if tail appears then 2 balls are drawn at random from U1 and put into U2.
Now 1 ball is drawn at random from U2.
2. The probability of the drawn ball from U2 being white is -
13 23 19 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30 30 30 30
PB0181
3. Given that the drawn ball from U2 is white, the probability that head appeared on the coin is -
17 11 15 12
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23 23 23 23
[JEE 2011, 3+3]
PB0181
11
4. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability that exactly one of them occurs is
25
2
and the probability of none of them occurring is . If P(T) denotes the probability of occurrence
25
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

of the event T, then -

4 3 1 2
(A) P(E) , P(F) (B) P(E) , P(F)
5 5 5 5
2 1 3 4
(C) P(E) , P(F) (D) P(E) , P(F)
5 5 5 5
PB0182
[JEE 2011, 4M]

E
54 JEE-Mathematics
5. A ship is fitted with three engines E1, E2 and E3. The engines function independently of each other
1 1 1
with respective probabilities , and . For the ship to be operational at least two of its engines
2 4 4
must function. Let X denote the event that the ship is operational and X1, X2, X3 denotes respectively
the events that the engines E1, E2 and E3 are functioning. Which of the following is (are) true?
[JEE 2012, 4M]
3
(A) P X1c | X
16
7
(B) P[Exactly two engines of ship are functioning | X]
8
5
(C) P[X | X 2 ]
16
7
(D) P[X | X1 ]
16
PB0183
6. Four fair dice D1, D2, D3 and D4, each having six faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are rolled
simultaneously. The probability that D4 shows a number appearing on one of D1, D2 and D3 is -
[JEE 2012, 4M]
91 108 125 127
(A) (B) (C) (D)
216 216 216 216
PB0184
1 1 1
7. Let X and Y be two events such that P X | Y , P(Y | X) and P X Y . Which of the
2 3 6
following is(are) correct ? [JEE 2012, 4M]
2
(A) P X Y (B) X and Y are independent
3
1
(C) X and Y are not independent (D) P X C Y
3
PB0185
1 3 1 1
8. Four persons independently solve a certain problem correctly with probabilities , , , . Then
2 4 4 8
the probability that the problem is solved correctly by at least one of them is
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, 2M]
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

235 21 3 253
(A) (B) (C) (D)
256 256 256 256
PB0186

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 Probability 55

9. Of the three independent events E1,E2 and E3, the probability that only E1 occurs is , only E2 occurs
is and only E3 occurs is . Let the probability p that none of events E1,E2 or E3 occurs satisfy
the equations ( – 2 ) p = and ( – 3 ) p = 2 . All the given probabilities are assumed of
lie in the interval (0,1).

Pr obability of occurrence of E1
Then [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]
Pr obability of occurrence of E 3

PB0187

Paragraph for Question 10 and 11

A box B1 contains 1 white ball, 3 red balls and 2 black balls. Another box B2 contains 2 white balls,
3 red balls and 4 black balls. A third box B3 contains 3 white balls, 4 red balls and 5 black balls.
10. If 2 balls are drawn (without replacement) from a randomly selected box and one of the balls is white
and the other ball is red, the probability that these 2 balls are drawn from box B2 is
116 126 65 55
(A) (B) (C) (D)
181 181 181 181
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, 3, (–1)]
PB0188
11. If 1 ball is drawn from each of the boxes B1, B2 and B3, the probability that all 3 drawn balls are of the
same colour is
82 90 558 566
(A) (B) (C) (D)
648 648 648 648
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, 3, (–1)]
PB0188
12. Three boys and two girls stand in a queue. The probability, that the number of boys ahead of every
girl is at least one more than the number of girls ahead of her, is - [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
1 1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
PB0189
Paragraph For Questions 13 and 14
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

Box 1 contains three cards bearing numbers, 1,2,3 ; box 2 contains five cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5;
and box 3 contains seven cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. A card is drawn from each of the
boxes. Let xi be the number on the card drawn from the ith box, i = 1,2,3.
13. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is -
29 53 57 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
105 105 105 2
[JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
PB0190

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56 JEE-Mathematics
14. The probability that x1,x2,x3 are in an arithmetic progression, is -
9 10 11 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
105 105 105 105
[JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
PB0190
15. The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be tossed, so that the probability of getting at
least two heads is at least 0.96, is [JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]
PB0191
Paragraph For Questions 16 and 17
Let n1 and n2 be the number of red and black balls respectively, in box I. Let n3 and n4 be the number
of red and black balls, respectively, in box II.
16. One of the two boxes, box I and box II, was selected at random and a ball was drawn randomly
out of this box. The ball was found to be red. If the probability that this red ball was drawn from
1
box II is , then the correct option(s) with the possible values of n1, n2, n3 and n4 is(are)
3
[JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]
(A) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15 (B) n1 = 3, n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50
(C) n1 = 8, n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20 (D) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
PB0192
17. A ball is drawn at random from box I and transferred to box II. If the probability of drawing a
1
red ball from box I, after this transfer, is , then the correct option(s) with the possible values of
3
n1 and n2 is(are) [JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]
(A) n1 = 4 and n2 = 6 (B) n1 = 2 and n2 = 3
(C) n1 = 10 and n2 = 20 (D) n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
PB0192
18. A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 and T2. Plant T1 produces 20% and plant
T2 produces 80% of the total computers produced. 7% of computers produced in the factory turn
out to be defective. It is known that
P(computer turns out to be defective given that is produced in plant T1)
= 10P(computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T2)
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

where P(E) denotes the probability of an event E. A computer produces in the factory is randomly
selected and it does not turn out to be defective. Then the probability that it is produced in plant
T2 is [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(–1)]
36 47 78 75
(A) (B) (C) (D)
73 79 93 83
PB0193

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 Probability 57
Paragraph For Questions 19 and 20
Football teams T1 and T2 have to play two games against each other. It is assumed that the outcomes
of the two games are independent. The probabilities of T1 winning, drawing and losing a game
1 1 1
against T2 are , and , respectively. Each team gets 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw
2 6 3
and 0 point for a loss in a game. Let X and Y denote the total points scored by teams T1 and T2,
respectively, after two games
19. P(X > Y) is- [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(0)]
1 5 1 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 2 12
PB0194
20. P(X = Y) is- [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(0)]
11 1 13 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
36 3 36 2
PB0194
1 1 2
21. Let X and Y be two events such that P(X) , P(X | Y) and P(Y | X) . Then
3 2 5
[JEE(Advanced)-2017, 4(–2)]
1 1
(A) P(X ' | Y) (B) P(X Y)
2 5
2 4
(C) P(X Y) (D) P(Y)
5 15
PB0195
22. Three randomly chosen nonnegative integers x, y and z are found to satisfy the equation
x + y + z = 10. Then the probability that z is even, is [JEE(Advanced)-2017, 3(–1)]
36 6 5 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
55 11 11 2
PB0196
Paragraph For Questions 23 and 24
There are five students S1, S2, S4 and S5 in a music class and for them there are five sets
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 arranged in a row, where initially the seat Ri is allotted to the student Si,
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. But, on the examination day, the five students are randomly allotted the five seats.
(There are two questions based on Paragraph "A". the question given below is one of them)
23. The probability that, on the examination day, the student S1 gets the previously allotted seat R1 and
NONE of the remaining students gets the seat previously allotted to him/her is -
[JEE(Advanced)-2018, 3(–1)]
3 1 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
40 8 40 5
PB0197
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58 JEE-Mathematics
24. For i = 1, 2, 3, 4, let Ti denote the event that the students Si and Si+1 do NOT sit adjacent to each
other on the day of the examination. Then the probability of the event T1 T2 T3 T4 is-
[JEE(Advanced)-2018, 3(–1)]
1 1 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 10 60 5
PB0197

25. There are three bags B1, B2 and B3. The bag B1 contains 5 red and 5 green balls, B2 contains 3

red and 5 green balls, and B3 contains 5 red and 3 green balls, Bags B1, B2 and B3 have probabilities
3 3 4
, and respectively of being chosen. A bag is selected at random and a ball is chosen
10 10 10
at random from the bag. Then which of the following options is/are correct ?
[JEE(Advanced)-2019, 4(–1)]
3
(1) Probability that the selected bag is B3 and the chosen ball is green equals
10
39
(2) Probability that the chosen ball is green equals
80
3
(3) Probability that the chosen ball is green, given that the selected bag is B3, equals
8
5
(4) Probability that the selected bag is B3, given that the chosen balls is green, equals
13
PB0198
26. Let S be the sample space of all 3 × 3 matrices with entries from the set {0, 1}. Let the events
E1 and E2 be given by
E1 = {A S : detA = 0} and
E2 = {A S : sum of entries of A is 7}.
If a matrix is chosen at random from S, then the conditional probability P(E1|E2) equals ____
[JEE(Advanced)-2019, 3(0)]
PB0199
27. Let |X| denote the number of elements in set X. Let S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} be a sample space, where
each element is equally likely to occur. If A and B are independent events associated with S, then
the number of ordered pairs (A,B) such that 1 < |B| < |A|, equals [JEE(Advanced)-2019, 3(0)]
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

PB0200

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 Probability 59
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE (O-1)
PART # 1
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. 23/168
5. (i) 7/13, (ii) 1/2, (iii) 2/13, (iv) 2/13, (v) 1/2, (vi) 9/13 6. 1/56 7. 1/2 ; 1/2
8. 5 : 1 9. 952 to 715 10. A 11. 4/21 12. (a) 2/3, (b) 1/2
13. B 14. B 15. C

PART # 2
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A
8. 2/3 9. 3/4, 1/4; 15/16 10. (i) 0.18, (ii) 0.12, (iii) 0.42, (iv) 0.28, (v) 0.72
11. (i) 0.6, (ii) 0.5, (iii) 0.25 12. (i) 1/36, (ii) 5/108, (iii) 53/54 13. 11/20
14. 3/5 15. 2/7 16. A 17. 12/25 18. (a) 1/18, (b) 43/90, (c) 5/18, (d) NO

PART # 3
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A
8. C 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B
15. D
PART # 4
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B
8. C 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D

PART # 5
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. B
8. A 9. C 10. C 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. D
15. B
PART # 6
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B
8. B 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. A

EXERCISE (O-2)
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C
8. C 9. (a) D, (b) A, (c) B 10. B,C,D 11. B,C,D 12. C, D 13. B,C,D
node06\B0B0-BA\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Sheet\Probability\Eng\02_Ex.p65

14. A,B,C,D 15. A,B,D 16. A,C,D 17. B,C,D 18. A,D 19. B,C,D 20. A,D
21. A,C,D 22. A,D 23. (A) Q; (B) P; (C) S
EXERCISE (S-1)
1. (i) 3/56; (ii) 9/28 2. 13/24 3. 5/9 4. 319/420 5. 120

5 1 2 29
6. P H/S 1/ 2 7. 8. 9. 2065 10.
2 2 30
11. 17 12. 17/105 13. 2/5 14. 37

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60 JEE-Mathematics
15. (i) A,B,C are pairwise independent (ii) A,B,C are not independent 16. 3

328 1 1
17. 18. , 19. 301 20. 0.6976 21. 19/42 22. 407/576
625 9 3

125 63 n–1
23. (i) 3 ; (ii) 24. 165/193 25. (1 – p) . [p0 (1 – p) + np(1 – p0)]
16 64

26. (a) 7/8, (b) 1/3 27. B = 2/5 ; C = 4/15 28. 13 to 5 29. 5/8
30. 13/14 31. 179
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. 5 2. Option B 3. 1/2, 1/2, 1/12 4. 4/35 5. 262
9 (5n 3) 98
6. 5 7. (a) (b) 8. 79 9. 79 10. 11. 20
50 (9n 3) 243

12. Both are equally likely 13. 4 14. 6

EXERCISE (JM)
1. 4 2. 1 3. 1 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 1 8. 2
9. 2 10. 3 11. 1 12. 2 13. 3 14. 2 15. 2 16. 2
17. 3 18. 1 19. 2 20. 3 21. 3 22. 2

17 945
23. NTA Ans. (3); Correct Ans. is 24. 1
215

EXERCISE (JA)
1. (a) C; (b) C 2. B 3. D 4. A,D 5. B,D 6. A 7. A,B
8. A 9. 6 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. 8
16. A,B 17. C,D 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. A,D 22. B 23. A
24. C 25. 2,3 26. 0.50 27. 422.00
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