Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A

Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

A Dissertation Submitted

in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Bachelor of Architecture
by

UTKARSH SHARMA
(1900510810081)

Under the Supervision of

AR. PRASOON MISHRA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)

2022-23
 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Utkarsh Sharma (1900510810081) has carried out the research
work presented in this dissertation entitled “Enhancing Interactivity in Urban
Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis” for
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Architecture from the Faculty of Architecture & Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow under our supervision.

Ar. Prasoon Mishra

Dissertation Guide

Prof. Tabish Ahmed Abdullah Prof. Gaurav Singh

Dissertation Co-ordinator Dissertation Co-ordinator

Prof. (Dr.) Vandana Sehgal

Principal/ Dean
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

ABSTRACT

This research aims to enhance interactivity in urban public spaces in India through architectural
interventions. The study addresses the deficiencies and challenges currently present in Indian
public spaces regarding interactivity. The research identifies design elements that promote
interactivity and social engagement by analyzing historical examples such as the great bath and
Piazza del Campo. A comparative analysis of Times Square and Connaught Place highlights the
gaps in interactivity within Indian public spaces. The research proposes architectural
interventions, encompassing layout and design considerations, amenities and infrastructure,
technology integration, programming and events, safety and comfort measures, community
engagement strategies, and sustainability principles. The study emphasizes the importance of
creating public spaces that are inclusive, comfortable, and conducive to social interactions. By
enhancing interactivity, these spaces can foster community engagement and social cohesion. The
findings and this research can inform architects, urban planners, and policymakers in creating
vibrant, interactive, and sustainable public spaces in India.

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praise and gratitude to God, for his blessings throughout my research work to
strengthen me to complete the research successfully.
I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge my depth to all those who
have helped me to put my ideas, into something above the level of simplicity and into something
concrete. I want to thank the institution Faculty of Architecture & Planning, A.K.T.U, Lucknow
for allowing me to go forward with this topic, thereby providing me with all the necessary
documents and books. I would like to acknowledge my Dean, Dr. Vandana Sehgal, for her
invaluable support and guidance throughout this commission.
I would acknowledge my guide, Ar. Prasoon Mishra, for their constant motivation and for
helping me decipher problems and possible solutions for my commission. Their guidance,
indulgence, dynamism, optimism, vision, sincerity, and encouragement have deeply inspired and
helped me in carrying my research forward in a productive manner. They kept me well-informed
about the methodology to carry out the study and to present the research works as clearly as
possible. It was a great opportunity and reverence to work and study under their guidance. I would
also extend my gratitude to all jurors for their invaluable suggestions and advice to achieve a
better approach and proceed in the right direction.
Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of my
seniors and friends. I, from the bottom of my heart, am also extremely grateful to my senior
Mohak Mahajan and juniors Sunil Yadav and Vinayak Rao for their help and a keen interest
in my work despite their busy schedule, for helping me collect the data, guiding me, and
motivating me whenever I failed and felt hopeless.

Thanking You,
Utkarsh Sharma
(1900510810081)
B. Arch / 8th Sem
2022 - 23
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 Need For Study ............................................................................................................................ 8
1.3 Aim .............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Research Question ...................................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Broad Methodology .................................................................................................................... 9
1.8 Scope Of Study .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.9 Limitations ................................................................................................................................. 11
2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 11
2.1 What Is An Urban Public Space? (Roy) ...................................................................................... 11
2.2 Design Parameters For Urban Public Space: (Roy) .................................................................... 12
2.3 Interactivity In The Context Of Public Spaces (Caroline Holland) ............................................. 13
2.4 Historical Examples Of Public Spaces (Roy) ............................................................................... 13
2.5 Technological Innovations And Interactivity In Public Spaces (Amnon Dekel1) ....................... 16
2.6 Encouraging Social Interaction In Public Spaces Through Interactive Light (Antic) .................. 17
3 CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Selection Criteria ....................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Times Square, New York (Howarth, 2017) ................................................................................ 20
3.3 Connaught Place, Delhi (Commission) ....................................................................................... 27
4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 34
5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 35
6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 36
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Comparative Analysis Chart ......................................................................................... 34

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Methodology (Graphical Representation) ................................................................... 10

Figure 2 Piazza De Campo, Siena City...................................................................................... 14
Figure 3 The Great Bath, Mohenjo Daro ................................................................................... 16
Figure 4 Times Square, New York City .................................................................................... 20
Figure 5 Times Square (1973) ................................................................................................... 21
Figure 6 Times Square (2017) ................................................................................................... 21
Figure 7 Circulation In Times Square........................................................................................ 23
Figure 8 Creative Seating Spaces .............................................................................................. 24
Figure 9: Connaught Place, Delhi ............................................................................................... 27
Figure 10 Pedestrian Circulation ................................................................................................ 29

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Public spaces play a crucial role in the urban fabric, serving as gathering places for communities,
facilitating social interactions, and enhancing the quality of urban life. In the context of India, there is a
growing recognition of the need to enhance interactivity in public spaces to create vibrant and inclusive
environments. This research focuses on exploring architectural interventions to address the deficiencies
and challenges faced by Indian public spaces in terms of interactivity. By analyzing historical examples
and conducting a comparative study, the research aims to identify key design elements and strategies that
can be implemented to promote social engagement and enhance the overall experience of public spaces.
The findings of this research have the potential to inform urban planning, design practices, and policy
decisions, contributing to the creation of more interactive and people-centric public spaces in India.

1.2 NEED FOR STUDY

Public spaces hold significant importance in several aspects:
1.2.1 Social Interaction and Community Building:
Public spaces provide a common ground for people from diverse backgrounds to come together, interact,
and engage in social activities. They facilitate community building, promote social cohesion, and foster a
sense of belonging among individuals.
1.2.2 Recreation And Leisure:
Public spaces offer recreation, leisure activities, and relaxation opportunities. They provide a break from
the urban hustle and bustle, allowing people to enjoy green spaces, engage in physical activities, or simply
unwind in a pleasant environment.
1.2.3 Cultural And Civic Expression:
Public spaces often serve as platforms for cultural events, festivals, and civic gatherings. They provide a
stage for artistic performances, public speeches, and celebrations, allowing the community to express and
celebrate their cultural heritage and civic values.
1.2.4 Economic Benefits:
Well-designed public spaces have the potential to drive economic activity. They attract visitors, encourage
tourism, and create opportunities for local businesses, such as cafes, shops, and vendors. Vibrant public
spaces contribute to the vitality and economic growth of urban areas.
1.2.5 Health And Well-Being:
Access to public spaces promotes physical mental well-being and. They offer opportunities for exercise,
fresh air, and a connection with nature. Public spaces contribute to a healthier and more active lifestyle,
reducing stress and improving overall quality of life.
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

1.3 AIM
The aim of the research is to develop design parameters to enhance interactivity in urban public spaces
through architectural interventions.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
1.4.1 Identify design parameters based on literature and case studies.
1.4.2 Explore the concept of interactivity in public spaces and its significance for community
engagement and social cohesion.
1.4.3 Identify the existing deficiencies and challenges in Indian urban public spaces regarding
interactivity.
1.4.4 Provide recommendations for architects, urban planners, and policymakers to improve
interactivity in Indian public spaces and foster a sense of community engagement and
well-being.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

"How can interactivity in urban public spaces be enhanced in India to promote community engagement,
social cohesion, and overall well-being?"
Sub-questions:

• What are the key design parameters and elements that contribute to interactivity in public spaces,
based on literature and case studies?
• How does interactivity in public spaces impact community engagement and social cohesion?
• What are the existing deficiencies and challenges in Indian urban public spaces regarding
interactivity (on the basis of selected case studies)?

1.6 HYPOTHESIS
Implementing architectural interventions and design strategies that enhance interactivity in Indian public
spaces will lead to increased community engagement, improved social cohesion, and enhanced overall
well-being.

1.7 BROAD METHODOLOGY

The methodology for the research involves:

1.7.1 LITERATURE STUDY

Conducting a review of relevant literature, scholarly articles, research papers, and case studies related to
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interactivity in public spaces, urban design, and community engagement. This will provide a theoretical
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foundation for the study and identify key design parameters.

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

1.7.2 IDENTIFYING PARAMETERS

Based on the findings from the literature review and case study analysis, identify the design parameters
that are crucial for enhancing the interactivity of public spaces in India. These parameters may include
factors such as seating arrangements, landscape design, lighting, signage, accessibility, and amenities.

1.7.3 CASE STUDIES

Select and analyze case studies of both international and Indian public spaces known for their successful
interactivity. This can include detailed observations, interviews with users and stakeholders, and analysis
of design features and programming. The case studies will provide insights into effective strategies and
lessons learned.

1.7.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Analyze the collected data to identify patterns, trends, and characteristics that contribute to or hinder
interactivity in public spaces. Use comparative data analysis techniques to derive insights from the data.

1.7.5 DEVELOPING OF RECOMMENDATION FRAMEWORK

Based on the research findings, develop practical recommendations for enhancing interactivity in Indian
public spaces. These recommendations should consider the identified deficiencies, the significance of
community engagement and social cohesion, and the specific context of Indian urban environments.

Figure 1: Methodology (graphical representation)

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.8.1 The research focuses on urban public spaces in India, specifically aiming to enhance
interactivity in these spaces.
1.8.2 The study encompasses a comparative analysis of Times Square and Connaught Place to
understand the gaps in interactivity.

1.9 LIMITATIONS
1.9.1 The research may not be able to account for all contextual and cultural variations in
different regions of India, which could influence the effectiveness of the proposed
interventions.
1.9.2 The research may rely heavily on qualitative data and subjective perceptions, which
could introduce biases and limitations in the findings.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 WHAT IS AN URBAN PUBLIC SPACE? (Roy)

An urban public space is a specific type of public place that is located within an urban environment or city.
It refers to any publicly accessible area within a cityscape that is designed and designated for use by the
general public. Urban public spaces are essential components of urban planning and development as they
contribute to the liveability, functionality, and social fabric of cities.
Urban public spaces can take various forms and sizes, ranging from small neighborhood parks and plazas
to larger squares, waterfronts, pedestrian streets, and urban gardens. These spaces are typically designed
to provide a break from the built environment, offer opportunities for recreation and leisure, and serve as
gathering places for social interaction and community engagement.
Urban public spaces serve multiple functions and can accommodate a wide range of activities. They may
include seating areas, green spaces, walking paths, recreational facilities, public art installations, food
stalls, markets, and performance spaces. The design and amenities of urban public spaces are often tailored
to meet the needs and preferences of the local community, providing spaces for relaxation, cultural events,
festivals, and other public activities.
Creating and maintaining vibrant and well-designed urban public spaces is crucial for promoting social
interaction, enhancing the quality of life, and fostering a sense of community within cities. These spaces
offer opportunities for people of diverse backgrounds and ages to come together, connect, and engage in
shared experiences. They also contribute to the overall aesthetics and identity of a city, making it more
attractive, inclusive, and enjoyable for residents and visitors alike.
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2.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR URBAN PUBLIC SPACE: (Roy)

2.2.1 The buildings that Define the Space:

The design of urban public spaces should consider the surrounding buildings as they play a crucial role in
defining the space. The architecture, scale, and placement of buildings should be considered to create a
cohesive and visually appealing environment.

2.2.2 The Space:

The actual physical area designated as a public space should be carefully planned and designed. It should
be spacious enough to accommodate various activities and provide a comfortable environment for people
to gather, socialize, and relax.

2.2.3 The People and How They Use the Space:

Understanding the needs and preferences of the people who will be using the public space is essential. The
design should cater to a diverse range of users, considering factors such as age, cultural background, and
activities they may engage in within the space.

2.2.4 Accessibility and Location:

Urban public spaces should be easily accessible from major city zones, ensuring convenient connectivity
to transportation networks such as roads, public transit, and pedestrian pathways. Additionally, universal
accessibility should be prioritized, providing infrastructure that allows people with disabilities to navigate
and utilize the space effectively.

2.2.5 Visibility:
Creating a visually inviting and attractive public space can enhance its overall appeal. Incorporating space-
making elements such as sculptures, seating areas, fountains, greenery, and other landscape elements can
add visual interest and contribute to a sense of place and identity.

2.2.6 Visual Aesthetic Elements:

Considering the visual aesthetics of the public space is important for creating a pleasant ambiance. This
may include the use of architectural features, lighting, colors, materials, and textures that are visually
pleasing and contribute to the overall character of the space.
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

2.2.7 Essential Public Amenities:

Providing essential public amenities is crucial for the comfort and convenience of users. These amenities
may include public toilets or convenience facilities, medical or police booths for emergencies, affordable
and convenient transportation options nearby, and provisions for food kiosks and drinking water.

2.3 INTERACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC SPACES (Caroline Holland)

Interactivity in the context of public spaces refers to the level of engagement, participation, and social
exchange that occurs between individuals within those spaces. It encompasses the degree to which people
actively interact with their surroundings, as well as with other people present in the public space.
Interactivity in public spaces can take various forms, including verbal communication, non-verbal cues,
shared activities, and collaborative experiences. It goes beyond mere coexistence or passive observation
and involves meaningful engagement between individuals, fostering social connections, and enhancing the
overall experience within the public space.
In interactive public spaces, people may engage in conversations, exchange greetings, share ideas,
collaborate on projects, participate in events or activities, or simply enjoy a sense of belonging and
connection with others. The level of interactivity can vary depending on factors such as the design and
layout of the space, the diversity of users, the presence of amenities or attractions, and the cultural norms
and behaviors within the community.
Promoting interactivity in public spaces is beneficial for several reasons. It enhances social cohesion and
a sense of community by providing opportunities for individuals from different backgrounds to interact
and learn from one another. Interactivity also contributes to a vibrant and lively atmosphere, attracting
more people to the space and fostering a sense of ownership and pride among users. Moreover, interactive
public spaces can stimulate creativity, innovation, and cultural exchange, as they serve as platforms for the
expression and sharing of diverse ideas and perspectives.
Designing and managing public spaces with interactivity in mind involves considerations such as the
arrangement of seating areas to encourage face-to-face interactions, the inclusion of communal gathering
spaces, the provision of amenities or facilities that facilitate group activities, and the incorporation of
elements that spark curiosity or invite participation. Additionally, fostering a welcoming and inclusive
atmosphere, promoting accessibility, and ensuring safety and security is essential for creating an
environment conducive to meaningful interactivity.

2.4 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC SPACES (Roy)

2.4.1 PIAZZA DEL CAMPO, SIENA CITY (D'Alessio, 2016)

2.4.1.1 Layout and Architecture:
Piazza del Campo has a unique shell-shaped design. The square slopes down towards the centre, forming
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a natural amphitheatre. It is surrounded by elegant medieval buildings, many of which house shops, cafes,
and restaurants. The most prominent building is the Palazzo Pubblico, which stands at one end of the
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

square. Its iconic tower, Torre del Mangia, rises high above the cityscape. The overall architectural
ensemble showcases the Gothic and Renaissance influences that characterize Siena's rich history.
2.4.1.2 Role as a Gathering Space:

Piazza del Campo has been the central meeting place in Siena for centuries. It serves as the venue for
important civic events, such as the famous Palio di Siena horse race, which takes place twice a year. During
the Palio, the square transforms into a lively arena, attracting thousands of spectators and participants. The
Piazza also hosts concerts, cultural festivals, and markets, further enhancing its role as a dynamic gathering
space.
2.4.1.3 Social Interaction and Interactivity:

Piazza del Campo is a hub of social interaction. Locals and visitors alike gather here to relax, meet friends,
and enjoy the vibrant atmosphere. The open space, combined with the many cafes and restaurants with
outdoor seating, encourages people to sit, converse, and people-watch. The sloping layout of the square
creates natural seating areas, allowing people to find comfortable spots to interact. During events like the
Palio, the square buzzes with energy, as participants and spectators engage in spirited conversations and
cheer for their respective neighborhoods.
2.4.1.4 Community Identity and Symbolism:

Piazza del Campo holds deep symbolic value for the people of Siena. It represents their civic pride,
communal spirit, and attachment to tradition. The Palio, in particular, is a symbol of Sienese identity, and
the Piazza serves as the stage for this historic event. The square's architectural beauty and historical
significance contribute to a sense of place and create a strong connection between the people and their city.

Figure 2 PIAZZA DE CAMPO, SIENA CITY

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

2.4.2 THE GREAT BATH, MOHENJO DARO (editors of britannica, n.d.)

The Great Bath, although primarily serving as a ritualistic and communal bathing space, can be understood
as an interactive public space within the context of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Here's an
explanation of the Great Bath as an interactive public space:
2.4.2.1 Communal Gathering:

The Great Bath's large size suggests that it was designed to accommodate a significant number of people.
It served as a central meeting point for the community, allowing individuals from different social
backgrounds to come together and interact. People would have gathered at the bath to engage in social
activities, exchange information, and build social connections.
2.4.2.2 Ritualistic and Ceremonial Activities:

The Great Bath likely played a role in religious and ceremonial practices of the Indus Valley Civilization.
The act of communal bathing could have been a part of purification rituals or other religious ceremonies.
These rituals would have involved active participation and engagement from the community, fostering a
sense of shared experience and interaction.
2.4.2.3 Social Cohesion and Integration:

The communal nature of the Great Bath would have contributed to social cohesion and integration within
the ancient Indus Valley society. Interacting with others while engaging in a common activity like bathing
would have fostered a sense of unity and collective identity. People from different walks of life would have
had the opportunity to interact and connect, breaking down social barriers and strengthening community
bonds.
2.4.2.4 Exchange of Ideas and Knowledge:

The Great Bath would have facilitated the exchange of ideas and knowledge among individuals. The
communal gathering and social interactions that took place at the bath would have provided opportunities
for discussions, debates, and the sharing of information. People could have engaged in conversations,
learned from one another, and expanded their understanding of various subjects, contributing to the
intellectual development of the community.
2.4.2.5 Sense of Well-being and Leisure:

The Great Bath would have provided a space for relaxation, recreation, and leisure activities. Beyond its
ritualistic and religious significance, people likely used the bath for personal enjoyment and rejuvenation.
It would have been a place where individuals could take a break from their daily routines, unwind, and
engage in leisurely activities, promoting overall well-being and mental relaxation.
While the primary function of the Great Bath was tied to ritualistic practices, it also served as an interactive
public space that fostered community engagement, social cohesion, and the exchange of ideas. It provided
a platform for communal activities, facilitated social interactions, and offered a space for relaxation and
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

leisure. The Great Bath played a vital role in the social fabric of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization,
contributing to the development of a vibrant and interconnected community.

Figure 3 THE GREAT BATH, MOHENJO DARO

2.5 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND INTERACTIVITY IN PUBLIC

SPACES (Amnon Dekel1)
Technological innovations and interactivity in public spaces involve adding interactive elements to objects
and environments that people encounter in these spaces. The goal is to create engaging experiences that
encourage public interaction and enhance the overall atmosphere. The provided reference material
describes three specific projects that exemplify this concept: the Sonic Waterfall, Musical Chairs, and the
Intimate Bench.
2.5.1.1 Sonic Waterfall:

This project explores the addition of interactive aural elements to a public waterfall. By incorporating
sensors and a decision algorithm, the waterfall responds to visitors who run their hands through the water.
The activated sensors trigger sounds or music to play in the vicinity of the waterfall. Observations showed
that the interactive audio element made the waterfall enticing, attracting people to watch and participate.
However, the limitation was that only one person could use the waterfall at a time for aesthetically pleasing
music. Non-musical audio allowed for more freeform interaction and multiple people to interact
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simultaneously.
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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

2.5.1.2 Musical Chairs:

This project adds aural and visual interaction to a group of blocks in a public space. When someone sits
on a block, it triggers a short audio-visual reaction. If another person sits on another block, a wave of audio-
visual action moves through the blocks, creating a musical and playful effect. Cutting the "circuit" by
sitting on a seat in between disrupts the wave, prompting participants to explore further by moving to
another block. Observations revealed that people initially experienced surprise and then actively explored
the system, often leading to the formation of a crowd and the involvement of multiple participants.
2.5.1.3 Intimate Bench:

The Intimate Bench project aims to explore social scenarios on a park bench. The bench appears ordinary
but contains seat sensors connected to an embedded microcontroller. When people sit on the bench, it
reacts by turning on lights in various configurations sensitive to their positions. The lights create visual
shapes, such as hearts and triangles, in an attempt to encourage communication and closeness between
individuals. Initial presentations showed that onlookers were enticed by the sudden appearance of shapes.
Further testing is planned to evaluate its effectiveness in public spaces.

Overall, these projects demonstrate how incorporating playful interactivity into public spaces can attract
people's attention, engage them in novel experiences, and foster social interactions. Simple and easily
understandable interactive systems tend to be more effective as they allow casual participants to quickly
grasp the interaction model and enjoy the experience. Designing the content and dynamics of the
interactive elements with consideration for various interaction scenarios is crucial for successful
implementation in public spaces.

2.6 ENCOURAGING SOCIAL INTERACTION IN PUBLIC SPACES THROUGH

INTERACTIVE LIGHT (Antic)
2.6.1.1 Social Interaction and Attraction:

The study aimed to investigate new possibilities for social interaction in public spaces through interactive
lighting. By engaging with people and conducting field studies, the researchers found that interactive
lighting installations have the potential to improve both social interaction and attraction to the place. The
study emphasized the importance of engaging with people and gathering their ideas and thoughts to
enhance the interactive experience.
2.6.1.2 Field Studies:

The researchers conducted various field studies, including interviews, observations, and user testing. These
studies provided valuable insights into social interaction in public spaces and people's perspectives on the
specific location of Värnhemstorget. The findings from these studies informed the development of a
prototype and offered solutions to encourage different forms of social interaction.
2.6.1.3 Accomplishment and Engagement:
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The study found that people are more willing to socially interact with others in public spaces if there is a
goal or a sense of accomplishment associated with it. For example, participants were more engaged when
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their work was printed and displayed, allowing them to reflect on their participation. The study emphasized

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 Enhancing Interactivity in Urban Public Spaces in India: A Comparative Study and Architectural Analysis

the importance of incorporating meaningful accomplishments into interactive lighting installations to

encourage social interaction.
2.6.1.4 Creating a Common Community:

The researchers proposed that interactive lighting installations can transform public spaces into common
communities where participants can meet and engage with each other. By going beyond a single square or
area, the prototype can foster social interaction and a sense of belonging. The study suggested that
involving multiple participants and creating personalized experiences contribute to a more inviting and
extroverted society.
2.6.1.5 Technology and Applications:

The study recommended the use of applications or platforms where people can revisit their creations and
view the work of others. This approach encourages participation and engagement, as participants gather to
create different types of art. Additionally, the researchers proposed the idea of turning the public space into
a "museum of movement," where different engagements are displayed based on foot traffic. Integrating
technology and interactive elements can enhance the overall social interaction experience.

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3 CASE STUDY

3.1 SELECTION CRITERIA

3.1.1.1 Historical and Cultural Significance:

Both Times Square and Connaught Place are iconic and culturally significant public spaces. The case
studies should highlight the historical background and cultural relevance of these spaces, showcasing their
unique characteristics and contributions to the urban fabric.
Interactivity and User Experience: Times Square and Connaught Place are known for their high level of
interactivity and vibrant user experiences. The case studies should focus on analyzing the factors that
contribute to this interactivity, such as design elements, programming, and the ways in which people
engage with the space.
3.1.1.2 Architectural and Urban Design:

The architecture and urban design of Times Square and Connaught Place play a crucial role in defining the
spaces. The case studies should explore the architectural features, layout, and planning principles employed
in these spaces, highlighting their impact on the overall user experience and interactivity.
3.1.1.3 Urban Context and Environment:

The urban context and environment surrounding Times Square and Connaught Place are important
considerations. The case studies should examine the relationship between these public spaces and their
surrounding urban fabric, including factors such as connectivity, accessibility, and integration with the
city's infrastructure.
3.1.1.4 Success Factors and Lessons Learned:

Both case studies should provide insights into the successful programming, events, and initiatives that have
enhanced interactivity in these public spaces. They should identify the key lessons that can be learned and
applied to other urban public spaces, especially in the context of India, to improve their interactivity and
user experience.
3.1.1.5 Comparative Analysis:

Since you are looking for a case study from both India and outside India, the selection criteria should also
involve a comparative analysis. The similarities and differences between Times Square and Connaught
Place in terms of architecture, design, interactivity, and urban context should be considered to gain a deeper
understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each space.
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3.2 TIMES SQUARE, NEW YORK (HOWARTH, 2017)

Figure 4 TIMES SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY

3.2.1 OVERVIEW AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Times Square is a major commercial intersection and entertainment district located in the heart of
Manhattan, New York City. It stretches from West 42nd Street to West 47th Street and encompasses the
area between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Once known as Longacre Square, it was renamed Times
Square in 1904 after The New York Times moved its headquarters there.

Times Square has a rich historical background. In the early 20th century, it became a symbol of the city's
growth, attracting theatres, hotels, and businesses. However, it experienced a decline in the mid-20th
century due to urban decay and crime. In the 1990s, a revitalization effort transformed Times Square into
the vibrant, bustling, and iconic destination it is today.
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Figure 5 TIMES SQUARE (1973)

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Figure 6 TIMES SQUARE (2017)

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3.2.2 ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND QUALITY OF SPACE (TimesSquareNYC.org, n.d.)

3.2.2.1 Architecture:

Times Square showcases a mix of architectural styles, ranging from historic buildings to contemporary
structures. The towering skyscrapers surrounding the square feature diverse designs, including Art Deco,
Modernist, and Postmodernist styles. Some notable architectural landmarks include the Paramount
Building, One Times Square, and the Condé Nast Building (4 Times Square).
The architecture in Times Square often incorporates large, illuminated signage and digital displays,
contributing to the vibrant and dynamic character of the area. These eye-catching signs, billboards, and
LED screens have become an integral part of the architectural identity of Times Square.
3.2.2.2 Planning:

Times Square underwent a significant planning transformation in the 1990s as part of a revitalization
initiative. The city government, along with urban planners and designers, aimed to create a more
pedestrian-friendly and interactive space. As a result, vehicular traffic was restricted, and the area was
transformed into pedestrian plazas.
The planning of Times Square emphasizes the importance of public space and human-scale design. The
pedestrian plazas provide ample space for pedestrians to walk, gather, and engage with the surroundings.
The design also considers the visual experience, ensuring that visitors are constantly immersed in the
vibrant energy and iconic atmosphere of Times Square.
3.2.2.3 Quality of Space:

The quality of space in Times Square plays a crucial role in its success as a public destination. The open
pedestrian plazas offer a welcoming and inclusive environment for people to explore and enjoy. The
provision of seating areas, public art installations, and interactive elements enhances the overall experience
and comfort of visitors.
The use of high-quality materials, such as durable paving and street furniture, contributes to the longevity
and maintenance of the space. The cleanliness and well-maintained infrastructure further enhance the
overall quality of the environment.
Additionally, the abundance of lighting fixtures, both from architectural elements and digital displays,
ensures that Times Square remains vibrant and active even during nighttime. This adds to the unique
character and atmosphere of the space, creating a memorable experience for visitors.

Overall, the architecture, planning, and quality of space in Times Square have been carefully considered
to create an iconic, pedestrian-focused, and visually captivating urban environment. These elements
combine to make Times Square a globally recognized destination and a prime example of successful urban
design and placemaking.
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Figure 7 CIRCULATION IN TIMES SQUARE

3.2.3 INTERACTIVITY FACTORS AND DESIGN ELEMENTS

Several factors and design elements contribute to the interactivity of Times Square:

3.2.3.1 Pedestrian Focus:

Times Square prioritizes pedestrians by creating expansive pedestrian plazas and restricting vehicular
traffic. This allows visitors to freely explore the area and engage with the surroundings.

3.2.3.2 Neon Billboards and Digital Displays:

Times Square is famous for its vibrant and captivating neon billboards and digital displays. These large-
scale advertisements and electronic screens create a visually stimulating environment, attracting attention
and encouraging interaction.

3.2.3.3 Public Seating and Gathering Spaces:

The design of Times Square incorporates public seating areas and gathering spaces. These areas provide
opportunities for people to rest, observe the surroundings, and engage in conversations, fostering social
interaction.

3.2.3.4 Street Performers and Characters:

Street performers, costumed characters, and entertainers add to the interactivity of Times Square. Visitors
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can interact with these performers, take photos, and participate in impromptu performances, creating a
lively and engaging atmosphere.
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Figure 8 CREATIVE SEATING SPACES

3.2.4 ANALYSIS BASED ON DERIVED PARAMETERS

3.2.4.1 The buildings that Define the Space:

Times Square is defined by the surrounding buildings, which range from historic landmarks to modern
skyscrapers. These buildings contribute to the iconic skyline of Times Square and create a cohesive visual
identity. The architecture of these buildings, including their scale, design, and placement, is carefully
considered to maintain a visually appealing and harmonious environment.
3.2.4.2 The Space:

Times Square provides a large, open space that accommodates a wide range of activities. The pedestrian
plazas offer ample room for people to walk, gather, and engage in various social interactions. The spacious
layout ensures that the space can accommodate the large crowds that Times Square attracts, creating a
comfortable and enjoyable environment for visitors.
3.2.4.3 The People and How They Use the Space:

Times Square is designed to cater to a diverse range of users, including tourists, residents, workers, and
performers. The space is designed to accommodate different activities, such as shopping, dining,
entertainment, and leisure. The design considers the needs and preferences of these users, providing seating
areas, performance spaces, and gathering spots where people can socialize, rest, and enjoy the vibrant
atmosphere.
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3.2.4.4 Accessibility and Location:

Times Square's central location in Manhattan makes it easily accessible from different parts of the city. It
is well-connected to transportation networks, including subway lines, bus routes, and pedestrian pathways.
The design ensures convenient connectivity, allowing people to access the space easily. Additionally,
efforts are made to provide universal accessibility, ensuring that people with disabilities can navigate and
utilize the space effectively.
3.2.4.5 Visibility:

Times Square is designed to be visually inviting and captivating. The use of large-scale billboards, neon
signs, and digital displays creates a visually stunning environment that attracts attention and draws people
into the space. Space-making elements, such as sculptures, seating areas, and greenery, add visual interest
and contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal.
3.2.4.6 Visual Aesthetic Elements:

Times Square's design incorporates visual aesthetics to create a pleasant ambiance. The architectural
features, lighting design, colors, materials, and textures are carefully selected to enhance the visual appeal
of the space. The vibrant and dynamic atmosphere created by these aesthetic elements contributes to the
overall character and identity of Times Square.
3.2.4.7 Essential Public Amenities:

Times Square provides essential public amenities to ensure the comfort and convenience of users. These
include public restrooms, information kiosks, seating areas, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure.
Additionally, there are numerous food kiosks, restaurants, and shops available within the space, providing
visitors with convenient options for refreshments and shopping.

3.2.5 INFERENCES

3.2.5.1 Engaging Visual Environment:

The prominent use of neon billboards, digital displays, and large-scale signage in Times Square creates a
visually captivating environment. These visual elements serve as a key factor in attracting attention,
encouraging interaction, and creating a sense of excitement and engagement among visitors.
3.2.5.2 Pedestrian-Focused Design:

The pedestrian-friendly layout of Times Square, with its expansive open plazas and limited vehicular
traffic, allows for easy movement and exploration. This design promotes interaction by providing ample
space for pedestrians to navigate and engage with the surroundings, contributing to a vibrant and dynamic
atmosphere.
3.2.5.3 Public Seating and Gathering Spaces:

The provision of public seating areas in Times Square offers opportunities for rest, observation, and social
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interaction. These gathering spaces foster a sense of community and provide platforms for spontaneous
encounters, conversations, and shared experiences, thereby enhancing interactivity within the public space.
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3.2.5.4 Street Performers and Characters:

The presence of street performers, costumed characters, and entertainers in Times Square adds a unique
element of interactivity. Visitors can interact with these performers, take photos, and participate in
impromptu performances, creating a lively and engaging atmosphere that encourages visitor engagement
and interaction.
3.2.5.5 Events and Programming:

Times Square's successful implementation of various events and programming, such as the annual New
Year's Eve celebration and live performances, has been instrumental in enhancing interactivity. These
events draw crowds, create shared experiences, and provide opportunities for people to actively participate,
contributing to a sense of community engagement and interaction.
3.2.5.6 Visual Appeal and Sense of Place:

The visually stimulating and iconic nature of Times Square, with its neon lights, digital displays, and
unique architectural elements, establishes a strong sense of place. This visually appealing environment
serves as a magnet for visitors, creating a desire to explore, engage, and interact with the space and its
offerings.
The case study of Times Square highlights the significance of engaging visual environments, pedestrian-
focused design, public seating and gathering spaces, street performers, events and programming, and visual
appeal in enhancing interactivity within urban public spaces. These factors contribute to a vibrant and
interactive atmosphere that attracts visitors, fosters community engagement, and creates memorable
experiences.

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3.3 CONNAUGHT PLACE, DELHI (Commission)

Figure 9: CONNAUGHT PLACE, DELHI

3.3.1 OVERVIEW AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Connaught Place, also known as CP, is a bustling urban public space located in the heart of New
Delhi, India. It was constructed during the 1920s and 1930s as part of British colonial-era urban
planning. Named after the Duke of Connaught, Connaught Place was designed to serve as a
commercial centre for the growing city. Its architectural style reflects a blend of Edwardian
classical and Georgian influences. With its central location, historical significance, and vibrant
atmosphere, Connaught Place has become a popular destination for shopping, dining,
entertainment, and socializing.
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3.3.2 ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND QUALITY OF SPACE

3.3.2.1 Architecture
Connaught Place showcases a distinctive architectural style that reflects the colonial-era influences
prevalent during its construction. The buildings feature a mix of Edwardian classical and Georgian
architectural elements, characterized by the use of sandstone and brick. The facades often display ornate
detailing, arched windows, and colonnades. The circular design of Connaught Place, with radial roads
extending from its center, adds to its architectural appeal and creates a sense of order and symmetry.
The architecture of Connaught Place is marked by a sense of grandeur and elegance. The buildings exhibit
a mix of commercial and office spaces, with several iconic structures such as the Regal Building, Hanuman
Temple, and Palika Bazaar. The combination of architectural styles and the preservation of historical
buildings contribute to the unique character and heritage value of Connaught Place.

3.3.2.2 Planning
The planning of Connaught Place is based on a well-defined circular layout, with three concentric circles
(inner, middle, and outer) and radial roads dividing the market into blocks. This planning approach allows
for easy navigation and accessibility within the complex. The design incorporates spacious pedestrian
walkways and colonnades that provide sheltered paths, enhancing the overall pedestrian experience.
The central park, known as Central Park, offers an open green space for visitors to relax, gather, and enjoy
recreational activities. The placement of the park at the center of Connaught Place creates a focal point and
serves as a visual anchor for the surrounding buildings. The park acts as a buffer between the inner and
outer circles, creating a pleasant transition from the bustling commercial areas to the more serene park
environment.

3.3.2.3 Quality of Space:

Connaught Place provides a high-quality public space that accommodates a variety of activities and
functions. The wide pedestrian walkways and open plazas offer ample space for people to move around,
shop, dine, and socialize. The architecture and design elements contribute to the aesthetic appeal and create
a visually pleasing environment.
The presence of well-maintained infrastructure, including street lighting, seating areas, and public
facilities, enhances the overall quality of the space. The incorporation of greenery, both within Central
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Park and through landscaping efforts, adds to the aesthetic value and provides a refreshing atmosphere
amid the urban setting.

Figure 10 PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

3.3.3 ASSESSMENT OF INTERACTIVITY AND DESIGN ELEMENTS:

Connaught Place, being a bustling urban public space, offers various design elements and
interactivity factors that contribute to its vibrant atmosphere. Here is an assessment of the
interactivity and design elements in Connaught Place:
3.3.3.1 Pedestrian-Friendly Design:

Connaught Place features wide pedestrian walkways and colonnades that prioritize the safety and
convenience of pedestrians. The design encourages people to explore the space on foot, fostering
a lively and interactive environment.
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3.3.3.2 Centralized Hub:

The circular layout of Connaught Place, with its radial roads and concentric circles, creates a
centralized hub that attracts a diverse range of visitors. This design facilitates easy navigation and
promotes interaction among people moving through the space.
3.3.3.3 Vibrant Commercial Activity:

Connaught Place is known for its vibrant commercial scene, with numerous retail stores,
restaurants, cafes, and entertainment venues. This diverse mix of businesses encourages people to
engage in shopping, dining, and socializing activities, contributing to the overall interactivity of
the space.
3.3.3.4 Iconic Architecture:

The architecture of Connaught Place, characterized by its colonial-era buildings, adds to the visual
appeal and distinctiveness of the space. The grand facades and architectural detailing create a
captivating environment that attracts visitors and stimulates interaction.
3.3.3.5 Cultural Landmarks:

Connaught Place is home to several cultural landmarks, such as the Hanuman Temple and iconic
theatres like Regal Cinema. These landmarks act as focal points and gathering spots, attracting
people and promoting social interaction.
3.3.3.6 Public Seating and Gathering Spaces:

While there may be a need for more seating areas, Connaught Place does offer some public seating
and gathering spaces. These areas provide opportunities for people to rest, observe their
surroundings, and engage in conversations, fostering social interaction and creating a sense of
community.
3.3.3.7 Events and Street Performances:

Connaught Place occasionally hosts events, exhibitions, and street performances that add vibrancy
and interactivity to the space. These events draw crowds, encourage participation, and create
shared experiences, enhancing the overall interactivity of the public space.
3.3.3.8 Connectivity and Accessibility:

Connaught Place enjoys good connectivity with major transportation networks, including roads,
metro stations, and bus stops. This accessibility ensures a steady flow of visitors and facilitates
the interactivity between the public space and the larger urban context.
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3.3.4 ANALYSIS BASED ON DERIVED PARAMETERS

3.3.4.1 The buildings that Define the Space:

Connaught Place is defined by its iconic buildings that contribute to its architectural character and
historical significance. The space is surrounded by a ring of buildings constructed in the
Edwardian classical and Georgian architectural styles. These buildings are primarily made of
sandstone and brick and feature intricate facades, arched windows, and colonnades. Prominent
structures within Connaught Place include the Regal Building, Palika Bazaar, and Hanuman
Temple. The architectural grandeur of these buildings adds to the visual appeal and creates a sense
of identity for Connaught Place.
3.3.4.2 The Space:

Connaught Place encompasses a significant area in the heart of New Delhi. It is designed in a
circular layout with three concentric circles and radial roads dividing the market into blocks. The
space provides a mix of pedestrian walkways, open plazas, and central parks. The pedestrian areas
are wide and spacious, allowing for comfortable movement and social interaction. Central Park,
located at the center of Connaught Place, serves as a green oasis and gathering space. The space
is designed to accommodate a range of activities, including shopping, dining, leisurely strolls, and
community events.
3.3.4.3 The People and How They Use the Space:

Connaught Place attracts a diverse range of people who utilize the space in various ways. It serves
as a hub for both locals and tourists, drawing shoppers, office-goers, families, and individuals
looking for entertainment and recreation. People use the space for shopping at retail stores, dining
at restaurants and cafes, watching movies, attending cultural events, and socializing with friends
and colleagues. The open plazas and seating areas within Connaught Place provide spaces for
people to gather, interact, and observe their surroundings.
3.3.4.4 Accessibility and Location:

Connaught Place benefits from its central location in New Delhi, making it easily accessible from
various parts of the city. It is well-connected to major transportation networks, including metro
stations, bus stops, and roads. The accessibility of Connaught Place ensures a steady flow of
visitors and facilitates its role as a commercial and social center. Its central location also
contributes to its prominence as a cultural landmark and a popular destination for both locals and
tourists.
3.3.4.5 Visibility:

Connaught Place is visually prominent and easily recognizable due to its circular layout and the
architectural grandeur of its buildings. The iconic structures, such as the Regal Building and
Hanuman Temple, act as visual landmarks that attract attention and create a sense of place. The
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central location of Connaught Place within the city and its vibrant atmosphere further contribute
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3.3.4.6 Visual Aesthetic Elements:

Connaught Place incorporates visual aesthetic elements that enhance its overall ambiance. The
architectural features of the buildings, including the ornate facades, arched windows, and
colonnades, create a visually pleasing environment. The design elements such as street lighting,
landscaping, and the presence of Central Park with its greenery add to the aesthetic appeal of the
space. The careful selection of materials, textures, and colors further contribute to the visual
aesthetic elements of Connaught Place.
3.3.4.7 Essential Public Amenities:

Connaught Place offers essential public amenities to cater to the needs of visitors. These include
public toilets, seating areas, drinking water facilities, and street furniture. The presence of medical
and police booths ensures the safety and well-being of people using the space. Additionally,
Connaught Place provides convenient access to transportation options, including metro stations
and bus stops, making it easier for people to reach the area and navigate within it.

3.3.5 INFERENCES
3.3.5.1 Vibrant Commercial Activity:

Connaught Place's interactivity is driven by its vibrant commercial scene. The mix of retail stores,
restaurants, and entertainment venues attracts people and encourages active engagement in shopping,
dining, and socializing activities.
3.3.5.2 Pedestrian-Friendly Design:

The pedestrian-friendly design of Connaught Place promotes interactivity by providing spacious walkways
and colonnades that encourage people to explore the space on foot. This design enhances connectivity and
fosters a lively and interactive environment.
3.3.5.3 Centralized Hub:

The centralized hub layout of Connaught Place contributes to its interactivity. The concentric circles and
radial roads create a gathering space that attracts diverse groups of people, fostering social interaction and
community engagement.
3.3.5.4 Cultural Landmarks and Events:

The presence of cultural landmarks and occasional events in Connaught Place enhances interactivity.
Landmarks like the Hanuman Temple act as focal points, attracting people and encouraging interaction.
Events and street performances further enliven the space, creating shared experiences and promoting
engagement.
3.3.5.5 Accessibility and Location:

Connaught Place's accessibility and central location contribute to its interactivity. The easy connectivity to
major transportation networks ensures a constant flow of visitors, enabling interactions between people
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from different parts of the city and beyond.

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3.3.5.6 Architectural Identity:

The iconic buildings and architectural character of Connaught Place play a role in its interactivity. The
grand facades and distinctive design elements capture attention and create a visually appealing
environment, attracting people and stimulating interaction.
3.3.5.7 Public Seating and Gathering Spaces:

While there may be a need for more seating areas, the presence of public seating and gathering spaces in
Connaught Place promotes interactivity. These spaces provide opportunities for rest, observation, and
social interaction, contributing to a sense of community.
3.3.5.8 Scope for Improvement:

Connaught Place has the potential to further enhance interactivity. Addressing challenges such as traffic
congestion, providing more public seating areas, and organizing regular events and activities can contribute
to a more dynamic and interactive experience for visitors.

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4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Table 1 comparative analysis SOURCE: AUTHOR

DESIGN PARAMETERS TIMES SQUARE CONNAUGHT PLACE

The buildings that Define the Iconic skyscrapers and British colonial architecture
Space buildings with digital signage with distinct circular layout

The Space Spacious pedestrian zones and Centralized hub with concentric
gathering areas circles and radial roads

The People and How They Diverse range of visitors Locals and tourists engaged in
Use the Space engaged in shopping, dining, shopping, dining, and cultural
and entertainment activities

Accessibility and Location Well-connected with major Well-connected with major

transportation networks transportation networks

Visibility Eye-catching digital billboards Limited use of visual elements

and vibrant visual elements and landmarks

Visual Aesthetic Elements Contemporary architecture, British colonial architecture and

lighting, and urban design limited urban design

Essential Public Amenities Abundant amenities, including Limited availability of

restrooms, seating, and dining amenities and seating areas
options

This table provides a comparative analysis of the design parameters between Times Square and Connaught
Place. It highlights the key differences and strengths of each public space in terms of the defined
parameters. It is important to note that both spaces have their unique characteristics and contextual factors
that contribute to their design and interactivity.
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5 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this research has explored the concept of enhancing interactivity in urban public spaces in
India by studying two case studies: Times Square as a foreign case study and Connaught Place as an Indian
case study. Through the analysis of these case studies, several key findings have emerged that can inform
the design and development of public spaces in India.
The comparison between Times Square and Connaught Place has highlighted important design parameters
that contribute to the interactivity and success of these public spaces. Times Square, with its iconic
buildings, dynamic programming, digital integration, and emphasis on visual aesthetics, has created a
vibrant and engaging environment that attracts a diverse range of visitors. On the other hand, Connaught
Place, with its historical architecture, centralized layout, and cultural significance, offers a unique
experience but faces challenges in terms of interactivity and design elements.
Based on the findings, it is evident that Indian public spaces can benefit from incorporating certain design
elements and strategies to enhance interactivity. Recommendations include embracing digital integration,
organizing dynamic programming and events, creating designated active spaces, enhancing accessibility
and inclusivity, incorporating eye-catching visual elements, adopting sustainable design practices,
providing essential amenities, ensuring creative lighting design, and prioritizing safety and security
measures.
Implementing these design recommendations in our thesis can provide valuable insights and contribute to
the discourse on enhancing interactivity in urban public spaces in India. By considering the specific
context, cultural nuances, and needs of the target public spaces, we can develop practical and innovative
solutions that will have a positive impact on the user experience and community engagement.

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6 REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved from TimesSquareNYC.org.
Amnon Dekel1, 2. Y. (n.d.). Adding Playful Interaction to Public Spaces. jeruselum.
Antic, D. (n.d.). Encouraging social interaction in PUBLIC SPACES through interactive
lighting.
Caroline Holland, A. C. (n.d.). Social interactions in urban .
Commission, D. U. (n.d.). PedestrianiSation of connaught place.
D'Alessio, E. (2016). pps.org.
editors of britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Bath-
Mohenjo-daro.
HOWARTH, D. (2017). TIMES SQUARE OFICIALLY OPENS. DEZEEN, 18.
Roy, P. U. (n.d.). Designing Urban Public Spaces .

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