MATH1013

Homework can be found on https://www.classviva.org

Lecture PPTs can be found on https://luoluo.people.ust.hk
Course structure:

 Homework @ 25%
 Final Exam @ 75%
Homework:

 Unlimited attempts before due date

Final Exam:

 3 Hours
 Close book
 NO calculators allowed

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Sets:

 A collection of DISTINCT objects usually denoted by a capital roman letters.

o E.g. A={1, 2, 3, 4}
o Each number between { and } are the elements of the set.
 The elements of a set can be anything, not just limited to numbers.
o In MATH1013 course we focus on real numbers only.

Intervals:

 Sets of real numbers between any 2 endpoints.

 Examples of:
o Open interval: (a, b)
o Closed interval: [a, b]
o Half open and half closed interval: (a, b], [a, b)
o For the above examples of intervals, a<b
o If a>b for the above examples of intervals, then the set is an empty
set.
 Empty sets are usually denoted by {} or ∅
 Note that the above interval is BOTH open and closed.
o R=(−∞, ∞)
o () </>
o []≤/≥

Intersection and Union:

 A⋂B: Intersection
 A⋃B: Union
 A⋂B={x: x is a number in both A and B}
 A⋃B={x: x is a number in either A or B}
 For example:
o {1, 2, 3, 4}⋃{3, 4, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 9}
o {1, 2, 3, 4}⋂{3, 4, 9} = {3, 4}
o (2, 7)⋂[3, 10) = {x: 2<x<7 and 3≤x<10} = [3, 7)
o (2, 7)⋃[3, 10) = (2, 10)
 Note that the union of 2 intervals is not necessarily an interval
Inequalities:

 Pay attention to the signs. (Negative  Change sign!!)

 If a<b and c<0, then ac>bc
 For example:
4
≤2
2 x−3
4
−2≤ 0
2 x−3
−4 x +10
≤0
2 x−3
x x<2.5 x=2.5 x>2.5
-4x+10 +ve 0 -ve

2
 x x<1.5 x=1.5 x>1.5
2x-3 -ve 0 +ve

x x<1.5 x=1.5 1.5<x<2.5 x=2.5 x>2.5

−4 x +10 -ve Undefined +ve 0 -ve
2 x−3
3 5
∴ x< ∨x ≥
2 2

( 3
2
5
−∞, ∪ , ∞ )
2 ) [
 Another example:
( x−2 )( x−5 )
≥0
( x+2 )( x−8 )
⋮
⋮
∴ x←2∨2≤ x ≤ 5∨x >8
∴ (−∞ ,−2 ) ∪ [ 2 , 5 ] ∨(8 , ∞)
Absolute Value:

{−x if x< 0
|x|= x if x ≥ 0

{ y −x if x < y
|x− y|= x− y if x ≥ y

|x|<k ⇒−k < x< k

|x|>k ⇒ x ←k ∨x> k
 Questions for Practice:
o |2 x−5|≥ 3

o
|3− 5x |≥1
o |x−1|+|x−3|< 4
Functions:

 Binary relation over two sets that associates every element of the first set to
EXACTLY ONE element of the second set.
 x↦ f (x)
o Domain: What x can be.
o Co-Domain: What f(x) can be.
 ( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x )
 ( fg ) ( x )=f ( x ) g ( x )

 () f
g
( x )=
f (x)
g (x)
Composition of Functions:

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  ( f ∘ g )( x )=f (g ( x ))
 ( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )
⋮
Etc.
 The domain of f ∘ g={ x : x is∈the domain of g∧g ( x ) is∈thedomain of f }
 And vice versa.
Odd and Even Functions:

 Odd function: f (−x )=−f ( x )

 Even function: f (−x )=f ( x )

Increasing and Decreasing Functions:

 Increasing function: f ( x 1 ) < f ( x2 ) for x 1< x 2

 Decreasing function: f ( x 1 ) > f ( x2 ) for x 1< x 2

One-to-one Functions:

 f ( x 1 ) ≠ f ( x 2 ) , where x 1 ≠ x 2
oE.g. the equation f ( x )=b has ONLY ONE solution for any b that is in
the range of f.
 The horizontal line test is used to test if a function is a one-to-one function.
 Generally, polynomials are not one-to-one functions.
o However, they can be one-to-one functions if we restrict its domain.

Inverse Function:

 y=2 x +3, y is a function of x

y−3
 x= , x is a function of y
2
 Domain of f =Range of f −1
−1
 Range of f =Domain of f
−1 1
 f ≠
f
f ( f ( x ) )=x , for any x in the domain of f
−1

f ( f ( y ) )= y , for any x in the domain of f
−1

y−3 −1 −1 x −3
 E.g., if x= =g ( y), then g ( x )=
2 2
−1
 The graph of y=f ( x ) is the graph of y=f ( x ) reflected along y=x

Exponential Functions:
x
 y=a (Only consider a>0)
o Domain=(−∞ , ∞ )
o Range=(0 , ∞ )

 {
y=a x = anincreasing funciton if a> 1
a decreasing function if 0< a<1
Logarithmic Functions:

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  y=log a x
o Domain=( 0 , ∞ )
o Range= (−∞ , ∞ )

 e=lim 1+
n→∞
( )
1 n
n
≈ 2.718281828
 Special case: when base = e, it is called the natural logarithm (ln)
o i.e. y=log e x ≜ lnx
x xlna
 a =e

Hyperbolic Functions:

e x −e−x
 sinhx=
2
e + e−x
x
 coshx =
2
e −e−x
x
 tanhx= x −x
e +e
 They have similar properties as the ordinary trigonometric functions.
Trigonometric Formulae:

 Compound angle formulae,

 Sum-to-product / Product-to-sum,
 Etc…
 Refer to DSE M2.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
−1
 y=sin x
o Domain=[ −1,1 ]
−π π
o Range=[ , ]
2 2
 y=cos−1 x
o Domain=[ −1,1 ]
o Range=[0 , π ]
−1
 y=tan x
o Domain=(−∞ , ∞)
−π π
o Range=( , )
2 2
Secant Line:

 A secant line of a curve is a line that intersects the curve at a minimum of

TWO distinct points.
Limits of Function Values:

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  lim f ( x ) may exist even if f(x) is undefined at x=a
x→ a

 lim f ( x ) may not exist even if f(x) is well-defined at x=a

x→ a

 lim ¿ means that x is approaching −3 from the left (i.e. x < −3)
−¿
x→ a f (x)¿
o Left-hand limit
 lim ¿ means that x is approaching −3 from the left (i.e. x > −3)
+¿
x→ a f (x)¿
o Right-hand limit
lim f ( x ) exists if and only if lim ¿
 x→ a
−¿
x→ a f (x)= lim +¿
¿¿
x →a f (x)¿

Limit Computation:

 Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 6

Derivative:

' f ( x +h )−f (x)

 f ( x )=lim
h→ 0 h
o Instantaneous rate of change of f.
 Rules of derivatives: Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 7
Extended Real Number System:

 Recall: R=(−∞ , ∞ )
 Extended real number system R=[−∞ , ∞]
Squeeze Theorem (a.k.a. Sandwich Theorem):

 Typically used to confirm the limit of a function via comparison with two other
functions whose limits are known or easily computed.
 Let I be an interval having the point a. Let g, f, and h be functions defined on
I, except possibly at a itself. Suppose that for every x in I NOT equal to a, we
have If g(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x near a, except perhaps when x = a, then
lim g ( x) ≤ lim f ( x)≤ lim h(x )
x→ a x →a x →a
o It is only required that g( x )≤ f ( x)≤h ( x) holds locally.

Differentiation:

 For the rules, refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 7.

Differentiation of Inverse Functions:
1
 (f ¿¿−1)' ( x )= ¿
f ' (f ¿¿−1(x ))¿
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

 f ( x )=sinx
−1 −1
f ( x )=sin x
'
f ( x )=cosx

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 1
( f ¿¿−1) '( x )= ¿
1 1 1
f ' (f ¿ ¿−1(x ))= = = ¿
cos ( sin x )
−1
√ 1−sin ( sin
2 −1
x) √1−x 2
 f ( x )=cosx
f −1 ( x )=cos−1 x
f ' ( x )=−sinx
1
( f ¿¿−1) '( x )= ¿
1 −1 −1
f ' (f ¿ ¿−1(x ))= = = ¿
−sin ( cos x )
−1
√1−cos ( cos x )
2 −1
√1−x2
 f ( x )=tanx
−1 −1
f ( x )=tan x
f ' ( x )=sec 2 x
1
(f ¿¿−1)' ( x )= ¿
1 1 1
f ' (f ¿ ¿−1(x ))= 2 = = ¿
sec ( tan x ) 1+ tan ( tan x ) 1+ x
−1 2 −1 2

 The derivatives of arctan, arcsec, arccsc can be derived similarly.

Rates of Change, Higher Order Derivative, Extrema:

 Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 8.

Mean Value Theorem:

' f ( b )−f (a)

 f ( c )= for some c ∈( a , b)
b−a

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Curve Sketching:

 Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 8

Linear Approximation:
'
 f ( x ) ≈ f ( a ) + f ( a )( x−a ) for x ≈ a
 ∆ f ≈ f ' (x )∆ x
L'Hôpital's rule
0 ∞
 Helps evaluate – type and – type limits.
0 ∞
f (x) f '( x)
 lim =
x→ a g ( x ) g' ( x )
0
 – type:
0
lim ¿ lim ¿
o x→ a
+¿ f ( x)
= lim ¿ ¿ and x→ a
−¿ f ( x)
= lim ¿¿
g ( x ) x →a f (x ) ¿
+¿
'
g ( x ) x →a f (x ) ¿
−¿
'

' '
g (x ) g ( x)

 Not always applicable

o only applicable when lim f ( x )=0∨∞ AND lim g ( x )=0∨∞
x→ a x→ a

Newton’s Method:

f ( xk )
 x k+1=x k −
f ' ( xk )
o Find a suitable initial point x 0
o x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,… will converge to the solution x ¿ such that f ( x ¿ )=0

Integration:

 Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 9.

Initial Value Problems:

 The constant in indefinite integrals can be determined if there is an initial

value.
Area Under Curve:

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  Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 10.
Riemann Sum:

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

b

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F (a)

a
 APPLY CHAIN RULE!
Definite Integration:

 An integrable function must have no vertical asymptote.

 Properties: Refer to HKDSE M2 Ch. 10 – 11
Taylor Expansion:

 For any function f ( x ) that is infinitely differentiable,

' '' '' '
f (a) f ( a) f ( a)
 f ( x ) ≈ f (a)+ ( x −a ) + ( x−a )2+ ( x−a )3 + …
1! 2! 3!
Net Change Theorem:

 F ( b )−F (a) is the change in y=F (x ) when x changes from A to B.