Jestr Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 11 (6) (2018) 20 - 25

Research Article
JOURNAL OF
Engineering Science and
Technology Review

www.jestr.org

Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Subjected to Compression Test

Zhang Xianggang1, 3, Wang Shuren2, 3,* and Gao Xiang3
1
Henan Province Engineering Laboratory of Eco-architecture and the Built Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003,
China
2
International Joint Research Laboratory of Henan Province for Underground Space Development and Disaster Prevention, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
3
School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China

Received 5 October 2018; Accepted 22 December 2018

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

To study the basic mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete, four sets of cubic standard test-blocks and four
sets of prismatic standard test-blocks were prepared for strength test with the variation parameter of replacement ratio of
recycled coarse aggregate. The mechanical indices such as cubic compression strength, axial compression strength,
Poisson's ratio, and elastic modulus were investigated by the test. Meanwhile, the replacement ratio influence factor was
introduced to establish the conversion relationship of the strength indices, as well as the calculation formula of elastic
modulus. Results show that the strength trend with the middle large and two ends small can be generally refined with the
increase of replacement ratio. The Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus of the recycled aggregate concrete vary less within
the allowable range of engineering error. The established conversion relationship of strength indices and the calculation
formula of elastic modulus are simple and practical with the large fitting precision. The conclusions obtained in the study
are of important reference value to direct similar engineering practice.

Keywords: Recycled aggregate concrete, Elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, Compression strength
____________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction 2. State of the art

During the construction of civil engineering, waste concrete Similar to ordinary concrete, RAC is also a kind of local
is a focus among ecological environment issues [1]. With the material. Due to variety of sources for recycled aggregates,
rapid increase in the amount of waste concrete and the tight the treatment of recycled aggregates and the preparation of
supply of natural aggregates, the recycling and utilization of RAC are varied. Ma used organic pretreatment methods to
waste concrete is a problem facing research and engineering modify and reinforce coarse aggregates recovered from rural
personnel based on the green concept of sustainable construction waste, which provided a new way for the
development for construction industry [2]. How to dispose reinforcement of recycled coarse aggregates [12]. Li et al.
of waste concrete scientifically and reasonably has become a studied the crushing and screening process of recycled
hot spot in the field of concrete research [3-5]. aggregates from waste concrete, they found that the
Recently, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) recycling and reuse of construction waste was an effective
technology is one of the most effective ways. The solution to construction waste and the shortage of natural
construction waste can be recycled, crushed, washed and aggregates [13]. Cabral et al. used concrete, ceramic tiles,
graded, and then mixed to form recycled aggregates with a and mortar as the main source of recycled coarse and fine
certain proportion and grading. After that, the recycled aggregates to prepare RAC. They found that recycled coarse
aggregates are used to replace partially or completely natural aggregates had a greater impact on the performance of RAC
aggregates, such as sand and gravel. Finally, a mixture of than recycled fine aggregates [14]. Wagih et al. fractured
cement and water is added to prepare a new concrete named and graded the gravel concrete at different demolition sites
RAC [6-8]. On the one hand, RAC can solve the problem of and landfills around Cairo, Egypt, and studied the
disposal for waste concrete. On the other hand, natural mechanical and physical properties of recycled coarse
aggregate is replaced with construction waste in RAC, which aggregate. They found that gravel concrete can be converted
can reduce the consumption of natural aggregate and relieve into the useful recycled aggregates [15]. Although the source
the supply pressure of natural aggregates. The social, of construction waste is different, recycled aggregates that
economic and environmental benefits of RAC are obvious meet the requirements of RAC can be produced by way of
and it has been considered as green concrete that can realize reasonable aggregate treatment and concrete preparation.
sustainable development of construction resources [9-11]. So In terms of mechanical properties, the difference
it is very important to study the basic mechanical properties between RAC and ordinary concrete is mainly caused by the
of RAC. source of aggregate. Most of the aggregates in RAC are
______________ recycled aggregates, while the aggregates in ordinary
*E-mail address: [email protected] concrete are natural aggregates. Medina et al. studied the
ISSN: 1791-2377 © 2018 Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. possibility of replacing natural coarse aggregate with
doi:10.25103/jestr.116.04 recycled ceramic coarse aggregate, and they found that the
 Zhang Xianggang, Wang Shuren and Gao Xiang/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 11 (6) (2018) 20- 25

compressive strength of RAC increased with the increase of The rest of this study is organized as follows: Section 3
the replacement ratio of recycled ceramic coarse aggregate describes the test design. Section 4 quantitatively analyzes
[16]. Zhou et al. studied the effects of recycled gravel the changes of compressive strength, elastic modulus and
aggregate and recycled pebble aggregate on the mechanical Poisson's ratio. Section 5 provides the relevant conclusions.
properties of RAC, they found that the RAC with recycled
gravel aggregate had lower compressive strength than RAC
with recycled pebble aggregate, while the toughness was 3. Methodology
reversed [17]. Guo et al. studied the compressive properties
of concrete blocks containing recycled aggregate of concrete 3.1 Test materials
and they found that the compressive properties of RAC The materials used in the test were natural and recycled
blocks were similar to those of ordinary concrete after coarse aggregate, P.O 42.5R grade cement, urban tap water
incorporating recycled aggregates [18]. Sun and Xiao and natural river sand. The recycled coarse aggregate was
studied the strength and elastic modulus of RAC at different obtained by mechanically breaking the prestressed concrete
recycled aggregate dosages and ages of concrete, they found poles served in a project commissioned by the China Electric
that the strength developing rule of RAC was similar to that Power Research Institute. The recycled and natural coarse
of ordinary concrete with age growing, and the strength and aggregate were sieved by the same set of screen with the
modulus of elasticity for RAC decreased with the increase of maximum particle size of 20 mm, and all the coarse
recycled aggregate dosage [19]. Tabsh and Abdelfatah aggregates were continuous grading gravel. The recycled
believed that the compressive strength and splitting tensile coarse aggregate obtained by the crushing was washed
strength of RAC depended on the mixing ratio [20]. Some several times until the control requirement for the mud
research results showed that the compressive strength and content of the recycled coarse aggregate was reached, and
elastic modulus of RAC were lower than ordinary concrete after drying and reaching the required moisture content, it
[21-23]. In summary, despite the different sources of was used in preparing RAC.
recycled aggregates, the mechanical properties of concrete
changed significantly after the incorporation of recycled 3.2 Mix ratio and physical properties for RAC
aggregates into ordinary concrete. In the past, most of the The total levels forreplacement ratio of recycled coarse
construction wastes with shorter service time were used as aggregate including 0%, 30%, 70% and 100% were
the source of recycled aggregates. Due to the short service determined with the control replacement ratio of 0%. The
time, the source of aggregates may be less affected by harsh design strength of RAC was C40. For the RAC at different
environments such as air, high temperature, wind and snow, replacement ratios of recycled coarse aggregate, the mass
and the performance of building materials in itself may not composition of cement and sand was kept unchanged, and
deteriorate. Moreover, the reliability of the structure was not the mass composition ratio between recycled coarse
greatly reduced. aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate was changed under
Different from the previous research, this study took the the condition that the total mass of coarse aggregate was
pre-stressed concrete poles that had been exposed to the equal. The mix ratio of RAC was shown in Table 1.
harsh outdoor environment and in service for 50 years as the According to the current national standard ‘Pebble and
source of recycled coarse aggregates. The cubic compression crushed stone for construction’ (China GB/T14685-2011),
strength, axial compression strength, Poisson’s ratio, elastic the physical properties for natural coarse aggregate and
modulus and other mechanical performance of RAC were recycled aggregate coarse aggregate were tested. The
comprehensively studied. The formulas for strength index measured physical properties of both the coarse aggregates
conversion relationship and elastic modulus calculation were were shown in Table 2.
established. The purpose was to expand the research content
of RAC and provide a reference for the further research and
application of RAC structure.

Table. 1. Mix ratio of RAC

Replacement Sand ratio Water-binder Cement Net water Natural oarse Recycled coarse Sand
ratio (%) (%) ratio (kg) content (kg) aggregate (kg) aggregate (kg) (kg)
0 1115.2 0.0
30 780.6 334.6
33.6 0.47 435.7 204.8 564.3
70 334.6 780.6
100 0.0 1115.2

Table. 2. Basic physical properties of coarse aggregates

Coarse aggregate Particle size Bulk density Apparent density Moisture content Water absorption
type (mm) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (%) (%)
Natural 1435 2722 0.00 0.05
5-20
Recycled 1270 2655 1.82 3.16

It could be summarized from Table 2 that the bulk recycled coarse aggregate, making the surface rough and the
density andapparent density of the recycled coarse gravel- porosity high. Moreover, during the mechanical crushing
aggregate were smaller than those of the natural coarse process, more closed micro-cracks or cracks were generated
gravel-aggregate, while the moisture content and water inside the recycled coarse aggregate. However, the natural
absorption were much larger than the natural coarse gravel- coarse aggregate had a single composition and the internal
aggregate. It was mainly attributed to the composition of the microstructure was dense.
material and the internal microstructure. A large amount of
hardened cement mortar was attached to the surface of the

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 Zhang Xianggang, Wang Shuren and Gao Xiang/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 11 (6) (2018) 20- 25

3.3 Test methods

For each replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate,
three 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cube standard test-
blocks and three 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm prismatic
standard test-blocks were manufactured for normal curing in
concrete curing box. After the completion of the curing, the
test of the strength and deformation performance of the test-
blocks was carried out according to the current ‘Standard for
test method of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete’
(China GB50081-2002). The test was completed on RMT-
201 mechanics test machine of rock and concrete.
(a) 0% (b) 30% (c) 70% (d) 100%
Fig. 1. The failure mode of the cube test
4. Results Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Compressive failure mode

The failure modes for the cube and prismatic test-blocks
were shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. It could be
illustrated that for the cube compression failure, when the
replacement ratio was 0% and 100%, both the failure modes
of the test-block was more serious than other replacement
ratios. For the axial compression failure, when the
replacement ratio was 30% and 70%, the crack was dense
and uniform, and the mechanical performance of the test-
block was better than other replacement ratios.
(a) 0% (b) 30% (c) 70% (d) 100%
4.2 Compressive strength
Fig. 2. The failure mode of the prismatic test block
The measured cubic and prismatic compression strength are
shown in Table 3, where the f cu and f c represent the cubic Table 3. Measured strength indices of RAC
compression strength and the axial compression strength, γ (%) f c / f cu f cu (MPa) fc (MPa)
respectively. γ stands for the replacement ratio of recycled
0 0.79 46.8 37.1
coarse aggregate.
30 0.73 50.8 36.9
It can be summarized from Table 3 that the strength goes 70 0.71 53.8 38.2
up with increase of the replacement ratio. However, when 100 0.73 50.1 36.8
the replacement ratio is 100%, the strength decreases,
especially the cubic compression strength. Whether for the Due to the limitations of the test conditions, the
cubic compression strength or the axial compression replacement ratio in this studywas only 0%, 30%, 70% and
strength, the overall trend with the middle large and the two 100%. Based on the experimental results, the RAC
ends small can be refined. The reason is mainly related to compressive strength was slightly improved when the
the mechanism influence of recycled coarse aggregate on replacementratiowas 70%. The author proposed to design a
RAC compressive strength. variety of replacement ratios and conducted a series of
On the one hand, during the process of mechanical related experiments to reveal the influence rule of the
crushing, there are many micro-cracks in the recycled coarse replacement ratio on the compressive strength, and
aggregate, and more original damage is accumulated inside confirmed the optimal replacement ratio about the strength.
the aggregate. Due to the quality deterioration of the
recycled coarse aggregate, the compressive strength of RAC 4.2.1 Cube compressive strength at different replacement
is able to be inevitably weakened. On the other hand, due to ratios
the existence of many micro-cracks in the recycled coarse The dimensionless curve of the cube compressive strength at
aggregate, the water absorption of the recycled coarse different replacement ratios is shown in Fig. 3, in which, f cu
aggregate is significantly higher than that of the natural represents the cube compressive strength at different
coarse aggregate. Meanwhile, the water absorbed into the f cu,0 represents the cube
replacementratios, and
recycled coarse aggregate gradually increases with the
compressive strength at a replacementratio of 0%. It can be
increase of the replacement ratio of recycled coarse
indicated from Fig. 3 that the cube compressive strength at
aggregate, whereas the additional absorbed water does not
different replacementratios is not the same, but shows a
participate in the hydration of cement, therefore, the actual
certain regularity. Based on the developingtrend of measured
water-binder ratio will be reduced, resulting in the
data, a mathematical expression of the cubic functionis
improvement of compressive strength of RAC. Both the
proposed as follows.
above factors interact with each other, the greater the
replacement ratio of the recycled coarse aggregate, the more
internal damage of the material, the greater the reduction f cu
= Aγ 3 + Bγ 2 + Cγ + D (1)
about RAC compressive strength. However, the actual f cu,0
water-binder ratio become lower, causing the greater
increase about RAC compressive strength. At a certain
replacement ratio, the two factors will be optimally where A, B, C and D respectively represent control
configured to make the RAC compressive strength optimal. parameters, which are described from the test data fitted
Obviously, this replacement ratio is the optimal one. based on the least square method. The values of control

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parameters are -0.4274, 0.2493, 0.2486 and 1.0000, trend of the quadratic function for measured data, the
respectively, and the fitting precision is 1.0. modified coefficient (1 + γ T ) is introduced into the
relationship of f c / f cu when the replacement ratio is 0%, as
1.20
Tested value shown in Eqs. (2) to (3):
Fitted curve
1.15
fc (2)
= 0.79(1 + γ T )
f cu
fcu/fcu,0

1.10

where T represents a modified equation related to the

1.05 replacementratio. The expression is as follows:

1.00
3 2
fcu/fcu,0 = −0.4274γ + 0.2493γ + 0.2486γ + 1 B (3)
T = γ A+ +C
γ
0.95
0 20 40 60 80 100 where A, B and C are all the control parameters. The
γ (%) equation is incorporated into Eq. (2) and the following
Fig. 3. Cube compressive strength at different replacement ratios equation can be drawn.
0.80
Tested value fc (4)
= 0.79 Aγ 2 + 0.79Cγ + 0.79 B + 0.79
Fitted curve f cu
0.78 Code curve
Based on the principle of the least square method, the
0.76 control parameters are obtained by fitting the experimental
fc/fcu

data which are 0.241, 0.000 and -0.315, respectively, as

0.74 shown in Eq. (5), and the fitting precisionis 0.994.

0.72
fc (5)
= 0.190γ 2 − 0.249γ + 0.789
f cu
0.70 fc/fcu = 0.190γ − 0.249γ + 0.789

0 20 40 60 80 100 4.3 Poisson's ratio

γ (%) The Poisson's ratio ν c of RAC at different stress levels can
f c / f cu and γ be measured by transverse and longitudinal strain gauges on
Fig. 4. The curvebetween one side of the prismatic standard test-block, as shown in
Table 4, where f c is taken as the design value.
4.2.2 Conversion of compressive strength indices
As observed from Table 4, the Poisson's ratio of RAC
The relationship curve between cubic compression strength
increases slightly with the increase of RAC stress level.
and axial compression strength at different replacement
However, at the same stress level, the Poisson's ratio of RAC
ratios is shown in Fig. 4. It can be presented from Fig. 4
always varied less, regardless of the variation for
that f c / f cu reached the maximum 0.79 when the replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate. Therefore, it
replacement ratio is 0%. With the replacement ratio is shown that the transverse deformation performance of
increasing, f c / f cu decreased overall, with the minimum of RAC varied less with the increase of the replacement ratio of
0.71. In Code for design of concrete structures (China recycled coarse aggregate, and the amplitude of variation
GB50010-2010), it is declaredthat for ordinary concreteof remains within 5%.
C40, f c = 0.76 f cu . As a result,the current design code is not
suitable for the design requirement of RAC. Based on the

Table 4. Measured deformation performance of RAC

Ec νc
γ (%)
(GPa) 0.2 f c 0.4 f c 0.6 f c 0.8 f c
0 37.2 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21
30 38.4 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.22
70 38.9 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.21
100 36.7 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21

4.4 Elastic modulus

According to the Standard for Test Method of Mechanical where Ec is the elastic modulus of concrete (MPa), Fa is the
Properties on Ordinary Concrete (China GB50081-2002), vertical load (N) when the stress is applied to the 1/3 axial
the elastic modulus of RAC can be measured. The formula compression strength, F0 is the initial load (N) when the
for calculating the elastic modulus is shown in Eq. (6). stress is applied to 0.5 MPa, L is measuring scale distance
(150mm), Δn is the average value ( Δn = Δa − Δ0 , mm) of
deformation on both sides of the test-block when the load is
Fa − F0 L (6) applied from F0 to Fa at the last time, Δa is the average
Ec = ×
A Δn value (mm) of deformation on both sides of the test-block

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 Zhang Xianggang, Wang Shuren and Gao Xiang/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 11 (6) (2018) 20- 25

when the load is applied to Fa , Δ0 is the average value (mm) 105

of deformation on both sides of the test-block when the load Ec = × ( Aγ 3 + Bγ 2 + Cγ + D ) (8)
34.7
is applied to F0. 2.2 +
f cu
The elastic modulus measured by the Eq. (6) is shown in
Table 4. It can be summarized from Table 4 that as where A, B and C are control parameters. Based on the
c t
replacement ratio of coarse aggregate varies from 0% to correlated data including Ec / Ec and γ, the control
100%, the variation amplitude of elastic modulus for RAC parameters can be fitted by the principle of the least square
is 3.23%, 1.30% and -5.66%, respectively, and the variation method, that is, A=-0.151, B=0.088, C=0.030 and D=1.094
amplitude is within the acceptable range of engineering as shown in Eq. (9), and the fitting precisionis 1.000.
error, resulting that with the replacement of recycled coarse
aggregate increasing, the longitudinal deformation 105
Ec = × ( −0.151γ 3 + 0.088γ 2 + 0.030γ + 1.094 ) (9)
performance of the RAC varies less. 34.7
Elastic modulus is an important index of deformation 2.2 +
f cu
performance for materials. Although scholars have carried
out related experiments on the elastic modulus of RAC [9-
5. Conclusions
11], there is a lack of mathematical expressions about the
elastic modulus. In Code for Design of Concrete Structures
Based on the test for the strength and deformation
(China GB50010-2010), it is declaredthat for ordinary
performance of recycled aggregate concrete, the main
concrete:
conclusions are as follows:

(1) The strength increases with the increase of

5
replacement ratio, while the strength decreases, especially
10 the cubic compression strength, when the replacement ratio
Ec = (7)
34.7 is 100%. In general, the overall trendwith the middle large
2.2 +
f cu and the two ends small can be refined.
(2) The influence factor of replacement ratio is
The test-measured data was taken into the above formula introduced to establish the conversion relationship between
c
to calculate the value Ec of elastic modulus for RAC. The cubic and axial compression strength of RAC, as well as the
relationship curve of elastic modulus between the tested calculation formula of elastic modulus.
t c
value Ec and the calculated value Ec at different (3) With the increase of the replacement ratio, the
replacement ratios is shown in Fig. 5. transverse and longitudinal deformation performance of
1.12 Ratio RAC varied less, and the variation amplitudeis within the
Fitted curve allowable range of engineering error.
1.11
The grade of mix ratio for RAC is C40, and the
1.10 established strength and elastic modulus expressions are
related to the strength grade. Whether the RAC of other
c
Ec /Ec

1.09
strength grades are applicable to the formulas is subject to
t

1.08 further experimental verification and theoretical analysis.

1.07 t c 3 2 Acknowledgements
Ec /Ec = −0.151γ + 0.088γ + 0.030γ + 1.094
This work was financially supported by the NationalNatural
1.06 Science Foundation of China (51774112, 51474188,
51074140), the Doctoral Fund of HenanPolytechnic
0 20 40 60 80 100 University (B2015-67), Taihang Scholars Program, the
c t
γ (%) Science and Technology Breakthrough Project of Henan
Fig. 5. Relationship curve of Ec / Ec and γ
Province (172102210285), the Fundamental Research Funds
c for the Universities of Henan Province (NSFRF170921), the
It can be illustrated from Fig.5 that the Ec calculated by Safe Production Project of Key Technology for Major
the formula in China GB50010-2010 was generally larger Accident Prevention and Control (Henan-0006-2016AQ).
t
than Ec . Obviously, the current codewas no longer
applicable to the calculation for elastic modulus of RAC. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
However, there was a trend of cubic function between Creative Commons Attribution Licence
Ecc / Ect and γ. Therefore, the current code formula can be
modified by a mathematical expressionof cubic function, as
shown in Eq. (8):

______________________________
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