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Exp 2

This document describes an experiment to design an analog Butterworth low pass filter using Matlab. It involves defining input signals, determining filter parameters, obtaining the filter transfer function, calculating the output signal, and visualizing the input and output signals numerically and in the frequency domain.

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Hariharan Ravichandran
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25 views

Exp 2

This document describes an experiment to design an analog Butterworth low pass filter using Matlab. It involves defining input signals, determining filter parameters, obtaining the filter transfer function, calculating the output signal, and visualizing the input and output signals numerically and in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

Hariharan Ravichandran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Filter Design

Learning Objective: In this lab session we will learn about analog filters, and related Matlab tools
useful for this purpose. We will consider Butterworth low pass filters in this session.

Experiments: Our final goal is to design an analog Butterworth low pass filter with a given cut-off
frequency. In the process we will also learn about ways to use Matlab, not just numerical computation,
but for symbolic Math manipulations. We will accomplish this in the following steps.
1. Input signal: In the last lab, we used fft() to determine the spectrum of signals. FFT, a way to
implement DFT, is an algorithm to analyze the spectrum of periodic discrete signals. In this first
part, we will use the symbolic Math toolbox of Matlab to determine the Fourier transform of
sinusoidal signals:
(a) Using syms function of Matlab define two variables, t and w.
(b) Define a time domain signal x, which is a function of time variable t, as a sum of three
cosine signals, each having different frequencies and amplitudes.
(c) Determine and output the Fourier transform of the time domain signal x using the symbolic
Math toolbox function fourier(x,t,w). Notice that the fourier() function provides the Fourier
transform of the signal in functional form, which you have to output.
2. Filter parameters: Use the [b, a] = butter(N, Whp, 's') function of Matlab to determine the
transfer function coefficients of a low pass Butterworth filter with appropriate values of the
arguments. Once you have obtained the filter, use freqs(b,a,Wband) function of Matlab to obtain
the theoretical magnitude response of the filter. Choose the value of the argument Wband
appropriately so that you can see the pass band, transition band and stop band of your filter
properly.
3. Filter transfer function: Use the Matlab statement
H = poly2sym(b,w)/poly2sym(a,w)
to obtain the transfer function of your filter.
4. Output signal: You can recall from your ‘Signals and Systems’ or ‘Principles of
Communication’ courses that the output of a linear time invariant system in time and frequency
domain is obtained by
y(t) = h(t) * x(t) OR Y(w) = H(w) X(w)
Use the frequency domain formula to obtain the output signal in frequency domain. Convert the
output so obtained in time domain using the Matlab function y = ifourier(Y,w,t). Notice that y is
in the symbolic math form.
5. Visualizing the input and output in numeric form: Visualize the input and output signals. You
may use the following piece of code to achieve this.
fs = ??; % choose an appropriate value for the sampling frequency
t1 = 0:1/fs:??; % choose an appropriate length of time to visualize the signal
x_numeric = double(subs(x,t,t1));
y_numeric = double(subs(y,t,t1));
figure; subplot(2,1,1); plot(t1,x_numeric); subplot(2,1,2); plot(t1,y_numeric);
Following this, obtain the spectrum of the signals x_numeric and y_numeric using the
techniques you learnt in the previous software lab session. Note that you should choose the
frequencies of the sinusoids in the input signal in (1) and cut-off frequency of the filter in (2)
appropriately to see how filter affects the input signal.

Deliverables: You are allowed to discuss your work with others but code(s) and report should be your
own individual work. You should submit a soft-copy report by 27th January 2022 using the Google
form: https://forms.gle/yYtymE9u5L6pW4Wk6
Your report should include:
1. The Matlab codes. You need not repeat the codes if you are only changing the parameters to
produce a different set of graphs.
2. The output produced by your code: graphs, numerical output etc.

Sources of Help: “Signals and Systems Using Matlab” by Luis F. Chaparro.

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