CHAPTER 3 | GRAPHS WE SECTION3.1 THE CARTESIAN PLANE AND THE DISTANCE FORMULA, WM SECTION3.2 LINES IN THE PLANESUSI SBDCAU WCB RO) VIG ous , ou Just as you can represent real numbers by points on a real number line, you can represent: ordered pairs of real numbers by points in a plane called the rectangular coordinate system, or the Cartesian plane (We have referred to this plane as the complex plane in Section 4.1,). ‘The Cartesian plane is formed by using two real number lines intersecting at right angles, as shown in Figure 3.1.1. The horizontal real number line is usually called the waxis, and the vertical real number line is usually called the y-axis. The point of intersection of these two axes is the origin, and the two axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants, Each point in the plane corresponds to an ordered pait of real numbers zr and y, called coordinates of the point. The xcoordinate represents the directed distance from the yaxis to the point, and the y-coordinate represents the directed distance from the xaxis to the point. 1 Tee.) ov EXAMPLE 3.1.1 Plot the points (1,3),(~2,3),(-3,-4), (3-5) Solution, ‘To plot the point (1,3) imagine a vertical line through 1 on the axis and a horizontal line through 3 on the yaxis, The intersection of these two lines is the point. The other four points ean be plotted in a similar way and are shown, B12, Figure Figure 3.1.2"y RELATED PROBLEM 1 Plot the points (2,5),(-2,-3),(2,-4),(-3,-a) y Answer ioe AN EQUATION USING POINT-BY-POINT PI ‘We can plot a set of points to represent an equation, When such an equation contains both « variable and y variable, it is called an equation in two variables. Its graph is called a graph in two variables. HOW TO GRAPH AN EQUATION BY PLOTTING POINTS ? 1. Make a table with one column labeled x, a second column labeled with the equation, and a third column listing the ordered pairs. 2. The «-values listed in the first column using positive and negative values. 3. By using the equation, we will get y-values. 4. Plot the ordered pairs. K-0 o lt) [ y cae ee aa ena 5. Connect the points if they form a line, EXAMPLE 3.1.2 Sketch the graph of y =2r-+1 Solution. We can begin by substituting a value for x into the equation and determining the resi iting value of y. Bach pair of x and y values is an ordered pair that can be plotted. The table below lists values of 1 from —2 to 2 and the resulting values for y. Figure 3.1.3SECTION 3-1 THE CARTESIAN PLANE AND THE DISTANCE FORMULA ‘The points for this particular equation form a line, so we can connect them. This is not true | *J-. fo UI EXAMPLE 3.1.3. Sketch the graph of Papeete gear 43 \2 \I We can begin by substituting a value for « into the equation and determining the resulting value of y. Bach pair of ond y-values is an ordered pair that ean be plotted. ‘Ths table for all equations. below lists values of «from —2 to 2 and the resulting values for y. RELATED PROBLEM 2 Sketch the graph of y= 3r—2 Answers Ea eineaaon len Now, find a formula for the dis ance d(A,B) between two points A(x,,y,) and B(x,.y,) in the plane. Recall that the distance between points @ and b — » on a number line is d(a,b) =]. So from Figure 3.1.5 we? #3 + wy bn see that the distance between the points A(z,,y,)and ie : Clx,.y,) on a horizontal line must be |x, — distance between B(s,,y,) and C(x,,y,) on a vertical line anust be fag =|» Figure 3.15Since triangle ABC is a right triangle, the Pythagorean Theorem gives: (A,B) = (2, -2,) +(y,-uJ DISTANCE FORMULA ‘The distance between the points A(z,,y,) and B(c,,y,) in the plane is: A,B) = (x, -%,) +(y,-u)° EXAM! APLE 3.1.4 fy the distance b between the points: ah ae Y, 1. (63) ana(td 2 (2-8) ana (“44 Solution (aot By the distance formula we have: 2 Ga 1. 2 nay eunuy SS =\(-4- Ca + (4-3) - ae ay RELATED PROBLEM 3 Find the distance between the points (1,—2) and (5,3) Answer Vil XS, Kd SS, EXAMPLE 3.1.5 Use the Distance Formula to show that the points (0,1),(3,7J,(4.“4) fe ight tri AOS 2 (Gaya = FT NS vertices of a right triangle. WGI = ri = Tape AGI CD CT = equien (OHH 4€ Using the Distance Formula, you can find a ena of te ‘eine ve wu a = (3-0) + (7-1) = 9+ 36 = : a a & = y(4-0) +11 = Viera = 4st dos OF ae (4-3) + (1-7) = Vivet = Because d? +d? =45420=65=4? Figure 3.1.6 you can apply the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem to conclude that the triangle must be a right triangle. 87| SECTION 3.1. THE CARTESIAN PLANE AND THE DISTANCE FORMULA KY 9 I, Hy RELATED PROBLEM 4 Use the Distance Formula to show that the points (1,—3},(.2},(—2,4 are vertices of isosceles triangle. [e>O5y ray Ge eG} Ow of ND THE MIDPOINT FORMULA mT HOAS = ‘To find the midpoint of the line segment that joins two points in a coordinate plane, you ean simply find the average values of the respective coordinates of the two endpoints. ((065-* + U-3) = (a+ yalrt ‘THE MIDPOINT FORMULA ‘The midpoint of the line segment joining A=(s,,y,)and B=(z,,y,) is dad. +5 uty 2 2 ‘The point M is the unique point satisfying M (A.M) = d(M,B) 5448) EXAMPLE 3.1.6 Find the midpoint Mf of the line segment joining: Solution Ltd ae RELATED, PROBLEM, , Find the midpoint M of the Tine segment joining the points Pen ese A 64 Sjand B= (6, 3) oefy a In the circle below, let the point P(z,y) represents any point on the circle whose center is at a, a Yt id 2 Answer (4,4) the origin, and r represent the radius of the circle. As shown in Figure 3.1.7, = length of hypotenuse length of a leg y=length of a leg 88CHAPTER 3. Gi By the Pythagorean Theorem, we can write ay ‘This is an equation of a circle with center at the origin a Let C(h.k)be the center of a circle, and P(,y) be any point on the | circle. Therefore, the radius of a circle is CP =r. By using distance \s formula: (2 ~h)* +(y— By Seer Figure 3.1.8 PHS EQUATION OF A CIRCLE WITH CENTER NOT AT THE ORIGIN ‘The standard equation of a circle with center at (/,) and radius ris: (e-h¥ +y-H =r Uhyk EXAMPLE 3.1.7 Write the equation of the circle with center| (3, at and radius 2 in standard form. 2 2 a Solution (4) + G-k) Substitute 3 for h, —5 for k, and 2 for r: (9 (445) = 2” 2 Sole (e-ah +a ar? et (awyarly yer Gly ig open (agp elias) et (e-3) +(y+5) EXAMPLE 3.1.8 Identify the center and radius of each of the following circles: 1. (x-1) +(y +2) =9 2. 4a’ + dy? = 25 Solution Crok)a( \)—2) p P V9 =3( Wk) 1, Rewrite the equation in st form aed gs (2-1) +(y- 2) Center = (4,k) = (1-2) , Radin: Ax? + 4y? = 25, % vty (Divide each side by 4 ‘The center is (0,0), 89G-ryetord =¥ CTION 3.4. THE CARTESIAN PLANE AND THE DISTANCE FORMULA a (oa ay 25 ae RELATED PROBLEM 6 (urayaQg-a)=26 1. Write the standard equation of the circle with center (~2,4)and radius5 . 2, Identily the center and radius of the circle: (2 +2) +(y+3) = 36 Answers. (aye) C499) EE 1 (e+ 2% +(y—4) =25 2. Center (-2,—3), Radius = 6 EXAMPLE 3.1.9 Write the standard equation of the circle with center at (1,2), and passes through (1,5) re (OF MS = e+) eas Solut Fadheraf tho cle te stance bare th cater US) and te poise. (15). Thus, = fa-1" +627 = Yo+9 = vo = oe UD =< Substitute 1 for h, 2 for k, and 3 for r (@-1) +(y-2F = 3" (@-1" +2 AY, RELATED. PROBLEM Write the standard equation of the circle with center at (2,4), and passes through (3,4). (Cored Sa josr0 Answer (@ +2) +(y— 4) =25 Geweydeas <5 EXAMPLE 3.1.10 Write the standard equatipn for the given circle, then find the center and the radius. (ay C99) 25 5 ie Payedetss ewils- “ye r 16 Solution The equation a? +y' + 4x +4 = a is not in the standard form. Therefore, we need to bring. jt to that form. We will reduce one side to zero and complete the square (for 1) to obtain the standard form: ee dean nee oe a Te tees) +d 76 9 | 9 ety tart e+det sty? =0 Subtract an 6 — cand ef Foe (@ 44et a) tat (ands b=3 (e+ 2+ v2 0 ( Gurr hae) a; \ @+afay= 2 ieee vd ot (-2 92) 3 =r DENow we can easly tll that this crete i centered at (2 0) nd has rads & EXAMPLE 3.1.11 State the center and radius of the circle: 2r +2” + y? +8 = 8y Solution eervnm re) aCpadyte) =-5 ‘The equation 2x +<* +y* +8 = 8yis not in the form that easily allows us to read the center and radius. Therefore, we need to bring it to that form. We will reduce one side to zexo, and, (99) Grae) (54 DG +9) complete the square (twice) to obtain the standard form: i agree by te Weta? +y' +8= By Subtract §; +e ty —8y+8=0 av +2r+1—-1+y'— 8y + 16-16 +8=0 a’ 42r4+1-1+y -8y 416-1648 (2? + 2x +1) +(y* —8y +16) —1-16 + (w@+lf +(y-4P -9=0 (e+1) +(y—4" =9 ily tell that this circle is centered at (~1,4) and has radius 3 Now we ean RELATED PROBLEM 8 State the center and radius of the circle: 2° +102 + y' — 6y+9=0 }) Radius = 5 Answer Center = (~5,3EXERCISES EXERCISES 3.1 > In Bxercises 1-7, (a) plot the points, (b) find the distance between the points, and (c) find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points. 1. (2.4),(3,6) 2.(-1,2).(-5,-6) 3. (-3,0), (0.4) > 8. Use the Distance Formula to show that the points (2,1),(4,0),(5,7) are vertices of a right triangle, > 9. Use the Distance Formula to show that the points (0,1),(3,7),(4,4),(1,—2) are vertices of a Parallelogram. ) 10. Find ksuch that the distance between the points (1,2),(k,3) is 8. ) In Exercises 11-21, write the standard equation of the circle with: 11. Center at (0,0), radius 7 12. Center at (—8,2), radius 5 13. Center at (4,5), radius 2 14. Center at (-1,3), radius 4 15. Center at (2,5), diameter 6 16. Center at (0,0), diameter 10 17. Center at (1,8), diameter 8 18. Center at (1,3), passes through (8,3) 19. Center at (2,2), passes through (2,2) 92EXERCISES. ) In Exercises 22 22. 2 +y° + 6r—dy +23= 35 23. 2 $y’ +2r+ dy =20 24, x +? — 22 — by = 26 25. 2 $y + dy =12 26. 2 +4? —4r—10y-4=16 8: 4 28. 2? +y' +60 + 8y = 39 18, write the standard equation, the center, and radius for each circle: 27 a ty any t ) In Exercises 29-31, Sketch the graph of y 29. y= 30-2 30. y=1-22 BL yaa 42 JIn this section, we will study lines and their equations. The slope of a nonvertical line represents the number of units the line rises or falls vertically for each unit of horizontal change from left to right. SLOPE OF A LINE Slope of a tine passes through two distinet points 4 ey Rie Ans) eh a Runes vwhere 2, #2, 7 . Figure 3.2.1 EXAMPLE 3.2.1 Find the slope of each line with pair of points: oe 1. (21),(35) 2. (-2.3),(2-3) 3 SUNARE Solution RELATED PROBLEM 1. Find the slope of each line with pair of points: 1. (3.2).(68) 2. (-3,-3),(-4,-6) Answers Lo m=2 2m in oes If we know the slope of a line and we also know the coordinates of one point on the line, we can find an equation for the line. 94eden KY) coueren3 GRapas POINT-SLOPE FORM An equation of the line with slope m that passes through (7,,y,) is: yr =me-a) fa ian 2 called the point-slope form [SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM ‘An equation of the line with slope m_and yintercept 6 is = yomrtb called the slope-intercept form : (b=9] poet 7 EXAMPLE 3.2.2. Write an equation forthe tine with slope m= [ and intercept (0,2). lo~2 Solution gem opehien Since the slope and the intercept was given, we immediately have that m= and 9 =2 in 1 the equation y= me +b, Thus, the equation is y= 5a +2 RELATED PROBLEM 2 Write an equation for the line with slope 3 and yintercept (0,—4). Answer y= 3r—4 yeaee& yemith = EXAMPLE 3.2.3. Find an equation for the Hine that has slop“F ahd passes through the point Write the answer in slope. atercept form, Yiy sa c-t) — Solution ye Beh KAD =? Yds SHAE We write the point-slope form: Syetenttl y—y=m(z—2,) > y-3=4(2—(-2)) + y-3 = 4(0 +2) Now, we rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form: wu dr +8 y=40+11 RELATED PROBLEM 3 Find an equation for the line that has slope “o and passes through the point (4,5). Write the answer in slope-intercept form. 4-4, zwOL=2) Answer y=—2r +6 Saas yaro2(x-4) The standard form of a line is simply a special way of writing the equation of a line. You are “d=, yar already familiar with the slope-intercept form of a line, y= mx +b. The standard form is just another way to write this equation, and is defined as: Ar + By = STANDATD FORM ‘The equation of a line in standard form is defined as: | Ar + By = C | where A, B, and Care real numbers, and A, B are not both zero. 95SECTION 3.2 LINES IN THE PLANE 4, EXAMPLE 3.2.4 Find an equation for the line that passes through the points 0.3.83) Write the answer in standard form. Solution y-y, =m(z-x) y-3=2(2-1) Now, we rewrite the equation in standard form: y-3=2-2 ety BELATFOx PROBLEM 4 Find an equation for the line that passes through the points (-1,72),(2 5). write the answer in standard form. = : ES EXAMPLE 3.2.5 Find the slope of the line 4z ~2y = 6 Solution We have to first transform the equation into the slope-intercept form by solving for yin Answer 2+ terms of x mg of 2 tn -2§ dey ANDAR Eh i WS bay dc =2y+6 — Subtract6 LY = 41-6 dr -6 = 2y Divide by 2 (also, swap the two sides) fad ora Bees ee bel ye won Se eae y=ep-3 So, we have the equation y=2r—3. This equation is in the slope-intercept form, so the slope is the coefficient of « , Thus m=2 — ott RELATED PROBLEM 5. Find the slope of the line 8 — 2 = 5 oe Answer m=4 EOS PARALLED)AND PERPENDICULAR LINES wk th slopes m, and m, , respectively, then: Given two nonvertical line , and L, U\|L, ifand only if m,=m, (4, parallel to L,) 1, 1 L, if and only if mm, =—1 (L, perpendicular to £,) ed Je an equation for the line that passes through the point (2—~Afand is EXAMPLE 3.2.6 Ws paralld) to the line L:3x—2y =5 Write the final answer in the slope-intercept form. ee heat 96CHAPTER 3 GRAPHS Solution Let us find the slope of this other, parallel line. We transforming the equation given to slope- intercept form and find the slope: 5 23 Br—2y=5 > Qy=3e-5 sy If our line is to be parallel to this line, its slope must be the same. Now we can simply apply the point-slope form with m= and (x. =(2.~4) y=, =m(e-2,) (e—2) 3 y+4=5(r-2) -- Now, we rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form: RELATED PROBLEM 6 Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (—1,3) and is parallel to the line L:2y—8x=4 .Write the final answer in the slope-intercept form, Answer y = 4a+7 EXAMPLE 3.2.7 Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (~2,~3)and is perpendicular to the line L:2r+4y=6 .Write the final answer in the slope-intercept form. Solution Let us find the slope of this other, perpendicular line, We transforming the equation given to slope-intercept form and find the slope: aaa synth eae Since the line we're looking for is perpendicular to L:2r +4y=6, the product of their We+dy=6 > dy=-22+6 + y slopes is —1. Thus, the slope of our Now we can simply apply the point-slope form with m=2 and (z,,y,) =(—2,-3) yoy =m(r—2) y--3=2(z-(-2)) y+3=2(r+2) 97JON 3.2. LINES IN THE PLANE Now, we rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form: y+3=9(e+2) yt Qa+4 ’ Qed RELATED PROBLEM 7 Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (3,—4) and is perpendicular to the line Z: 9y~32= . Write the final answer in the slope-intereept form. Answer y=—3r+5 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES If a line is horizontal, its slope is m= 0, so its equation is y=b, where b is the y- intercept. A vertical line does not have a slope, but we can write its equation as © =a, where a | __i8 the eintereept, becanse the menordinate of every point on the line is a. EXAMPLE 3.2.8 1. An equation for the vertical line through (3,5) is ¢=3 2 jars 2. An equation for the horizontal line through (3-2) is y=—2 Figure 3.2.2 RELATED PROBLEM 8 1. Find an equation for the vertical line through (—3,4) 2. Find an equation for the horizontal line through (5,2) Answers 98EXERCISES 3.2 > In Exercises 1-4, find the slope of each line with pair of points: 1. (23),(47) 2. (-1,3),(-4, 3. (-5:8),(3.8) a(- 9,-4),(1.) 3) > 5. Write an equation for the line with slope m =—3 and yintercept (0,—5) > 6 Write an equation for the line with slope m =} and yintercept (0,6). > 7. Find an equation for the iine that has slope 3and passes through the point (1-3). Write the answer in slope-intercept form. > 8 Find an equation for the line that has slope —5 and passes through the point (-5.5) Write the answer in slope-intercept form, 29 Find an equation for the line that passes through the points (—4,3),(4,19). Write the answer in slope-intercept form, 210. Find an equation for the line that passes through the points (—5,9), (7.9). Write the answer in slope-intercept form. > In Exercises 11-16, find the slope of the Tine: UL 12 + 6y = 12, r—3y=2 1B. 2 —5y =8 14, %(r~3)+4—-2y=5 15, The line parallel to 3y ~ 62 = 5 7 1 16. The line perpendicular to y=—Lr+1 > 17, Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (—6,8) and is parallel to the line L:3r—y=9 .Write the final answer in the slopo-intercept form, ) 18. Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (3,0)and is parallel to the line L:2—2y =5 Write the final answer in the standard form,XERCISES, } 19. Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (—4,—4)and is perpendicular to the line L: 5y—2=8 Write the final answer in the slope-intercept form. ) 20. Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (3,—7]and is perpendicular to the line L:y—3e =2. Write the final answer in the in the standard form, 100