UNIT I SALESMANSHIP

Class- XI

Unit Code UNIT TITLE: Salesmanship

Location: Duration: Marks: 12
Class Learning Outcome Knowledge Evaluation Performance Teaching &
Room Evaluation Training
Method
Session 1: Introduction to Personal Selling

1. Describe the meaning 1. Define and 1. Identify a Interactive

and importance of understand the company Lecture:
personal selling meaning of having Discussing the
personal selling different concept of
2. Understand the product lines. personal
nature of personal Identify mass selling
selling in the communication
current scenario and personal Activity: Take
3. Identify the communication a company of
importance of adopted. your choice
personal selling. and understand
2. Specify its complete
scope of communication
personal selling mix and
analyse effect
of mass
communication
and personal
communication
(personal
selling)
activities
adopted.
Session 2: Approaches to Personal Selling

1. Comprehend the 1. Describe the 1. Identify set Interactive

functions and various functions of retailers that Lecture:

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 approaches to selling of sales sell just Discussing the
2. Classify the products and concept of
approaches to another set of marketing
personal selling retailers that
sell services Activity:
Enlist and visit
2. Identify the 5 retailers in
approach for your vicinity
selling that sell
products and products only
services and another 5
that sell
services only.
Identify the
approach
applicable in
each case.
Session 3: Salesmanship

1. Introduction to 1. Comprehend the 1. Identify 1. Interactive

Salesmanship meaning of amongst the Lecture:
salesmanship sales persons Discussing the
2. Understand the mentioned concept of
importance and which type of salesmanship
utility of salespersons 2. Identify
salesmanship have you which type of
3. Identify the role interacted and salespersons
of selling function in which have you
business setting interacted and
in which
business
settings
Session 4: Qualities of a Salesperson

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 1. Qualities of 1. List the qualities 1. Identify Interactive
effective of effective different Lecture:
Salesperson salesperson qualities of Discussing the
2. Describe the sales person qualities of
essential qualities sales person
of effective
salesperson Activity:
Enlist the
qualities of
saleperson that
have helped
you in making
a purchase
decision

UNIT TITLE: Introduction of Selling

Learning Objectives

After reading this unit, students will be able to:

 Describe the meaning and Nature of Personal selling

 Understand the need and importance of Personal selling
 Comprehend the functions and approaches to selling
 Approaches of Selling
 Introduction to Salesmanship
 Characteristics and Qualities of effective Salesperson

INTRODUCTION

Change is law of nature and business environment in which organisations are existing today
keeps on changing. Every business as a part of turbulent business environment not only has to

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keep profit motive in mind but also has to reduce the cost of doing business. The cost of
doing business reduces if effective selling efforts are put across by salesmen through
salesmanship along with good product. A transition from production to service driven
organization can only take place by making people driven organization. What is desired today
is an organization of people (employees) and driven by people (customers).

For Example: Think of a shop opened in a neighborhood, the window display was so attractive that
pulled you inside the shop, the products were also arranged in proper order. But there was nobody
to sell and guide you. When there was nobody to handle a customer like you? How would you feel?
Obviously the impression that you carried from the window display and attractive display of
products couldn’t get converted to sales in absence of a sales person.

For Example: Think of another situation where you are travelling and felt like eating something; saw
a bright logo in red and yellow from a distance, you stopped for eating out there. The moment you
reached the food outlet you found it was deserted; there was nobody to greet you at the entrance.
But you ignored and moved inside but after going inside too there was nobody. What came to your
mind? The impression you carried and decision you made to go to the restaurant all tend to change
as there was nobody to serve you and even no customer. How good the ambience might be but
product/ service would only be sold if there is somebody to serve.

These situations illustrate that a product and ambience can’t sell all by itself. Thus the focus
of business must be towards customers and people to serve them and not merely products. If
a firm wants to earn desired profit, it has to make desired sales and missing on every sales
opportunity has a cost involved in it. As companies adopt marketing orientation, the role of
sales person and salesmanship becomes more important. For a market oriented firm the focus
should be to be customer centric and establish its organization structure around customers,
gone are the days when being product focused above used to give business a success. Selling
is an art and a business can only succeed if it does it well.

Nowadays a business focusing on mere selling products and earning profits is ought to be
following marketing myopia (shortsightedness strategy). Any business that is merely
concentrating on products and profits can never be a long sighted strategy follower as these
days if your business believes “customer is king," the next most important person in the
kingdom must be the one who interacts with the king (customer) and understands
requirement of customer. Obviously that person is none other than the salesman. The sales
men job doesn’t end by just understanding the need of customer, satisfying the need but

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building a long term relationship is desired by lot of customers. Thus personal selling
involves a professional sales person who is a good listener and is oriented in building a long
term relationship with the customer. Personal Selling is a personal communication, through
the exercise of salesmanship, with the prospective customers where engaging customer is
essential. The cartoon Figure 1.1 represents the concept of engaging the client in humorous
form.

Figure 1.1: Engagement in Personal Selling

Session 1: Meaning and Definition of Personal Selling

Personal selling refers to the use of speech and personal conviction to bring about some
action on the part of another. Salesperson is a man who actually performs the personal
selling.

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Personal selling is a means of implementing marketing programmes. It is concerned with
'persuasive communication'. A salesperson in personal selling tries to persuade the prospect
so that he can take a decision to buy a product. It is a major factor in creating sales volume. It
is a direct presentation of a product to a prospective customer by a salesman. It takes place
face to face or over the telephone. It may be directed to a middleman or a final consumer.

A few definitions of personal selling are quoted below:

According to William Stanton and Walker, "Personal selling is the personal communication
of information to persuade somebody to buy something."
In the words of Philip Kotler, "Personal selling is a face-to-face interaction with one or more
prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations answering questions, and
procuring orders."
In the words of Robinson and Stidsen, "Personal selling may be defined as interpersonal face-
to-face interaction for the purpose of creating, exploiting or maintaining a mutually beneficial
exchange relationship with others."
According to Mahoney and Slone, "Personal selling is the personal communication between a
salesperson and a potential customer or group of customers."
In the words of Richard Buskirk, "Personal selling consists of contacting prospective buyers
of product personally."

Marketing programmes are designed around four elements of the marketing mix: (a) products
to be sold, (b) pricing, (c) promotion, (d) place. While promotion component includes
advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion there is relationship
between personal selling and other elements of marketing mix. A right product with right
price & right place needs personal selling efforts to sell. It should be noted that advertising
and sales promotion are impersonal communications, whereas salespeople (in personal
selling) talk directly to customers.
.Thus, personal selling involves two-way communication with prospects that allows the sales
message to be adapted to the special needs of the customer. Personal selling when combined
with other element of promotion mix can give excellent results. Personal selling is an
extremely effective but expensive form of promotion. In the promotion mix of an
organization, personal selling plays a dominant role. As sales is the life line of a business.
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The ultimate object of all produced in factory is achieved through sale; and without sales, no
business would survive. An important element of the marketing mix of a business firm is
promotion. The function of promotion is concerned with the establishment of contact and
communication with the object of creating ‘customers’. But personal selling further enhances
that to relationship building with customer.

Activity 1

Identify a product you are in need of. Identify the brand you want to purchase. Go to
the retail outlet of the brand and tell your need to the salesman see how he interacts
with you and do you have more information or does he? Find out if he can change your
decision of buying the brand. State the reasons if changes made in decision making.

Nature of Personal Selling

Let's look at some aspects of personal selling to understand its nature:

1. Part of Promotional Mix: Every marketing oriented comapany has a marketing plan. -Personal
selling is a part of the promotion mix of the company's marketing program. The major elements
in the promotion mix of a company are advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, public
relations and personal selling efforts. Personal selling when combined with other elements of
Promotion mix makes it effective tool.

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 Figure 1.2: Combination of personal selling with promotion mix

2. Understanding Needs: Personal selling is purely need based and understanding needs is
most important thing for initiating the sales process. Personal selling involves an
interactive relationship between two or more persons. The seller observes the needs of
the customer and makes immediate adjustments.
3. Two Way Communication: Personal selling is direct contact between seller and
customer. It is the personal communication of information between the seller and
customer. Salesman first makes the customer speak about his or her problem and
identifies the need and offers various alternatives to meet the need, he also provides
information about each. Now the ball comes in customer’s court of decision making and
he can choose the right product/service from the choices offered to him. It is face to face
communication which is in contrast to the mass impersonal communication of
advertising, sales promotion, and other promotional tools.
4. Persuasive: Personal selling is usually focused on prospective customers. The seller first
considers It is the art of persuasion by considering the needs, desires and buying
problems of the customers and then performs the art of persuasion. It is the art of
winning customers confidence. A salesperson in personal selling tries to persuade the
prospect so that he can take a decision to acquire the product which the salesperson is
talking about.
5. Demand Creator: Salesman is known for persuading the customer and creating demand
for a product or service. Salesmen in person talks to the customers about the product and

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 benefits associated with the product. He induces that immediate buying action and the
demand for product is generated. He creates an urge to buy the product.
6. Flexible Approach: Personal selling is more flexible than other tools of promotional
mix. Salespeople can tailor their presentations to fit the needs and behavior of individual
customers. Salespeople can see their customer's reaction to a particular sales approach
and make adjustments in different situations. Sales talks and presentation can be adjusted
according to situation to suit individual nature, motives, and problems.

7. Relationship building: It’s a misconception that selling is one time sales. Actually
personal selling is not just to sell a product once rather it is establishing a relationship
with the customer. It keeps customer's best interests at heart. It maintains long-run
relationships. It makes the buyer feel that he is listened to, and his needs are considered.

8. Educating Customers: Salesman through personal selling generates sales volume, by

educating the customer. He brings human element into marketing transactions and
increases the customer's confidence in the company by educating them. The customer is
educated about product features, quality, how to use and handle the product etc.

9. Broader Concept: Personal selling is a broader concept than salesmanship. According

to Cundiff and Still, Personal selling, along with other marketing elements, is a means
for implementing marketing programs. Salesmanship is one aspect of personal selling it
is never all of it. Personal selling makes use of salesmanship techniques.

10. Service Element: Personal selling is not getting rid of a thing or cheating the customers
for short term goal. Rather it is necessarily an act of assisting the customers to buy
wisely. Today, it has become a symbol for honesty and dependability. A product is
tangible component when attached to intangible component of service adds value and
helps in personal selling.

Need and Importance of Personal Selling

In today’s highly competitive world, personal selling has an important role to play.
Few products like home appliances, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and publications,
etc., are not possible to sell without the help of sales person. Personal selling though
being expensive form of promotion helps in generating huge sales. Many companies
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 enjoy a strong position in market only due to effective personal selling. Salesman can
personally attend each customer to convince as well to solve problems. Personal
selling in not only important to sell the products, but also to create permanent
customers. Salesman can renew customer relations each time. People have more faith
on salesman than exaggerated advertisement. In many companies, personal selling is
the largest single operating expense. It often equals 8 to 15 percent of sales, whereas
advertising costs average 1 to 3 percent of sales. This shows the importance of
personal selling element. Personal selling offers triple rewards. It benefits all parties,
including businessman, customer, and society.

Importance to Businessmen: It is helpful to businessmen as follows:

 Creates Demand: With increasing competition, the companies believe in personal

selling as an important tool to push the product in the market. A salesman helps in
creating demand of the product by describing its functions and demonstrating the
product. A good salesman not only has knowledge of its own brand but also
knowledge of competitors in the market. They act as suggestion holders, create
demand and generate sales.
 Minimizes Wastage of Efforts: As advertising is a mass promotional and
communication tool, things are exaggerated through advertising on the other hand
efforts may even go waste. Personal selling involves minimum wastage of efforts as
compared to other tools of promotion. It is directly interacting with the prospect and
saves time which leads to minimizing time and resources.
 Role in Introduction Stage: A salesman describes the merits of a product and
persuades the customer to purchase it. Salesman helps in introducing a new product
in the market. When we are suffering from a disease, whom do we tend to visit?
Obviously it’s the doctor. The doctor prescribes a medicine. Have you ever thought
of how come the doctor comes to know about new medicines? It is through the
salesmen of pharmaceutical company who approach the doctor. These salesmen are
called medical representatives by personal selling explain the salt in the medicine
convince the doctors to prescription of medicines.
 It Results In Actual Sale: Advertising and sales promotion techniques can only
attract attention and arouse desire. By themselves they cannot create actual sale.

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 Personal selling in most cases leads to actual sale. A salesman can find prospective
buyers, demonstrate the product, explain its operation, and convince customers to buy
it, install it at the customer's place and provide after-sale service. No other method of
promotion can perform all these functions. Therefore, personal selling does the entire
job of selling. Personal Selling is a complete promotional technique of keeping
customers satisfied
 Catch Customer’s Attention: Personal selling is a tool in which the level of
customer attention and interest can easily be assessed. The magic phrase of ‘May I
help you’ does wonder and is the way to make customers speak about their needs.
Thereafter, the presentation by the salesmen can be modified as per the need of the
customer.
 Clear picture of the Market: Sale persons not only provide information to the
customer about the product and the company rather personal selling is a mirror of
market as it gives clear picture of the market back to the company. It supplies market
information’s back to the firm. It keeps eye on market nerve, fashion trends and
consumer profile. It regularly assesses the competitive forces of the market.
 Improving Image: Salesmanship can improve image of the company by
highlighting company’s achievements and offers. The detailed explanation about
company and its products removes all doubts and misunderstandings. It helps in
restoring company image and reputation in market.
 Increase in Profitable Sales: The goal of marketing activities is to increase
profitable sales by satisfying the want of consumers over the long run. Personal
selling is by far the major promotional method used to realize this goal. The number
of people employed in personal selling are much more than advertising.

Importance to Customers: It is important to customers as follow:

 Helps in Identifying Needs: Customer being the king, identifying their needs and
and satisfying them products and services.
 Convincing and Creating Customers: Salespersons identify the customers who are
interested in the company products. They transform prospects into buyers by
understanding their needs. Personal selling provides personal touch and can lead to
‘repeat purchases ' to the company.

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 Detail Demonstration: Personal selling is the only technique through which detail
demonstration of product takes place, which generates sales. For Example: Think of a
situation when you go out for buying fragrance, the sales person demonstrates the
fragrance on a paper strip and you choose the brand. Television and internet these
days also demonstrates products but touch and feel factor is missing. For technical
products, demonstration method has more relevance.

 It Educates Customers: Salesmanship is not merely a tool of convincing and

persuading people to buy. Rather a salesman not only provides information but also
educates and guides the customers. He handles their complaints and assists them in
getting value for their money. He has complete information about the product and can
clear their doubts on the spot.
 Salesmanship Supports Advertising: An advertisement can attract the customer
but the customer might have lots of doubts about the product that remain unanswered.
There might be need for explaining the quality uses and price of the product.
Salesmen can answer unanswered doubts and can make a prospective customer to buy
a product. In this way personal selling supports advertising. Salesmen educates the
consumers about new products and about new uses of existing products.

 Personal Attention and Immediate Feedback:

Advertising and publicity are among mass communication tools. They do not focus on
individual needs and wants. Personal selling is the only tool of promotion mix that
focuses on personal problems of customers. It is comparatively more effective and
result-oriented. This is the only market promotion technique that provides an
immediate feedback. This is the only technique that helps in judging the customer and
actually telling whether customer intended to buy the product or service.

Importance to Society: It is also important to society as follow:

 Assist the society: Salesmen is one of the help to increase aggregate sales and
production in the country thereby increasing employment opportunities. They help to
maintain equilibrium between demand and supply.
 Converts Latent Demand: Personal selling helps in converting latent demand into
effective demand. Latent demand is the desire for a product that a consumer is unable
to satisfy because he is himself is unable to point it out. At times the customer doesn’t
realize what is missing until pointed out. This results in more production, and hence
leads to increase in GDP of the country.

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  Employment Opportunities: It provides opportunity of employment and ensures
attractive career in sales. There are numerous positions from 10th, 12 th pass to post
graduates are required. There is no dearth of respect, variety, and security etc.
 Mobility of Sales People: Travel and tourism in the country get promoted by the
mobility of the people from one place to another.
 Product Standardization: Personal selling ensures uniformity in consumption by
selling standardized products.

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT 1

Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. _________________________________is a personal communication, through the

exercise of salesmanship, with the prospective customers.
2. Personal selling starts with understanding _________________________of
prospects/customers.
3. Personal selling is focused on______________________________
4. Personal selling is the most _______________________as it builds up buyers'
preference, conviction, and action at much lesser cost than mass communication.
5. Personal selling provides '_________________________to the company buy building
relationship with the customer.
6. Stanton writes, "Salesmen___________________ prospective customers, expedite
orders, coordinate deliveries, set-up displays, service their accounts, gather market
information’s, and have to solve customers’ problems.
7. Today's salesman performs _________________________of sales roles.
8. Personal selling offers triple rewards by benefiting not only customer but also
_______________and __________________.

9. Personal selling is the only technique that ____________the product and generates
sales

10. Salesmen help to increase aggregate sales and production in the country thereby
increasing _________________________ opportunities.

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 [Ans: 1.Personal Selling 2. Needs 3. Prospective Customers 4. Cost-effective tool 5.
Repeat purchases 6. Persuade 7. Wide variety 8. Businessman, and society 9.
Demonstrates 10. Employment]

Session 2: Approaches to Personal Selling

Marketing of products to customers, companies use different approaches, depending on the
nature of product or services, resources of the organization, expertise or others. Initially there
were four approaches:
1. Stimulus Response Selling Approach
2. Mental State Approach
3. Need Satisfaction Approach
4. Problem Solving Approach
5. Consultative Selling Approach

Approach 1: Stimulus Response Selling

Fig: 1.3 Stimulus Response Selling

Of the five approaches of selling, it is the simplest approach to selling. Salesman uses
structured questions and statements, these statements act as stimuli for the customer and sales
person get the desired response in their favour. Words and statements of sales person provide
a stimulus if they are well planned to convert prospect to a customer. A salesperson plans in

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advance the the desired conversation. He prepares structured questions whose answer is most
likely to be in ; YES’ leading towards the end of the sale in ‘YES’. Proper sales training by
the company is given. In case of telemarketing, in which one script is being memorized and
then repeated on every call till the sale call is closed. The Fig.1.3, the sales person makes
regular attempts to customers by providing stimuli or cues which help in influencing the
buyer. Once the buyer is conditioned, the salesperson tries to secure a positive response
leading to purchase decision made by buyer. This approach involves less contribution of the
buyer, its one sided conversation in favor of sales person, who has the aim to sell at any cost.
So it’s suitable in the situations when buyer is unprofessional and has less knowledge.

Approach 2: Mental State Selling

Figure 1.4: AIDA Model

Mental state selling makes an assumption that buying process for majority of buyers is
identical and they go through certain mental states and these mental states i.e. Attention,
interest, Desire, and Action, makes AIDA model that is formed by the first letters of
Attention (A), interest(I), Desire(D), and Action(A). It is used by many organisations. It is
described below:

(a) Attention: The first task in a sales presentation is to attract the prospect's attention
and to create curiosity. Some creativity is required to attract attention. Salesmen may suggest
the product benefits by making some startling statements for catching attention.

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(b) Interest The salesman needs to hold the interest and stimulate a desire for the product.
For this purpose a product demonstration can be used to create interest in product.

(c) Desire: The third state is to create desire for the product or service. The salesmen must
be trained in such a way that he is already prepared with the anticipated questions that the
prospect can raise. It also consists of meeting customer's objections. Handling objections is
an art that the salesmen must smartly perform.
(d) Action: Desired action will generate sales. During trial close all objections of customers
are handled and customer just needs to perform an action of buying to close sales. William
Stanton and others write, "The toughest objections to answer are those that are unspoken. A
salesperson must uncover the real objections before being able to close a sale.
For Example: Selling a water purifier is not easy and it can be sold by securing attention of
customer by telling about RO water purifier and its quality to purify. The customer gains
interest if the salesman engages him by showing flipcharts, presentations and brochures and
also focusing on purity and health of the family members. The desire can be generated by
making them use the RO water purifier for their use and a glass of water can be served
(demonstrate). Further desire is generated by giving EMI option for payment and consumer
makes a purchase decision due to its effectiveness in providing pure water which is germ free
too.

Approach 3: Need Satisfaction Selling

Figure 1.5: Need Satisfaction Selling Model

In this approach, understanding the need of a customer is essential as a customer buys a

particular product to satisfy a particular set of needs. Sales person first listens to customer and
makes an initial part of conversation to uncover the needs of buyer. Here the role is to probe
the customer to understand completely the set of needs of customer. When need is identified
then sales person tells about his product/services and how can they benefit customers and tell

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the entire features. Then sale is closed. The customers normally like this method as they are
being heard.

For Example: Set top box providers like Tata Sky, Sun Direct etc. follow need satisfaction
selling. They have different packages so as to meet the needs of different types of customers.
They also have special packages where the customer can choose the channels he or she wants
based on their interest and that particular package will be provided to the customer. This is
where the need satisfaction selling comes into picture.

Approach 4: Problem Solving Selling

Figure 1.6: Problem Solving Selling

Problem-solving selling is an extension of need satisfaction selling. It goes beyond

identifying needs to developing alternative solution for satisfying these needs. In this
approach problem is already identified by the customer, the customer clearly needs to state to
the salesperson. Salesperson understands the need of the customers. Then the salesperson
presents all the alternatives available and that too of competitors to solve the problem. The
salesperson also explains his own company’s product or service, this is followed by customer
evaluating amongst the alternatives carefully; making comparisons and finally making
purchase decision.

For Example: Insurance is a intangible product whose benefits come in future. The role of
salesperson is very important where a through interaction with customer the need of the
product and its use in future can be explained.

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Approach 5: Consultative Selling

Figure 1.7: Consultative Selling

In this approach both buyer and seller work in collaboration. Sales person by understanding
customers’ needs and works in the direction of addressing those needs. Sales person works in
collaboration with customers to achieve those goals. It involves two way interaction. Sales
person sincerely tries to overcome the objections of buyer and use all his resources. It may
take several days for closing sales. It believes in long term relationship building by providing
best of after sales services so that the customer feels satisfied and retains the brand.

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT 2

1. AIDA stands for attention, ________, desire and _________.

a) interest; action
b) intensity; appeal
c) involvement; action
d) None of above
2. The role of marketing communications is to engage audiences and there are four main
tasks that it can be used to complete. Which of the following is not part of the four
main tasks?
a) Differentiate
b) Participate.
c) Reinforce.
d) Inform.
3. Which is not the part of Consultative selling?

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a) close the sales
b) address the customer’s needs
c) create customer centric approach
d) don’t maintain customer relationship
4. In need satisfaction selling approach, sales person first ______________ to customer
and makes an initial part of conversation to uncover the needs of customer
a) Talks
b) Visits
c) Listens
d) All of above
5. Which is the approach customer clearly states its needs to salesperson. Then the
salesperson presents all the alternatives available.
a) stimulus response
b) mental states,
c) need satisfaction
d) problem solving
6. Mental state selling is also known as ____________________.
a) AIDA model
b) Transition selling
c) Relationship selling
d) None of above
7. Trust based relationship selling approaches are
a) Need satisfaction
b) Problem solving
c) Consultative selling
d) All of the above
8. ___________________ is one time selling with the purpose of generating sales with
low profit potential.
a) Transition selling
b) Relationship selling
c) Value added selling
d) None of above
9. Consultative selling starts by understanding needs and address the need and ends with

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 a) Selling
b) Closing sales
c) Establishing relationship with customer
d) None of above
10. AIDA stands for
a) Attention
b) Interest
c) Desire
d) Action
e) All of above

[Ans: 1. a, 2. b, 3. 4. c, 5. d, 6. a, 7. d, 8. a.9. c. 10. E

Session 3: Introduction to Salemanship

“The personal selling” and “salesmanship” are often used interchangeably, but there is an
important difference. Personal selling is the broader concept. Salesmanship is another

important part of personal selling. Along with other key marketing elements, such as pricing,

advertising, product development and research, marketing channels and physical distribution,
the personal selling is a means through which marketing programmes are implemented.

Salesmanship is one of the skills used in personal selling, as defined by Stroh, “it is a
direct, face-to-face, seller-to-buyer influence which can communicate the facts necessary
for marketing a buying decision; or it can utilize the psychology of persuasion to
encourage the formation of a buying decision”

The broad purpose of marketing is to bring a firm’s products into contact with markets and to
effect profitable exchanges of products for money. The purpose of personal selling is to bring
the right products into contact with the right customers, and make ownership transfer.

Salesmanship is seller-initiated effort that provides prospective buyers with information and

motivates or persuades them to make favourable buying decisions concerning the seller’s

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products or service. The salesman of today has to react and interact in any different ways to
many different people.

Apart from the knowledge of the product, a salesperson has to be a psychologist with one

prospect, a human computer with another, an adviser with another, and at the same time a
friend with some buyers. Salespersons must adjust their personalities on every call.

Salesmanship may be implemented not only through personal selling but through advertising.
Thus, advertising has been described as “salesmanship in print.”

Salesmanship is the art of influencing or persuading people to do what sales representative

wants them to do. For instance, contractors, teachers, ministers, authors, politicians, industrial

engineers etc., practice the art of influencing others to do what they want them to do. Every

man is a salesman in his own walks of life.

Selling Function

Buying and selling functions are two sides of the same coin; one cannot exist without the
other. Thus, for every purchase made, there is a corresponding sale and vice-versa. These
two marketing functions of purchase and sales have been commonly described as
functions of exchange. It is more than an economic activity. Every time a product is
offered for sale in the market and a service is made available by salesperson to add benefit
to the product for the consumers. The product is able to fill in a need or a want; in return
the seller is able to serve his own self-interest by leading more sales and more profits for
him.
A seller cannot generate sales without different salesperson performing their roles at
different stages of consumer buying process. Various selling functions performed are:

1. Order Takers: Sales person who mainly seek repeat sales. They book customer orders
and pass on the information to relevant people in the company. They are expected to be
accurate. They are also expected to have information about when the order has been
booked and when will it be delivered to customers. They have to track the delivery date of
product and should be able to assist customer for the same. Order takers are of two type’s
i.e. Inside order taker and field order taker.
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a) Inside Order Taker: They are a part of sales office and receive sales order from
different sources like phone, mail and internet. Sales persons in retail stores are also inside
order takers.
b) Field order Taker: When a customer is not interacting in the retail store, rather the order
is placed when the salesperson has met you outside or in the field and taken order is field
order taker. The buyer relies and becomes dependent on field order taker to place orders
periodically.

2. Order Creators: The prime objective of order creator is to convince customers to buy the
company’s products. The salesperson needs to understand customer’s requirements and
convince him that his company’s products serve his requirements best.

a) Missionary Salespeople: They are employed by manufacturers to sell their product to

retailers. Once the retailers are convinced they place the orders to wholesalers which
ultimately lead to company’s sale. In some pharmaceutical and building industry, the
manufacturer hires medical representatives and architects. Medical representatives calling on
doctors cannot make a direct sale since the doctor does not buy drugs but prescribes them for
patients. Architects also act as specifies rather than buyers. In these situations, the selling task
is to educate and build goodwill for the company.

3. Order Getters: An order getter persuades a customer to make a purchase. He is a frontline

salesperson, and is in a typical selling job. He is supported by technical support staff and
merchandisers.

i. New business Salespeople: The selling tasks are to win new businesses by identifying and
selling to prospects. These salespersons should maintain good relations with current
customers who can provide leads. They should also be prepared to make a lot of cold calls
and visits.

ii. Consumer Salespeople: They sell to individual customer’s products and services such as
cars, insurance. These salespeople have to be sensitive to customers’ time and they should not
be insistent even when customers have declined to buy. Sensing that a customer does not
want the product is as important as sensing that he may want the company’s product. A
consumer salesperson should be always wary of putting off the customers by being too
persistent. Exemplary behaviour is imperative for consumer salespersons.

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iii. Technical Support Salespeople: Where a product is highly technical and the negotiations
are complex, a salesperson may be supported by product and financial specialists who can
provide the detailed technical and financial information required by customers. This may be
on-going as part of a key account team or on a temporary basis with the specialist being
called into the selling situation whenever required.

iv. Merchandisers: Merchandisers advise on product display in stores, implement sales

promotions, check stock levels and maintain contact with store managers. They provide
support to the sales function in retail and wholesale selling. Salespeople serving individual
outlets are supported by merchandisers.

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT 3

State TRUE or FALSE for the following statements:

1. Threes around which selling function revolves are: self interest, satisfaction and self
motivation. For indeed, it revolves around three S''s, namely: service, satisfaction, and
self-interest
2. Two types of salespersons are: order takers and order getters.
3. Order takers are supposed to increase the total sales by increase in sales of new
products.
4. A salesperson should gracefully back off when the customer does not seem interested
in the product.
5. Order getter is a backline salesperson, and is in a typical marketing job.
6. Order getter cannot persuade customers for making a purchase.
7. A merchandiser advice on product display in stores, implement sales promotions,
check stock levels and maintain contact with store managers.
8. Consumer salespeople sell to individual customer’s products and services and have to
be sensitive to customers’ time.
9. Order takers are expected to persuade customers to buy the company’s products or
increase their quantity of purchase
10. Order takers are replaced by the more cost efficient telemarketing teams who call
customers and book their orders.

[Ans : 1. False, 2. True, 3. True, 4. True, 5. False , 6. False, 7. True, 8. True, 9. False 10. True

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Session 4: Characteristics Of A Successful Salesman

There are a few natural skills that are of great benefit if they already exist within those that
want to be successful in sales. Without these, success will take a longer time but it can still be
achieved. If there is no desire and dedication to learning or developing these skills, then the
selling will be much more difficult and often very stressful.

1. Effective Communicator: Communication covers a lot of territory. Sales is all about

talking to people and making then understand your thoughts. At times sales people need
to speak in the local language in order to make customers understand properly.

2. Ability to Listen: A salesperson has to balance the act of talking and listening. If he
does not properly listen, how would he respond back. So a salesperson has to be a good
listener.

3. Inquisitive: Salespeople are naturally inquisitive and know that in order to isolate what
the real need or desire is in the buyer, they need to ask questions that will lead them to the
answer. They naturally ask questions because they have a desire to help solve their
problem.

4. Problem Solver: Another natural skill is the desire and ability to solve problems. Great
sales people are always solving problems. The ability to know what the buyer's problem
is and offering suggestions that will effectively solve the problem with respect to what
products or services we sell, and generally results in a sale.

5. Well Organized: Sales people have a keen ability to break things down into smaller steps
and organize a plan of action. They know how to analyze what their goal is and in what
order the steps need to be in order to reach that goal.

6. Self-Starter and Self-Finisher: A successful sales person moves forward on their own.
They never need anyone to tell them when it is time to go to work because they know that
if they do not work they will not earn. They are also very persistent to finish what they

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 start. They achieve their goals, even if they are small ones.

7. Positive Self Image: Having the attitude that they can do just about anything that they
put their mind to is usually very common among sales people. They do not cower from
meeting or talking to people or trying something new. They rarely allow negatives that
are either spoken to them or about them to effect what they are trying to accomplish
because they know who they are and what they are capable of doing.

8. Well Mannered and Courteous: Sales people are very well mannered. One may not
realize it, but good manners are a way of showing respect to others. People are attracted
to those that respect them and mutual respect is fundamental in building lasting
relationships with people, including buyers.

Qualities of a Sales Person

With particular reference to Consumer Service Selling as a career there are two basic
qualities of a good salesperson namely, empathy and persuasion. Some of other qualities of a
good salesperson are as follows:

1. Physical Quality: A salesperson should have a good appearance and an impressive

personality. He should also have a sound health he might be required to travel a lot.

2. Mental Quality: A good salesperson should possess certain mental qualities like
imagination, initiative, self confidence, sharp memory; alertness, etc. He should be able
to understand the need and preferences of the customer.

3. Integrity of Character: He should possess the qualities of honesty and integrity. He is to

gain the confidence of the customer. He should be loyal to the employer as well as to the
customer. As he is face-off of the company so he should hold a strong character.

4. Knowledge of the product and the company: He should be able to explain each and
every aspect of the product i.e. its qualities, how to use it, what precautions to be taken,
etc and the company he is representing.

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5. Good behavior: A salesman should be cooperative and courteous. Good behavior
enables one to win the confidence of the customers.

6. Ability to Persuade: A good salesperson should be good in conversation so that he can

engage the person he is attending. He should be able to convince him and create the
desire in mind to possess the commodity. Very few products of any type actually sell
themselves. They must be sold. Salespersons must have the ability to get people to agree.
There are situations when persuasiveness may vary keeping in view the consumer’s
response.

7. Flexibility: A salesperson has to be flexible in many ways. There is no fixed way of

convincing the customer, a sales person has to be flexible. A good salesperson is able to
adapt himself or herself to a variety of customers. Each contact may require adapting the
sales talk, speech habits and even appearance. The timings need to be flexible as per the
requirement of customer.
8. Ability to estimate customer’s needs and desires: He or she is alert and quickly
determines what the customer wants and the best way to sell.
9. Ambition: He or she likes to do a good job and is interested in getting ahead with the
company.
10. Appearance: Appearance means a lot today and the successful salesperson is neat and
organised. He or she presents himself or herself well in person. Also, he or she keeps his
or her desk, books and manuals neat and ready for use.
11. Business Sense: He or she understands that you are in business to make a profit and
quickly learns the ins - and - outs of the organisation.
12. Courtesy: He or she reveals a sincere desire to help customers and treats them as guests
even when he or she visits their places of business.
13. Creativeness: Imagination, vision and the ability to create ideas make a salesperson
dynamic.
14. Curiosity: He or she wants to learn all he or she can about his or her products and
customers.
15. Enthusiasm: There is nothing that can drain away a prospect’s buying interest more than
a half-dead salesperson. Dullness should be left at home. A salesperson must radiate
enthusiasm during and after the sales call.
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16. Figure Sense: He or she should have the mathematical ability to figure and fill up order
form correctly and to make the necessary reports.

17. Friendliness : A salesperson should be able to make people like him or her and he or she
must like to meet people

18. Handwriting: He or she must write legibly so that his or her paper work can be readily
understood by his or her office people and by his or her customers.

19. Health: Good health generates energy and energy is needed to sell. Poor health prevents
many salespersons from fulfilling their potentials.
23. Interest in job: He or she likes selling and working for the company. .

24. Motivation: He or she must have more than just an interest is selling. Psychologists have
found certain predominant patterns in people who have become really successful
salesperson. They live in the present and not in the future. They do want power over
others and prefer not to work under close supervision.

25. Originality: He or she is constantly searching for new ideas to be used in selling the
products and suggests better ways of doing things.

26. Persuasiveness: Very few products of any type actually sell themselves. They must be
sold. Salesperson must have the ability to get people to agree. There are situations when
persuasiveness may vary keeping in view the consumer’s response.

27. Positive: His or her maturity is reflected in his or her behavior. He or she should be
positive, confident, energetic and business like. He or she should be able to demonstrate
to the customers that he or she knows what he or she is talking about.
28. Self-control: He or she can handle difficult people and situations calmly.

29. Self-starter: They are self motivated. These salespersons work without constant
supervision and is able to make decisions on his or her own.

30. Speech: He or she can speak clearly and maturely in a natural tone. He or she can
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emphasize sales points with sincerity and friendliness

Knowledge Assessment 4
Short questions:
1. Define personal selling along with its nature?
2. What characteristics a good salesperson should possess?
3. Differentiate technical support salespeople and consumer salespeople.
4. What is the role of merchandisers in selling?
5. Explain order getters and order takers.

SUMMARY:

1. Salespeople contribute to society by acting as stimuli in the economic process and by

assisting in the diffusion of innovation.
2. The salesperson will act as a consultant to the customer in trust-based selling, whereas
transaction-based selling concentrates more on making sales calls and closing sales.

3. Personal selling is a major ingredient of promotion mix of a company. It has a big

role in implementing promotional programme.
4. Personal selling is likely to carry the bulk of the promotional load when: a) the market
is concentrated either geographically, or in a few industries, or a few large customers.
b) The product has a high unit value, is quite technical in nature, or requires a
demonstration. c) The product must be fitted to an individual customer's need; as in
the case of securities or insurance. d) The sale involves a trade-in. e) the product is in
the introductory stage of its life cycle. f) The organization does not have enough
money for an adequate advertising campaign.
5. Approaches to personal selling include stimulus response, mental states, need
satisfaction, problem solving, and the consultative approach.
Knowledge Assessment 5

Long questions:
1. Why personal selling is needed in modern era? Explain in brief along with
examples.
2. Explain the qualities require to be a successful salesperson.

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 3. Salespersons have to perform various functions in the market?
4. Explain the different approaches to personal selling.
5. How do salespeople contribute to our society? Are there negative aspects of
personal selling from a societal perspective?
6. What are the primary contributions made by salespeople to their employee’s?
7. How are need satisfaction and problem-solving selling related? How do they
differ?
8. How does the consultative selling approach differ from problem-solving and need
satisfaction selling? Explain the three key roles of consultative salespersons.
9. When do you think stimulus response selling would be most effective?

References:

1. Figure1.1:http://www.indigoandviolet.com/uploads/1/5/5/3/15536868/7944706_orig.
gif?485
2. Figure 1.2: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/18-personalselling-130310083528-
phpapp02/95/18-personal-selling-11-638.jpg?cb=
3. Figure 1.3: http://pcm.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/New-Picture-2.png
4. Figure 1.4: http://webmarketingwizardry.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aida.gif
5. Figure 1.5: http://www.mbaskool.com/2015_images/stories/jan-images/yos-
needsatissell.jpg
6. Figure 1.6: Problem solving : image.slidesharecdn.com/d9d4bc72-2786-4fe4-8655-
dee8f6478c62-150519130039-lva1-app6892/95/you-can-sell-16-
638.jpg?cb=1432040648
7. Figure1.7:http://timreview.ca/sites/default/files/TIMReview_December2012_Suomala
_et_al_2.png
8. Figure1.8:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=selling+function&biw=1366&bih=657
&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwijsKKduu_MAhUQ
T48KHfQXCfMQsAQIPg#imgrc=_yBE5CUFWjTF9M%3A

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