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Using ADC of PIC Microcontroller – MPLAB XC8

Using ADC of PIC Microcontroller – MPLAB XC8

12 Using ADC of PIC Microcontroller – MPLAB XC8

Nov By Ligo George (https://electrosome.com/author/lijoppans/)
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In this tutorial we will learn, how to use the ADC

Contents
module of a PIC Microcontroller using MPLAB XC8
compiler. For demonstration we will use the commonly 1 ADC Block Diagram
available PIC 16F877A 2 ADCON0 – A/D Control Register 0
(https://electrosome.com/microcontroller/pic-16f877a- 3 ADCON1 – A/D Control Register 1
datasheet/) microcontroller. 4 A/D Acquisition Time
5 A/D Clock Selection
Every physical quantity found in nature like temperature, 6 Circuit Diagram
humidity, pressure, force is analog. We need to convert 7 MPLAB XC8 Code
these analog quantities to digital to process it using a 8 Download Here
digital computer or a microcontroller. This is done by
using Analog to Digital Converters. An Analog to
Digital Converter or ADC is a device which converts continuous analog quantity (here :
voltage) to corresponding discrete digital values.
PIC 16F877A microcontroller has 8 ADC inputs and it will convert analog inputs to a
corresponding 10 bit digital number. For the sake of explanation take ADC Lower Reference as
0V and Higher Reference as 5V.

• Vref- = 0V
• Vref+ = 5V
• n = 10 bits
• Resolution = (Vref+ – Vref-)/(2n – 1) = 5/1023 = 0.004887V

So ADC resolution is 0.00487V, which is the minimum required voltage to change a bit. See the
examples below.

Digital Output
Analog Input
Binary Hex Decimal
0 0b0000000000 0x000 0
0.004887V 0b0000000001 0x001 1
0.009774V 0b0000000010 0x002 2
0.014661V 0b0000000011 0x003 3
4.999401V 0b1111111111 0x3FF 1023

The ADC module of PIC 16F877A has 4 registers.

• ADRESH – A/D Result High Register

• ADRESL – A/D Result Low Register
• ADCON0 – A/D Control Register 0
• ADCON1 – A/D Control Register 1
ADC Block Diagram

(https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ADC-Module-Block-Diagram-
PIC16F877A.jpg)
ADC Module Block Diagram – PIC16F877A

From this block diagram you can easily understand the working of ADC channel selection and
reference voltage selection.

ADCON0 – A/D Control Register 0

(https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ADCON0-Register-PIC-16F877A.jpg)
ADCON0 Register – PIC 16F877A

• Bit 7 ~ 6 : ADCS1 & ADCS0, A/D Conversion clock selection bits. These bits are used in
combination with ADCS2 of ADCON1 register. (See the ADC Clock Selection Table)
• Bit 5 ~ 3 : CH2, CH1 & CH0 are analog channel selection bits which will select a particular
channel out of 8.
• Bit 2 : Go_nDone is the A/D conversion status bit. Setting this bit initiates the A/D
conversion and it will be automatically cleared when the conversion completes.
• Bit 1 : Unimplemented, Read as 0.
• Bit 0 : ADON, A/D Module On bit. Setting this bit will turn on the ADC module.
ADCON1 – A/D Control Register 1

(https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ADCON1-Register-PIC-16F877A.jpg)
ADCON1 Register – PIC 16F877A

• Bit 7 : ADFM, A/D Result Format bit. Bits of result will be right justified if this bit is set
otherwise it will be left justified.
• Bit 6 : ADCS2, A/D Conversion clock selection bit. This bit is used in combination with
ADCS0 and ADCS1 of ADCON0 register. (See the ADC Clock Selection Table)
• Bit 5 ~ 4 : Unimplemented. Read as 0.
• Bit 3 ~ 0 : PCFG3 ~ PCFG0, A/D Port Configuration Bits. Status of these bits determine
whether the pin is Analog or Digital as per the table below.

(https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/PIC-ADC-Port-Configuration-Bits.jpg)
PIC ADC Port Configuration Bits

Note : Some ICs use special register ANSEL for setting each pin as analog or digital.

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A/D Acquisition Time
Holding capacitor (CHOLD) must be charged to the input voltage to meet the accuracy specified by
the datasheet. So we must provide a delay greater than the minimum required acquisition time to
charge the capacitor. 19.72μs is the minimum time specified in the datasheet. Please refer the
datasheet for more details.

A/D Clock Selection

A/D conversion clock must be selected to ensure minimum TAD. TAD is the conversion time per
bit, which is 1.6μs. Please refer the datasheet for more details.

(https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ADC-Clock-Selection-Table-PIC-
16F877A.jpg)
ADC Clock Selection Table – PIC 16F877A
Circuit Diagram

(https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Using-Internal-ADC-Module-of-PIC-
Microcontroller.jpg)
Using Internal ADC Module of PIC Microcontroller

You can easily understand the circuit if you already go through our first tutorials, PIC
Microcontroller MPLAB XC8 Tutorials (https://electrosome.com/category/tutorials/pic-
microcontroller/mplab-xc8/). The reference voltages for A/D conversion is set to VDD (5V) and
VSS (GND) in the software (see the code below). Analog input to Channel 0 is provided using a
potentiometer such that we can vary the input voltage from 0 ~ 5V. A/D conversion will generate
a 10 bit digital value (0 ~ 1023) corresponding to the analog input. This digital value is displayed
using 10 LEDs connected PORTB and PORTC of the microcontroller.
MPLAB XC8 Code
// CONFIG
#pragma config FOSC = HS // Oscillator Selection bits (HS oscillator)
#pragma config WDTE = OFF // Watchdog Timer Enable bit (WDT disabled)
#pragma config PWRTE = OFF // Power-up Timer Enable bit (PWRT disabled)
#pragma config BOREN = OFF // Brown-out Reset Enable bit (BOR disabled)
#pragma config LVP = OFF // Low-Voltage (Single-Supply) In-Circuit Serial Progra
mming Enable bit (RB3 is digital I/O, HV on MCLR must be used for programming)
#pragma config CPD = OFF // Data EEPROM Memory Code Protection bit (Data EEPROM
code protection off)
#pragma config WRT = OFF // Flash Program Memory Write Enable bits (Write protec
tion off; all program memory may be written to by EECON control)
#pragma config CP = OFF // Flash Program Memory Code Protection bit (Code prote
ction off)

#include <xc.h>
#include <pic16f877a.h>

#define _XTAL_FREQ 8000000

void ADC_Init()
{
ADCON0 = 0x81; //Turn ON ADC and Clock Selection
ADCON1 = 0x00; //All pins as Analog Input and setting Reference Volta
ges
}

unsigned int ADC_Read(unsigned char channel)

{
if(channel > 7) //Channel range is 0 ~ 7
return 0;

ADCON0 &= 0xC5; //Clearing channel selection bits

ADCON0 |= channel<<3; //Setting channel selection bits
__delay_ms(2); //Acquisition time to charge hold capacitor
GO_nDONE = 1; //Initializes A/D conversion
while(GO_nDONE); //Waiting for conversion to complete
return ((ADRESH<<8)+ADRESL); //Return result
}

void main()
{
unsigned int a;
TRISA = 0xFF; //Analog pins as Input
TRISB = 0x00; //Port B as Output
TRISC = 0x00; //Port C as Output
ADC_Init(); //Initialize ADC

do
{
a = ADC_Read(0); //Read Analog Channel 0
PORTB = a; //Write Lower bits to PORTB
PORTC = a>>8; //Write Higher 2 bits to PORTC
__delay_ms(100); //Delay
}while(1); //Infinite Loop
}
I hope that the program is self explanatory as it is well commented.

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You can download the complete zipped project folder here.

• ADC PIC – MPLAB XC8 (https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ADC-

PIC-MPLAB-XC8.zip)

I hope that you understand everything what I explained. Please do a comment if you have any
doubt, which will help me to improve this tutorial.

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DHT22
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electronics
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Embedded
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ESP8266
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google
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Hi-Tech C
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IoT
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L293D
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LED
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Microcontroller
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MikroC
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Motor
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MPLAB
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MPLAB XC8
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Op-Amp
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pcb
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PIC
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Proteus
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PWM
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Python
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Raspberry Pi
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Tutorials
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XC8
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FOLLOW US

RECENT COMMENTS

Islam Ahmad on Controlling DC

Motors using Arduino and IR
Remote
(https://electrosome.com/dc-
motors-arduino-ir-
remote/#comment-7083)

JANGMANEN AIER on Water

Level Indicator and Controller
using PIC Microcontroller
(https://electrosome.com/water-
level-indicator-controller-
pic/#comment-7082)

rod on Interfacing HC-SR04

Ultrasonic Sensor with PIC
Microcontroller
(https://electrosome.com/hc-
sr04-ultrasonic-sensor-
pic/#comment-7081)

rod on Interfacing HC-SR04

Ultrasonic Sensor with PIC
Microcontroller
(https://electrosome.com/hc-
sr04-ultrasonic-sensor-
pic/#comment-7080)

sefa melek on Interfacing LCD

with PIC Microcontroller –
MPLAB XC8
(https://electrosome.com/lcd-
pic-mplab-xc8/#comment-7078)