Math in Our World 2nd edition by Sobecki

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5 The Real Number System

Exercise Set 5-1
1. Answers vary
11. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
2. A prime number has exactly two distinct factors
12. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48
and a composite number has 3 or more distinct
factors. 13. 1, 3, 9
3. Every natural number greater than one can be 14. 1, 2, 5, 10
written as a product of one and itself, thus it has
at least two factors. 15. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 96

4. The prime factorization of a number is the 16. 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100
number written as the product of prime
numbers. Every natural number greater than 17. 1, 17
one can be factored into the product of prime
18. 1, 19
numbers; but the number one itself cannot be
factored into a product of prime numbers. 19. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
5. The greatest common factor of a list of numbers
is the largest number which divides into every
number in the list evenly (with no remainder).

6. The least common multiple of a list of numbers

I the smallest number that is a multiple of each
number in the list.

7. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

8. 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, 45, 75, 225

9. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 18, 21, 42, 63, 126

10. 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54

20. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60,
120

21. 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 21, 35, 105

22. 1, 5, 73, 365

23. 1, 2, 7, 14, 49, 98

24. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

25. 1, 71

26. 1, 47

27. The first five multiples of 3 are 3 × 1 = 3,

3 × 2 = 6, 3 × 3 = 9, 3 × 4 = 12, and 3 × 5 = 15.

28. The first five multiples of 7 are 7 × 1 = 7,

7 × 2 = 14, 7 × 3 = 21, 7 × 4 = 28, and 7 × 5 =
35.

29. The first five multiples of 10 are 10 × 1 = 10,

10 × 2 = 20, 10 × 3 = 30, 10 × 4 = 40, and
10 × 5 = 50.

30. The first five multiples of 12 are 12 × 1 = 12,

12 × 2 = 24, 12 × 3 = 36, 12 × 4 = 48, and
12 × 5 = 60.

31. The first five multiples of 15 are 15 × 1 = 15,

15 × 2 = 30, 15 × 3 = 45, 15 × 4 = 60, and
15 × 5 = 75.

32. The first five multiples of 20 are 20 × 1 = 20,

20 × 2 = 40, 20 × 3 = 60, 20 × 4 = 80, and
20 × 5 = 100.

33. The first five multiples of 17 are 17 × 1 = 17,

17 × 2 = 34, 17 × 3 = 51, 17 × 4 = 68, and
17 × 5 = 85.

34. The first five multiples of 19 are 19 × 1 = 19,

19 × 2 = 38, 19 × 3 = 57, 19 × 4 = 76, and 19 ×
5 = 95.

35. The first five multiples of 1 are 1 × 1 = 1, 1 ×

2 = 2, 1 × 3 = 3, 1 × 4 = 4, and 1 × 5 = 5.
130 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-1 The Natural Numbers 130

36. The first five multiplies of 25 are 25 × 1 = 25, 43. 50

25 × 2 = 50, 25 × 3 = 75, 25 × 4 = 100, and / \
25 × 5 = 125. 2 × 25
| | \
37. 16 2 × 5 × 5 or 2 × 5 2
/ \
2×8 44. 64
| | \ / \
2×2×4 2 × 32
| | | \ | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 or 24 2 × 2 × 16
| | | \
38. 18 2×2×2×8
/ \ | | | | \
2×9 2×2×2×2×4
| | \ | | | | | \
2 × 3 × 3 or 2 × 32 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 or 26

39. 1296 45. 128

/ \ / \
2 × 648 2 × 64
| | \ | | \
2 × 2 × 324 2 × 2 × 32
| | | \ | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 162 2 × 2 × 2 × 16
| | | | \ | | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 81 2×2×2×2×8
| | | | | \ | | | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 27 2×2×2×2×2×4
| | | | | | \ | | | | | | \
2×2×2×2×3×3×9 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 or 27
| | | | | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 or 24 × 34 46. 169
/ \
40. 1960 13 × 13 or 132
/ \
2 × 980 47. 300
| | \ / \
2 × 2 × 490 2 × 150
| | | \ | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 245 2 × 2 × 75
| | | | \ | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 49 2 × 2 × 3 × 25
| | | | | \ | | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 × 7 or 23 × 5× 7 2 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 or 22 × 3× 52

41. 17 is prime, so no prime factorization exists.

42. 19 is prime, so no prime factorization exists.

131 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-1 The Natural Numbers 131

48. 500 55. 750

/ \ / \
2 × 250 2 × 375
| | \ | | \
2 × 2 × 125 2 × 3 × 125
| | | \ | | | \
2 × 2 × 5 × 25 2 × 3 × 5 × 25
| | | | \ | | | | \
2 ×2 × 5 × 5 × 5 or 22 × 53 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 or 2 × 3× 53

49. 475 56. 825

/ \ / \
5 × 95 3 × 275
| | \ | | \
5 × 5 × 19 or 52 ×19 3 × 5 × 55
| | | \
50. 625 3 × 5 × 5 × 11 or 3× 52 ×11
/ \
5 × 125 57. Step 1 3 is prime.
| | \ 9 = 3 × 3 or 32
5 × 5 × 25
| | | \ Step 2 One factor of 3 is common to 3 and 9.
5 × 5 × 5 × 5 or 54
Step 3 The GCF is 3.
51. 448
/ \ 58. Step 1 10 = 2 × 5
7 × 64 35 = 5 × 7
| | \
Step 2 The factor of 5 is common to 10 and
7 × 2 × 32
| | | \ 35.
7 × 2 × 2 × 16 Step 3 The GCF is 5.
| | | | \
7×2×2×2×8 59. Step 1 7 is prime
| | | | | \ 10 = 2 × 5
7×2×2×2×2×4
| | | | | | \ Step 2 There are no common factors other
6 than 1.
7 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 or 7 × 2

52. 77 Step 3 The GCF is 1.

/ \
60. Step 1 6 = 2 × 3
7 × 11
11 is prime
53. 247
Step 2 There are no common factors other
/ \
than 1.
13 × 19
Step 3 The GCF is 1.
54. 56
/ \ 61. Step 1 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
2 × 28 36 = 22 × 32
| | \
2 × 2 × 14 Step 2 The factors 2 and 3 are common to 30
| | | \ and 36.
2 × 2 × 2 × 7 or 23 × 7
Step 3 The GCF is 2 × 3 = 6.
132 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-1 The Natural Numbers 132

62. Step 1 75 = 3 × 52 69. Step 1 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 or 2 2 × 3

105 = 3 × 5 × 7 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 or 2 × 32
Step 2 The factors 3 and 5 are common to 75 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
and 105. Step 2 The factors 2 and 3 are common to 12,
18, and 30.
Step 3 The GCF is 3 × 5 = 15.
Step 3 The GCF is 2 × 3 = 6
63. Step 1 105 = 3 × 5 × 7
126 = 2 × 32 × 7
70. Step 1 42 = 2 × 3 × 7 or 2 2 × 3 × 7
Step 2 The factors 3 and 7 are common to 105 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 or 22 × 3 × 5
and 126. 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 or 2 × 32

Step 3 The GCF is 3 × 7 = 21. Step 2 The factors 2 and 3 are common to 42,
60, and 18.
64. Step 1 210 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
140 = 22 × 5 × 7 Step 3 The GCF is 2 × 3 = 6

Step 2 The factors 2, 5 and 7 are common to 71. Step 1 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 or 22 × 32

210 and 140. 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 or 22 × 3 × 5
108 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 or 22 × 33
Step 3 The GCF is 2 × 5 × 7 = 70.
Step 2 22 and 3 are common to 36, 60, and
65. Step 1 75 = 3× 52 108.

100 = 2 2 × 52 Step 3 The GCF is 22 × 3 = 12

Step 2 52 is common to 75 and 100. 72. Step 1 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 or 22 × 3 × 5

90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 or 2 × 32 × 5
Step 3 The GCF is 52 = 25. 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 or 22 × 3 × 7

66. Step 1 125 = 53 Step 2 The factors 2 and 3 are common to 60,
2 90, and 84.
175 = 5 × 7

Step 2 52 is common to 125 and 175. Step 3 The GCF is 2 × 3 = 6

Step 3 The GCF is 52 = 25. 73. Step 1 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 or 2 2 × 52

225 = 3× 3× 5 × 5 or 32 × 52
2
67. Step 1 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 or 2 × 3 350 = 2 × 7 × 5 × 5 or 2 × 52 × 7
3
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 or 2 × 3 2

Step 2 5 is common to 100, 225, and 350.

48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 or 24 × 3

Step 2 22 and 3 are common to 12, 24, and 48. Step 3 The GCF is 52 = 25.

74. Step 1 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
Step 3 The GCF is 2 2 × 3 = 12.
56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 or 23 × 7
68. Step 1 5 is prime. 63 = 3× 3× 7 or 32 × 7
15 = 3 × 5
25 = 5 × 5 Step 2 The factor 7 is common to 42, 56, and
63.
Step 2 The factor 5 is common to 5, 15, and
25. Step 3 The GCF is 7.

Step 3 The GCF is 5.

133 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-1 The Natural Numbers 133

75. Step 1 5 is prime. Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3,

10 = 2 × 5 and 5.

Step 2 The different prime factors are 2 and 5. Step 3 The LCM is 2 2 × 32 × 5 = 180.
Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 5 = 10. 83. Step 1 70 = 2 × 5 × 7
2 90 = 2 × 32 × 5
76. Step 1 12 = 2 × 3
24 = 23 × 3 Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 5,
and 7.
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2 and 3.
Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 32 × 5× 7 = 630.
Step 3 The LCM is 23 × 3 = 24.
84. Step 1 195 = 3 × 5 × 13
77. Step 1 7 is prime 390 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 13
5 is prime
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 5,
Step 2 The different prime factors are 7 and 5. and 13.
Step 3 The LCM is 7 × 5 = 35 Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 3 × 5 × 13 = 390.

78. Step 1 6 = 2 × 3
85. Step 1 4 = 22
10 = 2 × 5 7 is prime.
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 11 is prime.

and 5. Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 7,

and 11.
Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 3 × 5 = 30

79. Step 1 18 = 2 × 32 Step 3 The LCM is 2 2 × 7 ×11 = 308.

21 = 3 × 7
86. Step 1 5 is prime.
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3 and 6=2×3
7. 13 is prime.
Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 32 × 7 = 126 Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 5,
and 13.
80. Step 1 25 = 52
35 = 5 × 7 Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 3 × 5 × 13 = 390.
Step 2 The different prime factors are 5 and 7.
87. Step 1 6 = 2 × 3
Step 3 The LCM is 5 × 7 = 175
2 5 is prime
4 = 2 × 2 = 22

81. Step 1 50 = 2 × 52
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3 and
75 = 3× 52 5.
Step 3 The LCM is 22 × 3 × 5 = 60
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3,
and 5. 88. Step 1 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
18 = 2 × 32
Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 3× 5 2 = 150. 42 = 2 × 3 × 7

82. Step 1 60 = 2 2 × 3× 5 Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 5,

and 7.
90 = 2 × 32 × 5
Step 3 The LCM is 2 × 32 × 5 × 7 = 630
134 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-1 The Natural Numbers 134

89. Step 1 12 = 2 2 × 3 The LCM is 23 × 32 = 72. The riders will be at

18 = 2 × 32 the starting place at the same time after
72 minutes.
36 = 2 2 × 32
96. Find the LCM of 45 and 30.
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2 and 3.
45 = 32 × 5
30 = 2 × 3 × 5
Step 3 The LCM is 2 2 × 32 = 36.
The LCM is 2 × 32 × 5 = 90. A person can
90. Step 1 42 = 2 × 3 × 7 use both clubs for free on the same day after
48 = 2 4 × 3 90 days.

56 = 23 × 7 97. Find the GCF of 30 and 36.

30 = 2 × 3 × 5
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3,
36 = 2 2 × 32
and 7.
The GCF is 2 × 3 = 6. There will be 6
members per team, with 30 ÷ 6 = 5 female
Step 3 The LCM is 2 4 × 3× 7 = 336.
teams and
36 ÷ 6 = 6 male teams.
91. Step 1 35 = 3 × 5
21 = 3 × 7 98. Find the GCF of 24 and 18.
40 = 23 × 5
24 = 23 × 3
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 5, 18 = 2 × 32
and 7. The GCF is 2 × 3 = 6. Each group of items
will consist of 6 items. There will be
Step 3 The LCM is 23 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 840 24 ÷ 6 = 4 groups of six pencils, and
18 ÷ 6 = 3 groups of six pictures.
92. Step 1 22 = 2 × 11
33 = 3 × 11 99. Find the LCM of 6 and 8.
44 = 22 × 11 6=2×3
Step 2 The different prime factors are 2, 3, 8 = 23
and 11. The LCM is 23 × 3 = 24. After 24 stops the
buses will return to station one at the same
Step 3 The LCM is 22 × 3 × 11 = 132 time. 24 stops takes 24 × 5 minutes = 120
minutes, or 2 hours. 2 hours after 10:00 A.M. is
93. Find the GCF of 20 and 28:
noon.
20 = 22 × 5
28 = 22 × 7 100. Find the LCM of 10, 15, 20, and 30.
The GCF is 22 = 4 10 = 2 × 5
The greatest number of students per group
15 = 3 × 5
under the given conditions is 4. There will be
7 groups taking the class for a grade and 5 20 = 2 2 × 5
groups taking the class pass-fail. 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
The LCM is 2 2 × 3× 5 = 60. The lights are
94. Find the GCF of 40 and 32:
on at the same time every 60 seconds.
40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 23 × 5
32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 25. 101. Find the GCF of 12, 15, and 21:
The GCF is 23 = 8. 12 = 22 × 3
He should schedule 8 visits each day.
15 = 3 × 5
95. Find the LCM of 24 and 36. 21 = 3 × 7
The GCF is 3.
24 = 23 × 3 Since the GCF is three, there should be 3
36 = 2 2 × 32 people in each group. So there will be
135 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-2 The Integers 135

12/3 = 4 groups of Republicans, 15/3 = 5 Exercise Set 5-2

groups of Democrats and 21/3 =7 groups of
Independents. 1. The natural numbers are “counting” numbers
and start with 1, 2, 3, … (how you would
102. Find the GCF of 120, 150, and 90. naturally count); the whole numbers start at 0,
120 = 23 × 3 × 5 so they are 0, 1, 2, 3,….
150 = 2 × 3 × 52
90 = 2 × 32 × 5 2. The integers include all the whole numbers,
The GCF is 2 × 3 × 5 = 30. and the opposites of the natural numbers as
Since the GCF is 30, the number of muffins in well.
each box should be 30. So there will be 4
boxes of chocolate chip muffins, 5 boxes of 3. Subtraction is the same as adding the opposite.
blueberry, and 3 boxes of banana nut for a So we can change the subtraction to addition
minimum of 12 boxes. and then use the rules for addition.

4. Multiplication is repeated addition.

103. Find the LCM of 13 and 17.
13 is prime 5. The absolute value of a number can be found
17 is prime
by seeing how far the number is from zero on
The LCM is 13 × 17= 221 a number line and making the answer a non-
It will take 221 years before they both emerge
negative value.
at the same time again.
6. Simplify within grouping symbols first, then
104. Find the LCM of 5 and 3. apply exponents, next do multiplication and
5 is prime division as they occur from left to right, then
3 is prime finally addition and subtraction as they occur
The LCM is 5 × 3= 15 from left to right.
It will take 15 years before they both have
winning records again. 7. −8 = 8
105. The only even prime number is 2, because all
other even numbers have 2 as a factor and 8. −12 = 12
therefore have at least three factors.
9. +10 = 10
106. Answers vary
10. +14 = 14
107. 3 + 1 = 4 7 + 7 = 14
3+3=6 3 + 13 = 16
3+5=8 5 + 13 = 18
5 + 5 = 10 3 + 17 = 20 11. The opposite of −8 is 8.
5 + 7 = 12
12. The opposite of +27 is −27.

Note that other sums are possible. 13. The opposite of +10 is −10.

108. 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 3 + 3 + 13 = 19 14. The opposite of −16 is 16.

3 + 3 + 5 = 11 3 + 5 + 13 = 21
3 + 5 + 5 = 13 5 + 5 + 13 = 23 15. The opposite of 0 is 0.
5 + 5 + 5 = 15 3 + 3 + 19 = 25
16. The opposite of −9 is 9.
3 + 3 + 11 = 17
17. 16 < 22
Note that other sums are possible.
18. 8 < 14
109. Answers vary; 13.
19. −5 > −10
110. (a) less than or equal to
(b) greater than or equal to 20. −6 > −22
136 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-2 The Integers 136

21. 0 > −3 50. (−12)(6) = −72

22. −5 < 0 51. 4(−9) = −36

23. −9 < +8 52. 6(−14) = −84

24. 16 > −32 53. (−3)(−14) = 42

25. −10 < −7 54. (−7)(−14) = 98

26. −14 < +3 55. (−9)(0) = 0

27. −6 + 5 = −1 56. 0(6) = 0

28. −8 + 4 = −4 57. 64 ÷ 8 = 8

29. 16 + (−7) = 9 58. 72 ÷ 9 = 8

30. (−5) + (−7) = −12 59. −25 ÷ 5 = −5

31. (−8) + (−3) = −11 60. −42 ÷ 7 = −6

32. (−4) + 9 = 5 61. 32 ÷ (−8) = −4

33. −3 + (−9) = −12 62. 49 ÷ (−7) = −7

34. −2 + 4 = 2 63. −14 ÷ (−2) = 7

35. −3 + (−4) + (−6) = −7 + (−6) = −13 64. −15 ÷ (−3) = 5

36. −5 + (−6) + (−8) = −11 + (−8) = −19 65. −90 ÷ (−90) = 1

37. 8 − (−6) = 8 + 6 = 14 66. −56 ÷ 4 = −14

38. 9 − 2 = 9 + (−2) = 7 67. 0 ÷ 16 = 0

39. 6 − 11 = 6 + (−11) = −5 68. 0 ÷ (−10) = 0

40. 14 − 20 = 14 + (−20) = −6 69. −42 ÷ 6 + 7 = −7 + 7 = 0

41. −3 − (−4) = −3 + 4 = 1 70. 32 ÷ (8 × 2) = 32 ÷ 16 = 2

42. −8 − (−10) = −8 + 10 = 2 71. 53 − 2 ⋅ 7 = 125 − 2 ⋅ 7 = 125 −14 = 111

43. −12 − (−7) = −12 + 7 = −5

72. 4 ⋅ 32 − 2 ⋅ 4 = 4 ⋅9 − 2 ⋅ 4 = 36 − 8 = 28

44. −15 − 9 = −15 + (−9) = −24

73. 9 ⋅9 − 5 ⋅ 6 = 81 − 30 = 51
45. −20 − 50 = −20 + (−50) = −70
74. 32 − (−6)(4) = 32 − (−24) = 32 + 24 = 56
46. −14 − 29 = −14 + (−29) = −43
3 2 4
75. 3 + 5 − 2 = 27 + 25 −16 = 52 −16 = 36
47. (5)(9) = 45
76. 14 2 − 53 + 82 = 196 −125 + 64 = 71 + 64 = 135
48. (6)(7) = 42

49. (−3)(8) = −24

137 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-2 The Integers 137

77. −3[6 + (−10) − (−2)] = −3[−4 − (−2)]

= −3(−4 + 2)
= −3(−2) 85. 32 −{−16 + 5[25 + 9 2 + (8 − 6)]}
2

=6 = 32 −{−16 + 5[25 + 9 + 2]}

= 32 −{−16 + 5[25 + 81 + 2]}

= 32 −{−16 + 5[106 + 2]}
78. −5 ⋅ 4 −[−3 + 8 − (−5)] = −5 ⋅ 4 −[5 − (−5)] = 32 −{−16 + 5[108]}
= −5 ⋅ 4 − (5 + 5)
= −5 ⋅ 4 −10 = 32 −{−16 + 540}
= −20 −10 = 32 − 524
= −20 + (−10) = 32 + (−524)
= −30 = −492
86. 2{−5 − 6[32 − 7 ⋅ (4 +1)]} = 2{−5 − 6[32 − 7 ⋅5]}
= 2{−5 − 6[9 − 7 ⋅5]}
79. 376 −14 ⋅34 = 376 −14 ⋅81 = 2{−5 − 6[9 − 35]}
= 376 −1134 = 2{−5 − 6[9 + (−35)]}
= 376 + (−1134)
= −758 = 2{−5 − 6[−26]}
= 2{−5 − (−156)}
2
= 2{−5 +156}
80. 82 − 9 ⋅ 6 − (−2) = 82 − 9 ⋅ 6 − 4 = 2{151}
= 82 − 54 − 4 = 302
= 82 + (−54) + (−4)

= 28 + (−4) 87. 867 + (83 + 562 + 37 + 43) − (74 + 86 + 252)

= 24
= 1,180.
The student’s bank balance at the end of the
81. 256 − 43 ⋅5 + (8 ⋅ 4 − 6 ⋅ 4) month was $1,180
= 256 − 43 ⋅ 5 + (32 − 24)
= 256 − 43 ⋅ 5 +[32 + (−24)] 88. 14,110 − (−282) = 14,110 + 282 = 14,392
= 256 − 43 ⋅ 5 + 8 The vertical distance from the top of Pikes
= 256 − 64 ⋅ 5 + 8 Peak to the bottom of Death Valley is 14,392
= 256 − 320 + 8 feet.
= 256 + (−320) + 8
= −64 + 8 89. The number of rats born for the week was
= −56
382 + 494 + 327 + 778 + 256 + 641 = 2878.
The number of rats sold for the week was
82. 62 + 5 ⋅ 9 – (– 27 + 3⋅ 2)
105 + 850 + 416 + 237 + 192 + 965 = 2765.
= 62 + 5 ⋅ 9 – (– 27 + 6)
The number of rats left at the end of the week
= 62 + 5 ⋅ 9 – (– 21)
was 1286 + 2878 − 2765 = 4164 − 2765 =
= 36 + 5 ⋅ 9 – (– 21) 1399.
= 36 + 45 – (– 21)
= 81 – (– 21)
90. 354 − (87 + 53 + 42 + 67) + 2 ⋅ 80
= 81 + 21
= 102 = 354 − 249 + 2 ⋅ 80
= 354 − 249 + 160
83. −56 ÷ 8 − {3 × [−10 − (4 × 3)]} = 105 + 160
= 265
= −56 ÷ 8 − {3 × [−10 − 12]}
There are 265 cases in the storeroom.
= −56 ÷ 8 − {3 × [−10 + (−12)]}
= −56 ÷ 8 − {3 × [−22]} 91. For Flagler, FL the increase was
= −56 ÷ 8 − {−66} 48,454 – 24,452 = 24,002.
= −7 − {−66} For Sumter, FL the increase was
= −7 + 66 43,992 – 25,195 = 18,797.
= 59 For Paulding, GA the increase was
50,328 – 29,246 = 21,082.
84. (96 − 70) + [(−4 × 9) − 32 ÷ 8] For Kendall, IL the increase was
= (96 − 70) + [−36 − 32 ÷ 8] 33,404 – 19,527 = 13,877.
= 26 + [−36 − 4] For Pinal, AZ the increase was
= 26 + (−40) 137,410 – 81,146 = 56,264.
= −14
138 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-2 The Integers 138

92. The difference is 2. Every integer is also a rational number

45.2 – (–11.8) = 45.2 + 11.8 = 57 degrees. because it can be written as a fraction with
denominator one; however, some rational
93. 18 − 10 = 8 inches numbers are not integers, for example 32 is

rational but not an integer.

94. 59 − 34 = 25 inches
3. A fraction is in lowest terms if the
95. In six weeks time they will receive 3 3,000 numerator and denominator have no
pound shipments and send 400 pounds to 5 common factor.
locations 6 times. So the amount of food
they have on hand after 6 is 4. To reduce a fraction to lowest terms divide
10,000 + 3(3,000) − 6[5(400)] the numerator and denominator by their
= 10,000 + 3(3,000) – 6(2,000) greatest common factor.
= 10,000 + 9,000 – 12,000
= 19,000 – 12,000 5. To multiply two fractions you multiply their
= 7,000. So there is 7,000 pounds of food numerators and put it in the numerator, then
six weeks later. multiply their denominators and put it in the
denominator. Reduce to lowest terms.
96. Over a five-year span, there will be 5
incoming classes of 330 students and 5 sets 6. To divide two fractions multiply the first
of 2 graduating classes of 145 students. The fraction by the reciprocal of the second
net change in student population is
fraction.
5 ⋅ 330 − 5(2 ⋅ 145) = 5 ⋅ 330 – 5 ⋅ 290
= 1,650 – 1,450 = 200 students. 7. To add or subtract two fractions, first rewrite
each as a fraction with the LCM of the
97. You cannot make a general statement, denominators as the denominator, then add
because if x is positive, −x is negative, the numerators. The answer is over the
however if x is negative then −x is positive. LCM of the denominators. Reduce to
Likewise there is no general statement that lowest terms.
can be made about −(−x).
8. A repeating decimal is a decimal number
98. Answers vary where one or more digits repeat indefinitely.
A terminating decimal is one that has a last
99. The meaning of “take away” with negative digit (other than zero).
numbers is not clear. For example we know
that 3 – ( –2) = 5, but how can you “take 9. The GCF of 7 and 42 is 7.
away” (−2) apples and get more apples than 7 7÷7 1
you started with? = =
42 42 ÷ 7 6
100. If you multiply two positives you are adding 10. The GCF of 8 and 24 is 8.
repeatedly, for example 3 × 4 means add 3 8 8÷8 1
four times, or 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12 = =
24 24 ÷ 8 3
so 3 × 4 is positive. If you multiply two
negatives that’s like repeated subtraction, so 11. The GCF of 42 and 60 is 6.
(−3) × (−4) is like subtracting −3 4 times or 42 42 ÷ 6 7
–(−3) – (−3) – (−3) – (−3) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = =
60 60 ÷ 6 10
= 12 and the answer is positive.
12. The GCF of 16 and 20 is 4.
Exercise Set 5-3 16 16 ÷ 4 4
= =
20 20 ÷ 4 5
1. A rational number is any number that can be
written as the quotient of two integers, as 13. The GCF of 30 and 36 is 6.
long as the denominator is not zero. 30 30 ÷6 5
= =
36 36 ÷ 6 6
139 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 139

14. The GCF of 25 and 75 is 25. −5 2 −5 2 2 −5 4 1

25 25 ÷25 1
29. + = + ⋅ = + =−
= = 6 3 6 3 2 6 6 6
75 75 ÷ 25 3
3 7 3 5 7 2 15 14 29 9
15. The GCF of 91 and 104 is 13. 30. + = ⋅ + ⋅ = + = or 1
4 10 4 5 10 2 20 20 20 20
91 91 ÷13 7
= =
104 104 ÷13 −11 5 −11 2 5 3
8
31. − = ⋅ − ⋅
12 8 12 2 8 3
16. The GCF of 68 and 119 is 17. −22 15
68 68 ÷17 4 = −
= = 24 24
119 119 ÷17 7
37 ⎛ 13 ⎞
=− or − ⎜1 ⎟
17. The GCF of 420 and 756 is 84. 24 ⎝ 24 ⎠
420 420 ÷84 5
= =

756 ÷ 84 19 7 19 3 7 4 57 28 29
756 32. − = ⋅ − ⋅ = − =
9

24 18 24 3 18 4 72 72 72
18. The GCF of 950 and 2400 is 50.
950 950 ÷50 19 −1
= = −5 −7 −5/×(−7) −1×(−7) 7
2, 400 2, 400 ÷ 50 48 33. × = = =
12 10 12 × 10 12 × 2 24
2
5 5⋅3 15
19. = =
16 16 ⋅3 48 1 1
5 9 5/⋅9/ 1⋅1 1
34. × = = =
15 15 ⋅ 3 18 25 18 ⋅ 25 2 ⋅5 10
20. = =
45 2 5

32 32 ⋅3 96

1
19 19 ⋅2 38 7 ⋅3/ 7 ⋅1
21. = = 7 2 7 3 7 1

24 24 ⋅ 2 48 35. ÷ = ⋅ = = = or 1
9 3 9 2 9/ ⋅ 2 3⋅ 2 6 6
3
5 5 ⋅ 5 25
22. = =
8 8 ⋅5 40 −7 23 7 30
36. ÷ =− ⋅
24 30 24 23
7 7 ⋅ 5 35 5
23. = = 7 ⋅30
9 9 ⋅5 45 =−
24 ⋅ 23
3 3⋅3 9 4
24. = = 7 ⋅5

10 10 ⋅3 30 7 7⋅4 28

1 1⋅6 6
25.
11 11⋅5 55
= = 27. = =
16 16 ⋅5 80 5 5 ⋅ 6 30

3 3 ⋅4 12
26. = =
 140 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 140

=− =−
4 ⋅ 23 92
35

5 5 ⋅4 20
28. = =

16 16 ⋅ 4 64
141 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 141

37. ⎛ ÷ ⎞ × = ⎛ ⋅ ⎞ × ⎛9
7 3 3 7 8 3 2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 9 3 2 10 ⎞ 1
40. − × = ⋅ − ⋅ ×
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
16 8 5 16 3 5 10 3 2 10 3 3 10 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 27 20 ⎞ 1
1 = ⎜ − ⎟×
⎛ 7 8/ ⎞ 3 ⎝ 30 30 ⎠ 2
= ⋅ ×
⎜ ⎟ 7 1
16 3 5
⎝ ⎠ = ×
2 30 2
7⋅1
⎛ 7 ⋅1 ⎞ 3 =
= ×
⎜ 30 ⋅ 2
2 ⋅3 ⎠ 5
7
7 3 =
= × 60
6 5
1
⎛5 3⎞ 2 ⎛ 5 3 2⎞ 2
+ × = + ⋅ ×
7 ⋅ 3/ 41. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= 8 4 3 8 4 2 3
6/ ⋅5 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛5 6⎞ 2
2 = ⎜ + ⎟×
7⋅1 ⎝8 8⎠ 3
=
2 ⋅5 11 2
= ×
7 8 3
=
10 1
11⋅2/
=
−7 ⎛ 2 15 ⎞ −7 ⎛ 2 16 ⎞ 8/ ⋅3
38. ÷ ÷ = ÷ ⋅

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 4
8 3 16 8
3 15
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−7 ⎛ 2⋅16 ⎞ 11⋅1
= ÷ =
⎜ ⎟
8 ⎝ 3⋅15 ⎠ 4 ⋅3
11
−7 32 =
= ÷ 12
8 45
7 45
=− ⋅ −5 7 5⋅7 35
8 32 42. × =− =−
7 ⋅ 45 6 8 6 ⋅8 48
=−
8 ⋅ 32
315 ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞ 3 ⎛ 8⎞
=− 43. ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = − ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟
256 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 5⎠
−2
1 ( −3) ⋅ ( − 8 )
−11 ⎛ 1 3 ⎞ −11 ⎛ 1⋅ 3/ ⎞ =
39. × × = ×
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 4 ⋅5
22 6 4 22 6/ ⋅ 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 1
2
−11 ⎛ 1⋅1 ⎞ =
(= −3)=⋅ (= −2 )
= ×
⎜ ⎟ 1⋅ 5
22 ⎝ 2 ⋅ 4 ⎠
6 1
−11 1 = or 1
= × 5 5
22 8
142 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 142

−11⋅1
= ⎛ −7 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ 7 ⎛ 4⎞
22 ⋅8 44. ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = − ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟
−11 ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 ⎝ 3⎠
= 7 4
176 = ⋅
1⋅11 8 3
=−
16 ⋅11
1
=−
16
143 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 143

48. 3 ÷ ⎛ 5 + 1 ⎞ = 3 ÷ ⎛ 5 + 1 ⋅ 4 ⎞
1

7 ⋅4/ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= 4 8 2 4 8 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
8/ ⋅3 3 ⎛5 4⎞
2 = ÷⎜ + ⎟
4 ⎝8 8⎠
7⋅1
= 3 9
2 ⋅3 = ÷
7 1 4 8
= or 1 3 8
= ⋅
6 6 4 9

1 2
45. ⎛ ÷ ⎞ × = ⎛ ⋅ ⎞ ×
9 3 1 9 7 1
3/⋅8/
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
14 7 2 14 3 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 4/ ⋅ 9/
3 1 1 3

⎛ 9/⋅7/ ⎞ 1 1⋅2
= × =
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14⋅ 3/ ⎠ 2 1⋅3
2 1 2
=
⎛ 3⋅1⎞ 1 3
= ×
⎜
2 ⋅1 ⎠ 2
3 1 0.2
= × 1
49. 5 1.0 = 0.2
2 2 −1 0 5
3⋅1
= 0
2⋅2
3
= 0.3
4 3
50. 10 3.0 = 0.3
−3 0 10
⎛4 7⎞ 1 ⎛ 4 8 7 5⎞ 1 0
46. + ÷ = ⋅ + ⋅ ÷
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
5 8 9 5 8 8 5 9
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 32 35 ⎞ 1 0.66…
= + ÷ 2
⎜ 40 40 ⎟ 9 51. 3 2.00 = 0.66... or 0.6
⎝ ⎠
67 1 −1 8 3
= ÷ 20
40 9
67 9 −18
= ⋅ 2
40 1

603 3
= or 15 1.4
40 40 7
52. 5 7.0 = 1.4
−5 5
⎛9 2 ⎞ 5 ⎛ 9 3 2 10 ⎞ 5 20
47. − × = ⋅ − ⋅ ×
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ −2 00
10 3 6 10 3 3 10 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 27 20 ⎞ 5
= ⎜ − ⎟× 6
⎝ 30 30 ⎠ 6 ⋅
7 5 =
6
= × 53. 7
30 6 =
⋅ 7
1
7⋅ 5/ 1
= 3
30 ⋅ 6 6
6
144 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 144

2.25 9
4 9.00
−8
10 =
−8 2.2
20
−20 5
4
0
145 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 145

1.22… 0.9411764705882352
11
54. 9 11.00 = 1.22... or 1.2 59. 51 48.0000000000000000
−9 9 −45 9
20 2 10
−18 −2 04
20 60
−18 −51
2 90
−51
0.3055… 390
11 −357
55. 36 11.0000 = 0.3055... or 0.305
−108 36 330
20 −306
−0 240
200 −204
−180 360
200 −357
−180 30
20 −0
300
−255
1.714285
12 450
56. 7 12.000000 = 1.714285 −408
−7 7
50 420
−49 −408
10 120
−7 −102
30 180
−28 −153
20 270
−14 −255
60 150
−56 −102
40 48
−35
5 48
= 0.9411764705882352
51
0.75
3
4 3.00 0.7083
57. = 0.75 17
−2 8 4
60. 24 17.0000 = 0.7083
20 −168 24
−20 20
0 −0
200

1.875 −192
15
58. 8 15.000 = 1.875 80

−8 8 −72
70 8
−6 4
60 12 3× 4 4
−56 61. 0.12 = = =
40 100 25× 4 25
−40
0 36 9 ×4 9
62. 0.36 = = =
100 25× 4 25
146 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 146

375 125 ×3 3 ⎛3⎞ ⎛1⎞ 24 3 24 1

63. 0.375 = = = 72. 24 + 24 = ⋅ + ⋅
⎜8⎟ ⎜ 6⎟
1000 125×8 8 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 1 8 1 6
3 4
925 25 ×37 37 24 3 24 1
64. 0.925 = = = = ⋅
1000 25 × 40 40 ⋅ +
1 8/ 1 6/
1 1

65. Let x = 0.7, then 10x = 7.7 and 10x − x = 7, 3⋅ 3 4 ⋅1

+ =
1⋅1 1⋅1
7
so 9x = 7 and x = . 9 4
= +
9 1 1
= 9+4
66. Let x = 0.2, then 10x = 2.2 and 10x − x = 2,
= 13
2 The automobile travels 13 miles.
so 9x = 2 and x = .
9
1
67. Let x = 0.54, then 100x = 54.54 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 2 1⋅2/ 1⋅1 1
73. ⎜ ⎟= ⋅ = = =

54 2⎝7⎠ 2 7 2/ ⋅ 7 1⋅ 7 7
and 100x − x = 54, so 99x = 54 and x = . 1
99
1

68. Let x = 0.62, then 100x = 62.62 of the budget is spent on television
7
62 advertisement.
and 100x − x = 62, so 99x = 62 and x = .
99
74. 4 ? ; 4 10 40
= ⋅ =
69. Let x = 0.453, then 100x = 45.3and 25 250 25 10 250

40 men would not have health insurance.

1000x = 453.3. So 1000x −100x = 408,
1 ? 1×62.5 62.5
408 102 = =
therefore 900x = 408 and x = = . 75. ;
900 225 8 500 8× 62.5 500

Rounding to the nearest whole person, you

70. Let x = 0.27 4, then 100x = 27.4 would expect about 63 people of the 500 to
live in poverty.
and 1000x = 274.4. So 1000x −100x = 247,
46 ?
247 76. = ;
therefore 900x = 247 and x = . 125 300, 000, 000
900
46 ×2, 400, 000 110, 400, 000
=
3 285 3
71. 285 × = ⋅ 125× 2, 400, 000 300, 000, 000
5 1 5
57
285 ⋅ 3 You would expect about 110.4 million people
=
1⋅ 5 to live in the five largest states.
1
57 ⋅3 13 ? 13 × 5 65
= 77. = ; =
1⋅1 200 1, 000 200 × 5 1, 000
171
= or 171 About 65 people of the 1,000 were
1
unemployed.
They have driven 171 miles so far.
1000 – 65 = 935
So, 935 people were employed.
147 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 147

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 19 ⎞⎛ 80 ⎞ ⎛2 1 1⎞
78. 2 (80) = 82. + +
(8000)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
8 8 1 3 10 5
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 10 1 3 1 6 ⎞ ⎛ 8000 ⎞
10 = ⎜ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
19 ⋅80 ⎝ 3 10 10 3 5 6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
=
8/ ⋅1 ⎛ 20 3 6 ⎞ ⎛ 8000 ⎞
1 = ⎜ + + ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 30 30 30 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
19 ⋅10 29 8000
= = ⋅
1⋅1 30 1
190
= or 190 800

1 29 8000
The cities are 190 miles apart. = ⋅
30 1
3

1 3 4 3 ⋅4 12
79. 3 ÷ = ⋅ = = or 12 29 ⋅800
4 1 1 1⋅1 1 =
The family room will be 12 feet long. 3 ⋅1
23, 200
= or 7733.3
3 3 10 3 1 3 ⋅1 3 3
80. ÷10 = ÷ = ⋅ = =
4 4 1 4 10 4 ⋅10 40 7733.3 tons of waste consisted of paper,
0.075 glass, and plastic products.
40 3.000
−280 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 1⋅5 5 1
83. 2 = = = or 1
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
200 2 2 2 2 2⋅2 4 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−200 1
0 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 2/ 1⋅1 1
⎜ ⎟= ⋅ = =
3 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2/ 3 1⋅3 3
Each piece will be meter or 0.075 meter or 1
40

7.5 cm long. 1 1
Use 1 cups of flour and cup of sugar.
4 3
⎛1 1 1 1⎞
81. 1− + + +
⎜ ⎟ 1 1 1
⎝8 5 5 10 ⎠
2 2 ×5 11
?
⎛1 5 1 8 1 8 1 4⎞
= 1− ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ 84. Flour: 4 = ; 4 = 4;

⎜ 8 5 5 8 5 8 10 4 ⎟ 300 60 × 5 300
60
⎝ ⎠
1
so they need 11 cups of flour.
⎛ 5 8 8 4 ⎞
= 1− ⎜ + + + ⎟ 4
⎝ 40 40 40 40 ⎠
25
= 1− We can see from the previous calculation that
40 the recipe calls for five times as much of all
40 25
= − the ingredients; therefore they would need
40 40 3 15 3
15 ×5 = =4 cups of both granulated sugar
= 4 4 4
40 3
3 The last person received
= 8
8
 148 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 148

and 500 500

brown 493 500 493 7
1− = − =
sugar. 500 500 500 500

of the estate. 85. To

calc
ulat
e
this,
we
nee
d to
add
the
frac
tion
of
ball
ots
cast
for
Mc
Cai
n
and
Oba
ma
and
subt
ract
fro
m1
to
find
the
frac
tion
of
ball
ots
cast
for
othe
r
opp
one
nts.
66
+
229
=
66 ×4
229
+
264
=
229
+
493
= ;
125
500
125× 4
500
500
149 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 149

7 23
So, of the voters voted for other So is the fraction of voters with family
500 50
opponents. income over $200,000 who voted for McCain.

86. To calculate this, we need to subtract the total 89. To calculate this, we need to subtract the total
from one. from one.

⎛ 39 8 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 31 ⎞
1− ⎜ + ⎟ 1− ⎜ + + ⎟
⎝ 100 25 ⎠ ⎝ 25 5 100 ⎠
100 ⎛ 39 32 ⎞ 100 ⎛ 4 20 31 ⎞
= − + = − + +
⎝ ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
100 ⎝ 100 100 ⎠ 100 100 100 100

100 71 100 55
= − = −
100 100 100 100
29 45
= =
100 100

29 45
So is the fraction of voters who identified So is the fraction of voters who had a
100 100

themselves as neither Democrat nor college degree.

Republican.
90. To calculate this we need to subtract the total
87. To calculate this, we need to subtract the total from one.
from one.
⎛ 1 1 31 7 ⎞
1− ⎜ + + + ⎟
⎛ 37 13 ⎞ ⎝ 25 5 100 25 ⎠
1− ⎜ + ⎟
50 100
⎝ ⎠ 100 ⎛ 4 20 31 28 ⎞
= −⎜ + + + ⎟
100 ⎛ 74 13 ⎞ 100 ⎝ 100 100 100 100 ⎠
= − +
⎜ ⎟
100 ⎝ 100 100 ⎠ 100 83
= −
100 87 100 100
= −
100 100 17
=
13 100
=
100
17
So is the fraction of voters who went on
13 100
So is the fraction of voters who listed
100 to graduate study.
some other race.
91. Any common denominator will do, but by
88. To calculate this, we need to subtract the total using the LCD you will have smaller numbers
from one. to work with and less reducing in the end.

⎛ 13 1 ⎞ 1
+3
1
1− ⎜ + ⎟ 92. 2
⎝ 25 50 ⎠ 2 4
50 ⎛ 26 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
= − + = ( 2 + 3) + +
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
50 ⎝ 50 50 ⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠
50 27 23
= − =
50 50 50
 150 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 150

⎛2 1⎞
=5+ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 4 4
3
=5+
4
151 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-3 The Rational Numbers 151

20 3 6. Multiply numerator and denominator of the

= + fraction by the square root of a value that
4 4
23 makes the radicand in the denominator a
= perfect square, then simplify.
4
3
=5 7. 49 = 7 is rational.
4

The answer is the same. 8. 37 is irrational.

93. This question is a paradox. If you say no, there 9. 0.232332333... is irrational.
is no largest, then you have to go out to
5
infinity before you repeat, but you never get to 10. is rational.
infinity so you never repeat (a contradiction to 6
the assumption that the decimal is repeating).

If you answer yes, and say there is a largest, 11. π is irrational.

then I can always add one more digit to your
12. 0 is rational.
largest therefore it is not the largest.

94. No, because we cannot find a fractional 13. Since 11 is between the perfect squares 9 and
equivalent of a non-repeating, non- 16, 11 is between 9 = 3 and 16 = 4.
terminating, decimal number.
14. Since 28 is between the perfect squares 25 and
95. One way you can do this is by finding the 36, 28 is between 25 = 5 and 36 = 6.
average of the two fractions; that is, add them
up and divide by two. 15. 100 = 10 which is between 9 and 11.
96. It works because, for example,
16. Since 75 is between the perfect squares 64 and
1 1 10 1 11
5 = 5 + = + = which is the same as 81, 75 is between 64 = 8 and 81 = 9.
2 2 2 2 2
multiplying 5 by 2 and adding it to the 17. Since 200 is between the perfect squares 196
numerator 1.
and 225 200 is between 196 = 14 and
Exercise Set 5-4 225 = 15.

1. A rational number can be written as the 18. Since 160 is between the perfect squares 144
quotient of two integers, where the and 169, 160 is between 144 = 12
denominator is nonzero, an irrational number and 169 = 13.
cannot.

19. 24 = 4 ⋅ 6 = 4 ⋅ 6 = 2 6
2. No, square roots of “perfect squares” such as
1, 4, 9, etc. are integers and are therefore
rational. 20. 27 = 9 ⋅ 3 = 9 ⋅ 3 = 3 3

3. Yes, π (the ratio of the circumference of a 21. 80 = 16 ⋅ 5 = 16 ⋅ 5 = 4 5

circle to its diameter) is one example of an
irrational number that is not a square root. 22. 175 = 25 ⋅ 7 = 25 ⋅ 7 = 5 7

4. We can use the product rule to multiply two 23. 30 is simplified since no factor of 30 is a
different square roots, and we can use the perfect square.
product rule to simplify a square root.
24. 42 is simplified since no factor of 42 is a
5. If there is no fraction in the radicand, no
radical in the denominator of a fraction and no perfect square.
factor of the radicand that is a perfect square
then the square root is simplified.
147 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 147

25. 10 20 = 10 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 33. 2 6 ⋅3 8 = 2 ⋅ 3 6 ⋅8
= 10 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 = 6 48

= 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 6 16 ⋅ 3
= 6 16 ⋅ 3
= 20 5
= 6⋅4 3

26. 4 8 = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 = 24 3

= 4⋅ 4 ⋅ 2
34. 6 15 ⋅ 2 5 = 6 ⋅ 2 15 ⋅5
= 4⋅2⋅ 2 = 12 75
=8 2 = 12 25 ⋅3
= 12 25 ⋅ 3
27. 3 700 = 3 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 7
= 12 ⋅ 5 3
= 3 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 7 = 60 3

= 3 ⋅10 ⋅ 7
60 60
= 30 7 35. = = 30
2 2

28. 2 162 = 2 ⋅ 81⋅ 2

42 42
= 2 ⋅ 81 ⋅ 2 36. = = 7
6 6

= 2 ⋅9 ⋅ 2
= 18 2 64 64
37. = = 8 = 4⋅2 = 4 ⋅ 2 = 2 2
8 8

29. 2 ⋅ 10 = 2 ⋅10
= 20 15 15
38. = = 5
= 4 ⋅5 3 3

= 4⋅ 5
=2 5 39. 2 7 +10 7 = ( 2 +10 ) 7 = 12 7

30. 15 ⋅ 6 = 15 ⋅ 6 40. 50 11 +11 11 = ( 50 +11) 11 = 61 11

= 90

= 9 ⋅10 41. 8 3 −15 3 = ( 8 −15 ) 3 = −7 3

= 9 ⋅ 10
= 3 10 42. 5 7 −11 7 = ( 5 −11) 7 = −6 7

31. 18 ⋅ 15 = 18 ⋅15 43. 2 3 + 5 3 − 9 3 = (2 + 5 − 9) 3 = −2 3

= 270
= 9 ⋅ 30 44. 8 5 − 6 5 − 7 5 = (8 − 6 − 7) 5 = −5 5

= 9 ⋅ 30
45. 320 = 64 ⋅5 = 64 ⋅ 5 = 8 5
= 3 30
80 = 16 ⋅ 5 = 16 ⋅ 5 = 4 5
148 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 148

32. 5 ⋅ 25 = 5 5 320 − 80 = 8 5 − 4 5 = (8 − 4) 5 = 4 5

46. 125 = 25 ⋅ 5 = 25 ⋅ 5 = 5 5

20 = 4 ⋅5 = 4 ⋅ 5 = 2 5

125 + 20 = 5 5 + 2 5 = (5 + 2) 5 = 7 5
149 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 149

47. 3 80 = 3 16 ⋅ 5 = 3 16 ⋅ 5 = 3⋅ 4 5 = 12 5 53. 5 40 = 5 4 ⋅10 4 50 6 32

6 5 − 3 80 = 6 5 −12 5 = (6 −12) 5 = −6 5 = 5 4 ⋅ 10 = 4 25 × 2 = 6 16 ⋅ 2
= 5⋅ 2 ⋅ 10 = 4 25 ⋅ 2 = 6 16 ⋅ 2
48. 13 90 = 13 9 ⋅10 = 10 10 = 4⋅5⋅ 2 = 6⋅4⋅ 2
= 13 9 ⋅ 10 = 20 2 = 24 2

= 13⋅3 10 5 40 + 4 50 − 6 32
= 39 10 = 10 10 + 20 2 − 24 2
5 40 = 5 4 ⋅10 = 5 4 ⋅ 10 = 5⋅ 2 10 = 10 10
= 10 10 + (20 − 24) 2

13 90 + 5 40 = 39 10 +10 10 = 10 10 − 4 2
= (39 +10) 10
54. 8 12 = 8 4 ⋅3 = 8 4 ⋅ 3 = 8⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 16 3
= 49 10
9 20 = 9 4 ⋅ 5 = 9 4 ⋅ 5 = 9 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 18 5

49. 6 72 = 6 36 ⋅ 2 = 6 36 ⋅ 2 = 6 ⋅ 6 2 = 36 2 75 = 25 ⋅3 = 25 ⋅ 3 = 5 3

9 8 = 9 4 ⋅ 2 = 9 4 ⋅ 2 = 9 ⋅ 2 2 = 18 2 8 12 − 9 20 − 75

6 72 − 9 8 = 36 2 −18 2 = 16 3 −18 5 + 5 3
= (36 −18) 2 = (16 + 5) 3 −18 5
= 18 2 = 21 3 −18 5

50. 2 40 = 2 4 ⋅10 = 2 4 ⋅ 10 = 2 ⋅ 2 10 = 4 10

5 10 + 2 40 = 5 10 + 4 10
55. 5 ( )
75 + 12 = 5 ( 25 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 3 )
= (5 + 4) 10 = 5 ( 25 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 3 )
= 9 10 = 5 (5 3 + 2 3 )
= 5 ⎡⎣(5 + 2) 3 ⎤⎦
51. 8 = 4⋅ 2 = 4 ⋅ 2 = 2 2

4 12 = 4 4 ⋅ 3 = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 = 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 8 3 (
= 5 7 3 )
3 2 − 8 + 4 12 = 7 5 ⋅3

= 3 2 −2 2 +8 3 = 7 15
= (3 − 2) 2 + 8 3

= 2 +8 3
56. 3 ( )
48 − 27 = 3 ( 16 ⋅3 − 9 ⋅ 3 )
= 3 ( 16 ⋅ 3 − 9 ⋅ 3 )
52. 10 20 = 10 4 ⋅5 (
= 3 4 3 −3 3 )
= 10 4 ⋅ 5 = 3 ⎡⎣(4 − 3) 3 ⎤⎦
= 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
( )
= 3 1 3
= 20 5
= 3 ⋅3
150 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 150

10 20 − 20 10 + 6 5
= 9
= 20 5 − 20 10 + 6 5 =3
= (20 + 6) 5 − 20 10
1 1 5 5 5
= 26 5 − 20 10 57. = ⋅ = =
5 5 5 25 5
151 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 151

3 3 2 7 7
58. = ⋅ 64. =
8 8 2 8 8
3 2 7 2
= = ⋅
16 8 2
3 2
= 14

4 =
16
3 3 6 3 6 3 6 6 14
59. = ⋅ = = = =

6 6 6 36 6 2 4

10 10 5 65. 9 = 3, 16 = 4, 25 = 5;
60. = ⋅

20 20 5 3 + 4 ≠ 5so 9 + 16 ≠ 25
10 5
=
100 66. 25 = 5, 144 = 12, 169 = 13;
10 5 5 +12 ≠ 13
=
10 so, 25 + 144 ≠ 169
= 5

67. 40 ≈ 6.32, 80 ≈ 8.94;

3 3 6.32 + 6.32 ≠ 8.94
61. =
28 28
so, 40 + 40 ≠ 80
3
=
4⋅7
68. 60 ≈ 7.75, 120 ≈ 10.95;
3
= 7.75 + 7.75 ≠ 10.95
2 7

3 7 so, 60 + 60 ≠ 120
= ⋅
2 7 7
2h
=
21 69. Replace h in the formula t = with 144:
2 49 32

21 2(144) 144
= t= = = 9 = 3. So it will take

2⋅7 32 16
21 3 seconds to reach the ground.
=
14
2h
70. Replace h in the formula t = with 256:
1 1 1 32
62. = =
9 9 3 2(256) 256
t= = = 16 = 4. So it will take

32 16
2 2 2 3 6 6 4 seconds to reach the ground.
63. = = ⋅ = =
3 3 3 3 9 3
 152 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 152

71. Replace h in the formula t =

2h
with 1353:
32
2(1, 353) 1, 353
t= = ≈ 9.2. So it will take

32 16
about 9.2 seconds to reach the ground.
153 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 153

2h 77. In the formulaV = P ⋅ r replace P with 1,000

72. Replace h in the formula t = with 1,555:
32 and r with 20.

2(1, 555) 1, 555 V = P ⋅ r = 1, 000 ⋅ 20 = 20, 000

t= = ≈ 9.9. So it will take

32 16 ≈ 141.4 volts
about 9.9 seconds to reach the ground.
78. In the formulaV = P ⋅ r replace P with 1,200
73. To find how long it will take an object and r with 25.

dropped from 200 feet to hit the ground, V = P ⋅ r = 1, 200 ⋅ 25 = 30, 000

2h ≈ 173.2 volts
replace h in the formula t = with 200:
32

2(200) 200 l
t= = ≈ 3.5. So it will take 79. Replace l in the formula t = 2π with 128.

32 16 32
about 3.5 seconds to reach the ground. l 128
t = 2π = 2π = 2π 4 = 2π ( 2 )

32 32
To find how long it will take an object
dropped from 100 feet to hit the ground, = 4π seconds

2h
replace h in the formula t = with 100: l
32 80. Replace l in the formula t = 2π with 64.
32
2(100) 100
t= = = 2.5. So it will take 2.5 l 64

32 16 t = 2π = 2π = 2π 2seconds
32 32
seconds to reach the ground.
The difference is about 1 second.

l l
t= π → = π from trial-and-error
74. To find how long it will take an object 81. 2 1 2 ;
32 32
dropped from 400 feet to hit the ground, we guess that the pendulum arm will be about
2h 0.8 ft long.
replace h in the formula t = with 400:
32

l l
t=
2(400)
=
400
= 5. So it will take 5 82. t = 2π → 5 = 2π ; from trial-and-

32 16 32 32
seconds to reach the ground. error we guess that the pendulum arm will be
about 20.2 ft long.
To find how long it will take an object
dropped from 100 feet to hit the ground, 83. The irrational numbers are not closed under
multiplication since, for example,
2h
replace h in the formula t = with 100: 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 = 2 which is a rational number.
32
The rational numbers, however, are closed
2(100) 100 under multiplication by the definition of
t= = = 2.5. So it will take 2.5
32 16 fraction multiplication.
seconds to reach the ground.
154 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-4 The Irrational Numbers 154

The difference is 2.5 seconds. 84. a − b ≠ a − b a counterexample is

9 − 4 = 5 ≠ 3 − 2 = 9 − 4.
75. In the formulaV = P ⋅ r replace P with 80

and r with 5. 85. You cannot compute the square root of a

V = P ⋅ r = 80 ⋅5 = 400 = 20 volts negative number because there is no number,

that when squared, is negative.
76. In the formulaV = P ⋅ r replace P with 360
and r with 10. 86. Answers vary

V = P ⋅ r = 360 ⋅10 = 3, 600 = 60 volts

87. Yes, 3 + 0 = 3 + 0. The conjecture will be

true when one of a or b is zero.

151 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-5 The Real Numbers 151

Exercise Set 5-5 22. Natural, whole, integer, rational, real

23. Closure property of addition

1. Answers vary
24. Identity property of multiplication
2. A property of real numbers is something that is
true for all real numbers. 25. Commutative property of addition

3. Commutative property means the order in 26. Distributive property

which the operation is done does not matter.
Addition and multiplication are commutative. 27. Commutative property of multiplication

4. Associative property means that the grouping 28. Inverse property of addition
of the operation repeated multiple times
29. Distributive property
doesn’t matter. Addition and multiplication
are associative. 30. Closure property of multiplication
5. A set is closed under an operation if the result 31. Inverse property of multiplication
of performing the operation is an element of
the set. 32. Inverse property of addition

6. The identity element is an element that 33. Commutative property of addition

preserves the identity of a number under the
operation. Zero is the identity element for 34. Associative property of addition
addition because adding zero doesn’t change
35. Identity property of addition
the number, while one is the identity element
for multiplication because multiplying by one 36. Commutative property of addition
doesn’t change the number.
37. Commutative property of multiplication
7. Integer, rational real
38. Commutative property of multiplication
8. Natural, whole, integer, rational, real
39. Addition; multiplication
9. Rational, real
40. Addition; multiplication
10. Rational, real
41. Addition; subtraction; multiplication
11. Rational, real
42. Addition; subtraction; multiplication; division
12. Rational, real (except by 0)
13. Irrational, real 43. None
14. Irrational, real 44. Addition; subtraction; multiplication; division
(except by 0)
15. Irrational, real
45. Convert 6′ 8′′ to 80′′;
16. Irrational, real
Step 1: Square the height in inches,
802 = 6,400
17. Rational, real
Step 2: Divide weight by the square,
18. Rational, real 250 ÷ 6,400 = 0.0390625
Step 3: Multiply by 703,
19. Natural, whole, integer, rational, real 0.0390625 × 703 = 27.46.
Lebron James is “overweight” according to the
20. Integer, rational, real World Health Organization.

21. Natural, whole, integer, rational, real 46. Convert 7′ 6′′ to 90′′;
152 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-5 The Real Numbers 152

Step 1: Square the height in inches, Step 3: Multiply by 703,

902 = 8,100 0.054785 × 703 ≈ 38.51.
Step 2: Divide weight by the square, Warran Sapp is “obese” according to the
310 ÷ 8,100 ≈ 0.038272 World Health Organization.
Step 3: Multiply by 703,
0.0398272 × 703 ≈ 26.90. 52. Convert 6′ 9′′ to 81′′;
Yao Ming is “overweight” according to the Step 1: Square the height in inches,
World Health Organization. 812 = 6,561
Step 2: Divide weight by the square,
47. Convert 6′ 4′′ to 76′′; 345 ÷ 6,561 ≈ 0.0525834
Step 1: Square the height in inches, Step 3: Multiply by 703,
762 = 5,776 0.052583 × 703 ≈ 36.97.
Step 2: Divide weight by the square, Jonathan Ogden is “obese” according to the
195 ÷ 5,776 ≈ 0.033760 World Health Organization.
Step 3: Multiply by 703,
0.033760 × 703 = 23.73. 53. Putting your shoes and socks on is not
Michael Phelps is “normal” according to the commutative, because the outcome is different
World Health Organization. if you put your socks on before your shoes as
opposed to shoes on before socks.
48. Convert 5′ 10′′ to 70′′;
Step 1: Square the height in inches, 54. Going to the grocery store and the laundromat
702 = 4,900 is commutative, the outcome is the same no
Step 2: Divide weight by the square, matter what order you visit in.
165 ÷ 4,900 ≈ 0.033673
Step 3: Multiply by 703, 55. Doing your homework and working out is
0.033673 × 703 ≈ 23.67. commutative, the outcome is the same no
Lance Armstrong is “normal” according to the matter what order you do them in.
World Health Organization.
56. Washing and drying your dirty clothes is not
49. Convert 5′ 3′′to 63′′; commutative, the outcome is different if you
Step 1: Square the height in inches, dry them before you wash them!
632 = 3,969
Step 2: Divide weight by the square, 57. The events are associative; no matter how you
99 ÷ 3,969 ≈ 0.024943 group the chores, the end result will be the
Step 3: Multiply by 703, same.
0.024943 × 703 ≈ 17.53.
Nastia Liukin is “underweight” according to 58. The events are associative; no matter how you
the World Health Organization. group them the end result is the same.

50. Convert 4′ 10 12 " to 58.5′′; 59. The events are associative; no matter how you
group them the end result is the same.
Step 1: Square the height in inches,
58.52 = 3,422.25
60. The events are not associative. To fly to
Step 2: Divide weight by the square,
Mexico you must first get on the plane.
105 ÷ 3,422.25 ≈ 0.030682
Step 3: Multiply by 703,
61. (12 – 8) – 15 = 4 – 15 = – 11
0.030682 × 703 ≈ 21.564.
12 – (8 – 15) = 12 – (–7) = 12 + 7 = 19
Julie Krone is “normal” according to the
The results are not the same; subtraction is not
World Health Organization.
associative.
51. Convert 6′ 2′′ to 74′′; 62. 100 ÷ (25 ÷ 5) = 100 ÷ 5 = 20
Step 1: Square the height in inches,
742 = 5,476 4
(100 ÷ 25) ÷ 5 = 4 ÷ 5 =
Step 2: Divide weight by the square, 5
300 ÷ 5,476 ≈ 0.054785 The results are not the same; division is not
associative.
153 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 153

63. 10 + (3 · 5) = 10 + 15 = 25 1 1 1
2−6 = = =
(10 + 3) · (10 + 5) = 13 · 15 = 195 15.
26 2⋅2⋅ 2⋅ 2⋅ 2⋅2 64
The results are not the same; addition does not
distribute over multiplication.
1 1 1
16. 7 −2 = = =
64. 8(20 – 4) = 8(16) = 128 72 7⋅7 49
8 · 20 – 8 · 4 = 160 – 32 = 128

The results are the same; multiplication does 17. 34 ⋅32 = 34+2 = and 36 = 729
distribute over subtraction. 36

18. 53 ⋅ 53 = 53+3 = 56 and 56 = 15, 625

Exercise Set 5-6
19. 44 ⋅ 43 = 44+3 = 47 and 47 = 16,384
1. Answers vary

2. Scientific notation is a method for writing very 20. 26 ⋅ 24 = 26+4 = 210 and 210 = 1024
large or very small numbers using exponents.

To put a number in scientific notation move 34 4−2 2 2

21. =3 = 3 and 3 = 9
the decimal to the right of the first nonzero 32
digit and count the number of decimal places
moved. Make the exponent on 10 the number 5
6
of decimal places moved, negative if the 22. = 65−3 = 6 2 and 6 2 = 36
original number was smaller than 1, positive if 63
the original number was greater than 10.
25

3. To convert from scientific to decimal 23. = 25−4 = 21 or 2

24
notation, move the decimal the number of
places corresponding to the exponent on ten,
83
left if the exponent is negative, right if the 24. = 83−1 = 82 and 82 = 64
exponent is positive. 8

2 3 2⋅3 6 6
4. Answers vary 25. (5 ) = 5 = 5 and 5 = 15, 625

5. Answers vary 4 2 4⋅2 8 8

26. (4 ) = 4 = 4 and 4 = 65,536
6. Answers vary
2 −4 1 1 1
27. 3 ⋅3 = 3
2+(−4)
= 3−2 = and =

7. 35 = 3 ⋅3 ⋅ 3 ⋅3 ⋅3 = 32 32 9
243
28. 4 −3 ⋅ 45 = 4 −3+5 = 4 2 and 42 = 16
4
8. 6 = 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 =
1296

9. 80 = 1 1
29. 5−3 ⋅5−2 = 5−3+(−2) = 5−5 = 5 and
5
10. 90 = 1 1 1
=

0
55 3,125
11. (−5) = 1
154 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 154

30. 63 ⋅ 6 −3 = 63+(−3) = 60 and 60 = 1

12. (−4)0 = 1
25 1 1 1
31. = 25−7 = 2 −2 = and =

13. 3−5 =
1
=
1
=
1 27 22 22 4

35 3⋅3⋅3⋅3⋅3 243
34 1 1 1
32. = 34−6 = 3−2 = and =
1 1 1 32
14. 6−4 = = = 36 32 9

64 6⋅6⋅6⋅6 1296
155 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 155

44 1 1 1 46. Move the decimal point 4 places to the left so

33. = 44−7 = 4−3 = and = that it falls between the 5 and 6.
47 43 43 64
56, 000 = 5.6 ×104
2
5 1 1 1
34. = 52−5 = 5−3 = and = 47. Move the decimal point 2 places to the right so

55 53 53 125 that it falls between the 8 and 1.

2 0.0814 = 8.14 ×10 −2

7 1
35. = 7 2−3 = 7 −1 =

73 7 48. Move the decimal point 3 places to the right so

that it falls between the 1s.
2 0.0011 = 1.1×10 −3
8 1 1 1
36. = 5 = 82−4 = 8−2 = and =

84 82 82 64
49. Move the decimal point 13 places to the left so

37. Move the decimal point 8 places to the left so that it falls between the 3 and 2.
that it falls between the 6 and 2. 32, 000, 000, 000, 000 = 3.2 ×1013
625, 000, 000 = 6.25×108
50. Move the decimal point 7 places to the left so
38. Move the decimal point 6 places to the left so that it falls between the 4 and 3.
that it falls between the 9s. 43,500,000 = 4.35×107
9,910, 000 = 9.91×106
51. Since the exponent is positive, move the
39. Move the decimal point 3 places to the right so decimal point 4 places to the right.
that it falls between the 7 and 3. 5.9×104 = 59, 000
0.0073 = 7.3×10 −3
52. Since the exponent is positive, move the
40. Move the decimal point 1 place to the right so decimal point 6 places to the right.
that it falls between the 2 and 6. 6.28×106 = 6, 280, 000
0.261 = 2.61×10 −1
53. Since the exponent is negative, move the
41. Move the decimal point 11 places to the left so decimal point 5 places to the left.
that it falls between the 5 and 2. 3.75 ×10 −5 = 0.0000375
11
528, 000, 000, 000 = 5.28×10
54. Since the exponent is negative, move the
42. Move the decimal point 6 places to the left so decimal point 10 places to the left.
that it falls between the first and second 2. 9 ×10 −10 = 0.0000000009
2, 220,000 = 2.22 ×106
55. Since the exponent is positive, move the
43. Move the decimal point 6 places to the right so decimal point 3 places to the right.
that it falls between the 6 and 1. 2.4 ×103 = 2, 400
0.00000618 = 6.18 ×10 −6
56. Since the exponent is positive, move the
44. Move the decimal point 9 places to the right so decimal point 5 places to the right.
that it falls between the 7s. 7.72×105 = 772, 000
−9
0.0000000077 = 7.7 ×10
57. Since the exponent is negative, move the
45. Move the decimal point 4 places to the left so decimal point 6 places to the left.
that it falls between the 4 and 3. 3×10 −6 = 0.000003
43, 200 = 4.32 ×104
58. Since the exponent is negative, move the
decimal point 9 places to the left.
156 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 156

4 ×10 −9 = 0.000000004
157 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 157

59. Since the exponent is positive, move the 5×10 4 5 104

decimal point 3 places to the right. 73. = ×
3 2.5×102 2.5 102
1×10 = 1, 000 = 2 ×10 4−2
60. Since the exponent is positive, move the = 2 ×10 2
decimal point 4 places to the right. = 200
2.26 ×104 = 22, 600
9 ×106 9 106
74. = ×
61. Since the exponent is positive, move the 3×10 2 3 10 2
decimal point 9 places to the right.
= 3×106−2
8.02 ×109 = 8, 020, 000, 000 = 3×104
= 30, 000
62. Since the exponent is negative, move the
decimal point 4 places to the left. −2

4.2 ×10 4.2 10

1×10 −4 = 75. = ×
0.0001
7 ×10 −3 7 10 −3

63. Since the exponent is positive, move the = 0.6 ×10 −2+3
decimal point 12 places to the right. = 0.6 ×101
12
7 ×10 = 7, 000, 000, 000,000 = 6 ×100
=6
64. Since the exponent is positive, move the
decimal point 2 places to the right.
6.4 ×108 6.4 108

1.33×10 2 = 133 76. = ×

8×10 −2 8 10 −2

65. (3×104 )(2 ×106 ) = 6 ×1010 = 60, 000, 000, 000 = 0.8 ×108+2
= 0.8 ×1010
66. (5×103 )(8 ×105 ) = 40 ×108 = 8×109
= 8, 000, 000, 000
= 4 ×109
= 4, 000, 000, 000
6.6 ×103 6.6 103
77. = ×

67. (6.2 ×10 −2 )(4.3×10 −6 ) = 1.1×105 1.1 105

26.66 ×10−8

≈ 2.67 ×10 −7 = 6 ×103−5

= 0.000000267 = 6 ×10 −2
= 0.06
68. (1.7 ×10 −5 )(3.8 ×10−6 ) = 6.46 ×10−11
= 0.0000000000646 3 ×107 3 107
78. = ×

1.5 ×10 −5 1.5 10 −5

69. 7 (4 ×10 4 )(2.2 ×10 −7 ) = 8.8 ×10−3

71. 2 = 0.0088
.

70. (2.2×105 )(3.6 ×10 −4 ) = 7.92 ×101

= 79.2
 158 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 158

= 000)
41, 000,
(5×10 2 7 )(4.1×107 )
= (6.3×10
−2 × 14
)(3×1 = 25.83×10
1
15
0 −8 ) = ≈ 2.58×10
0
7
15×10 79.
−10 +
5
=
1 =
. 2
5 ×
× 1
1 0
1
0
− 2
9 =
= 2
0 ,
. 0
0 0
0 0
0 ,
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 ,
0 0
1 0
5 0
,
(4.3×1 0
0
05
0
)(2.2 ×
10 −6 ) 63,
= 00
9.46 × 0,
10 −1 00
= 0
0 =
. 6.
9 3×
4 10
6 7

41,
00
0,
00
0
=
4.
1×
10
7
(6
3,
00
0,
00
0)(
159 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 159

80. 52, 000 = 5.2 ×104 86. 1 × 1014 × 300,000,000

= 1 × 1014 × 3 × 108
3, 000,000 = 3×106
= (1 × 3) × (1014 × 108)
4
(52, 000)(3, 000, 000) = (5.2 ×10 )(3×10 ) 6 = 3 × 1022 cells.
= 15.6 ×1010 87. Number of protons in one gallon of water:
= 1.56 ×1011 1.27 × 1026 × 10 = 1.27 × 1027
Mass of protons in one gallon of water:
81. 600,000, 000 = 6×108 1.27 × 1027 × 1.67 × 10-24
= (1.27 × 1.67) × (1027 × 10-24)
25,000, 000 = 2.5×107 3

= 2.1209 × 10
600, 000, 000 6 ×108 6 108 Percentage of weight from protons:
= = × = 2.4 ×101
25, 000, 000 2.5×107 2.5 107 2.1209 × 103 ÷ 3,788 × 100 ≈ 56%

88. (1 × 1020) ÷ (3,300,000)

82. 32, 000, 000 = 3.2 ×10
7 = (1 × 1020) ÷ (3.3 × 106)

= (1 ÷ 3.3) × (1020 ÷ 106)

64,000, 000 = 6.4 ×107 ≈ 0.303 × 1014

32, 000, 000 3.2 ×107 = 3.03 × 1013 grains of sand per ft2.
=
64, 000, 000 6.4 ×107
3.2 107 89. 4.2 × 5.88 × 1012
= × = 24.696 × 1012
6.4 107
= 2.4696 × 1013 miles.
= 0.5×100
= 5×10 −1 90. 280 × 5.88 × 1012
= 1646.4 × 1012
−7
83. 0.00000025 = 2.5 ×10 = 1.6464 × 1015 miles.
0.000004 = 4 ×10 −6
91. 4,681 million is 4,681,000,000
(0.00000025)(0.000004) = (2.5 ×10−7 )(4 ×10 −6 ) = 4.681 × 109
= 10 ×10 −13 In light years:

(4.681 × 109) ÷ (5.88 × 1012)

= 1×10−12
= (4.681 ÷ 5.88) × (109 ÷ 1012)
≈ 0.796 × 10-3
= 7.96 × 10-4 light years.
84. 0.0000036 =
3.6 ×10 −6

0.0009 = 9 ×10 −4 = (6 × 1.86) × (102 × 105)

= 11.16 × 107
0.0000036 3.6 ×10−6 =1.116 × 108 miles.
=
0.0009 9 ×10−4
3.6 10−6
= ×
9 10−4
= 0.4 ×10−2
= 4 ×10−3

85. Ten minutes is 60 × 10 or 600 seconds.

So, in ten minutes light will travel:
600 × 1.86 × 105
= 6 × 102 × 1.86 × 105
 160 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-6 Exponents and Scientific Notation 160

92. 93 million = 93,000,000 = 9.3 × 107

Light travels 5.88 × 1012 miles in one
year. There are 365 × 24 × 60 =
525,600 minutes in
a year. So light travels
(5.88 × 1012) ÷ (5.256 × 105) ≈ 1.12 × 107
miles per minute. So divide
9.3 × 107 by 1.12 × 107 ≈ 8.3. It takes
about
8.3 minutes for light from the sun to
reach the earth.

93. Divide 100 by 1 × 10-8 = (1 × 102) ÷ (1 ×

10-8)
= 1 × 1010. So 10 billion atoms will
fit on a meter stick if laid end to end.

94. Divide: 454 ÷ (7 × 10-5)

= (4.54 × 102) ÷ (7 × 10-5) = 0.65 × 107
≈ 6.5 × 106 or 6.5 million grains of
spruce pollen in one pound.
157 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 157

95. C = 2πr Exercise Set 5-7

≈ 2(3.14)(67, 000, 000)
= 2(3.14)(6.7 ×107 ) 1. You can check to see if there is a common
= 42.076 ×10 7 difference.
≈ 4.21×108 or about 421,000,000 2. You can check to see if there is a common
or 421 million miles ratio.

96. 250 million = 2.5 × 108 3. The symbol an represents the nth term of the
25 trillion = 2.5 × 1013 sequence.
Multiply 2.5 × 108 × 2.5 × 1013 = 6.25 × 1021

molecules of hemoglobin in an average 4. The symbol Sn represents the sum of the first n
human. terms of the sequence.

97. Divide 4.06 × 1010 by 365 5. Answers vary

= (4.06 × 1010) ÷ (3.65 × 102)
≈ 1.11 × 108 or about $111,000,000 a day. 6. Answers vary

98. 300 million = 3 × 108. 7. (a) 1, 7, 13, 19, 25

Divide (4.06 × 1010) by (3 × 107) (b) 6

= (4.06 × 1010) ÷ (3 × 107) (c) an = a1 + ( n – 1) d

≈ 1.35 × 102 or about $135 per person. a12 = 1 + (12 – 1)( 6 )

99. Divide 4.235 × 108 ÷ 74 ≈ 0.057 × 108 = 1 + (11)( 6 )

= 5.7 × 106. So they would need to sell 5.7 = 1 + 66

million tickets. = 67
n(a1 + a n )
100. 62 million = 6.2 × 107. Divide (d) Sn =
2
(1.25 × 108) ÷ (6.2 × 107) ≈ 0.20 × 101 = 2.
12(1 +67)
So they are spending about $2 per viewer. S12 =
2
101. Each entry is half the previous entry so the last 12(68)
=
three entries are 1, ½, and ¼. These values are 2
exactly how the 0 and negative exponents are 816
defined. =
2
102. Answers vary = 408

103. Answers vary 8. (a) 10, 15, 20, 25, 30

(b) 5

104. (a) (2 × 104)3 (c) an = a1 + ( n – 1) d

= (2 × 104) × (2 × 104) × (2 × 104) a12 = 10 + (12 – 1)( 5 )

= (2 × 2 × 2) × ( 104 × 104 × 104)
= 10 + (11)( 5 )
= 8 × 1012
= 23 × (104)3 = 10 + 55

(b) (a × 10n)3 = 65
= (a × 10n) × (a × 10n) × (a × 10n) n(a1 + an )
= (a × a × a) × ( 10n × 10n × 10n) (d) Sn =
2
= a3 × (10n)3
(c) Answers vary
158 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 158

12(10 +65)
S12 = 1
2 3
12(75)
a12 = +
4
(12 – 1)
8
=
2 1 3
900
= +
4
(11)
= 8
2 2 33
= +
= 450 8 8
35
=
9. (a) −9, −12, −15, −18, −21 8
(b) –3
(c) an = a1 + ( n – 1) d n(a1 + a n )
(d) Sn =
a12 = –9 + (12 – 1)( –3 ) 2

= – 9 + (11)( –3 ) ⎛1 35
1= 2 +
= – 9 – 33 S12 = ⎞
⎜4 8 ⎟⎠
⎝
2
= –42
⎛2 35 ⎞
n(a1 + a n ) 1= 2⎜ + ⎟
(d) Sn = ⎝8 8 ⎠
2 =
12[–9 + (–42)] 2
S12 = ⎛ 37 ⎞
2 12⎜ ⎟
12(−51) ⎝8 ⎠
= =
2 2
−612 444
=
2 = 8
= −306 2
444
=
10. (a) −15, −17, −19, −21, −23 16
(b) –2 111
=
(c) an = a1 + ( n – 1) d 4
a12 = –15 + (12 – 1)( –2 )
= – 15 + (11)( –2 ) 12. (a)
3 4 5 6
, , , ,1
= – 15 – 22 7 7 7 7
1
= – 37 (b)

n(a1 + a n ) 7
(d) Sn = (c) an = a1 + (n – 1)d
2
3 1
+ (12 – 1)
12
12(–15 – 37) a =
S12 = 7 7
2
3 1
= + 11
=
12(−52) ( )
2 7 7
−624 3 11
= = +
2 7 7
= −312 14
=
7
1 5 11 7 =2
11. (a) , ,1, ,
n(a + a )
4 8 8 4 3
(b)
159 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 159

8 (d) Sn = 1 n

(c) an = a1 + (n – 1)d 2
160 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 160

⎛3 ⎞ 5 ⎛ 1⎞
12 ⎜ + 2 ⎟ a12 = + (12 – 1) −
⎜ ⎟
⎝7 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠
S12 =
2 5 ⎛ 1⎞
= + (11) ⎜ − ⎟
⎛3 14 ⎞ 2 ⎝ 4⎠
1= 2⎜ + ⎟
7 7
⎝ ⎠ 10 −11
= = +
2 4 4
204 1
=−
= 7 4
2
n(a1 +an )
204 (d) Sn =
= 2
14
⎛5 1⎞
102 12 ⎜ − ⎟
= ⎝2 4 ⎠
7 S12 =
2
11 10 8 ⎛ 10 1
1= 2⎜ −
13. (a) 4, 3 , 3 ,3, 3 4⎞ 4 ⎟
=
1 ⎝ ⎠
(b) − 3
2
⎛9⎞
12 ⎜ ⎟
= ⎝ ⎠
(c) an = a1 + (n – 1)d 4
⎛ 1⎞ 2

a12 = 4 + (12 – 1) ⎜ − ⎟ 3 ⋅9
⎝ 3⎠ =
2
⎛ 1⎞
= 4 + (11) − 27
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 3 ⎠
2
1
=
3 15. (a) 5, 13, 21, 29, 37
n(a + a ) (b) 13 − 5 = 8
1 n
(d) Sn =
2 (c) an = a1 + (n −1)d

⎛ 1⎞ a12 = 5 + (12 – 1)( 8 )

12 ⎜ 4 + ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
= 5 + (11)( 8 )
S12 =
2
= 5 + 88
⎛ 12 1
1= 2⎜ +⎟ = 93
⎞
3 3
⎝ ⎠
=
2
n(a1 +an )
⎛ 13 ⎞ (d) Sn =
1= 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2
= ⎝ ⎠
3
12(5 +93)

2 S12 =
2
4 ⋅13 = 26
=
2
52 5 9 7 3
= 14. (a) , , 2, ,
2 2 4 4 2
161 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 161

8)
=
1 2
1,176
2 =
2
( = 588
9
16. (a) 2, 12, 22, 32, 42
(b) 12 − 2 = 10
1
(b) −
4
(c) an = a1 + (n – 1)d
162 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 162

(c) an = a1 + (n −1)d (c) an = a1 + (n −1)d

a12 = 2 + (12 −1)(10) 1 ⎛2⎞

a = + (12 −1)
= 2 + (11)(10) 12 ⎜ ⎟
8 ⎝ 3⎠
= 2 +110 1 ⎛2⎞

= 112 = + (11) ⎜ ⎟
8 ⎝3⎠
n(a1 +an ) 1 22
(d) S =
n
2 = +
8 3
12(2 +112) 3 176
S12 = = 684 = +
2 24 24

17. (a) 50, 48, 46, 44, 42 179

=
(b) 48 − 50 = −2 24

(c) an = a1 + (n −1)d n(a1 +an )

(d) S n =
a12 = 50 + (12 −1)(−2) 2
= 50 + (11)(−2)
(8
12 1 + 179
24
)
= 50 + (−22) S12 =
= 28 2
n(a1 +an ) ( )
(d) S = =
3 + 179
12 24 24
n
2 2
=
12(50 +28)
=
( )
12 182
24
2 2
12(78)
= 182

2 = 2
936 2
= 182
2 =
= 468 4
91
=
2
18. (a) 12, 7, 2, −3, −8
(b) 7 − 12 = −5 20. (a)
1 9 13 17 21
, , , ,
(c) an = a1 + (n −1)d 2 10 10 10 10

a12 = 12 + (12 −1)(−5) 13 9 4 2

(b) − = =

= 12 + (11)(−5) 10 10 10 5
= 12 + (−55) (c) an = a1 + (n −1)d
= −43 1 ⎛2⎞
n(a1 +an ) a12 = + (12 −1) ⎜ ⎟
(d) Sn = 2 ⎝ 5⎠
2

+ (11) ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞
1 2
12[12 +(−43)] =
S12 = 2 ⎝5⎠
2 1 22
163 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 163

12[−31] = +
= 2 5
2 5 44
−372 = +
= 10 10
2 49
= −186 =
1 19 35 17 67 10
19. (a) , , , , n(a1 +an )
(d) Sn =
8 24 24 8 24
35 19 16 2 2
(b) − = =
24 24 24 3
164 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 164

S12 =
(
12 12 + 49
10 ) (c) an = a1r n−1
2 a12 = 12 ⋅ 211 = 24, 576
( 10
12 5 + 49
10
) a (1 −r )
n
= (d) S n = 1
2 1− r
=
12 54
10( ) S =
1= 2 (1= − 212
=
) 12( −4, 095 )
= 49,140
−1
12
2 1− 2
648

= 10 24. (a) 8, 24, 72, 216, 648

2
648 (b) 3
=
20 (c) an = a1r n−1
162 11
=
a12 = 8 ⋅ 3 = 1, 417,176
5 n
a (1 −r )
(d) Sn = 1
21. (a) 0.6, 1.6, 2.6, 3.6, 4.6 1− r
(b) 1.6 − 0.6 = 1 (
8 1− 312 )
8 ( −531, 440 )
(c) an = a1 + (n −1)d S12 = = = 2,125, 760
1− 3 −2
a12 = 0.6 + (12 −1)(1)

= 0.6 + (11)(1) 5 5 5 5
= 11.6 25. (a) −5, − , − , − , −
4 16 64 256
n(a1 +an )
(d) Sn = 1
2 (b)
4
12(0.6 +11.6)
S12 = (c) an = a1r n−1
2
11
12(12.2) ⎛1⎞
= a12 = −5 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝4⎠
146.4
= n
a (1 −r )
2 (d) Sn = 1
= 73.2 1− r

⎡ ⎛ =1 ⎞12 ⎤
−5 1−

22. (a) 0.3, 0.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9 ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥

4
(b) 0.7 − 0.3 = 0.4 S12 = ⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠

(c) an = a1 + (n −1)d = 30
a12 = 0.3 + (12 −1)(0.4)
= 0.3 + (11)(0.4)
= 0.3 + 4.4
= 4.7
n(a1 +an )
(d) Sn =
2
12(0.3 + 4.7)
S12 =
2
12(5)
=
2
60
=
2
165 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 165

7 77, 216
1
, 3
− 2
1 4
1 −83, 886, 775 4
4 5 = ⋅
− 16, 777, 216 3
)
5 27, 962, 025
=−
( = 4,194,304
1 1
≈ −6.7
6 6
, , 8 16
7 26. (a) −9, −6, −4, − , −
7 3 9
7
23. (a) 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 2
(b)
(b) 2 3
166 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 166

(c) an = a1r n−1 a (1 −r n )

(d) S n = 1

⎛ 2⎞
11
2, 048 1− r
a12 = −9 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = − 3
3
⎝ ⎠ 19, 683
12

⎡⎣1− (−3) ⎤⎦
a (1 −r ) n S12 = 7
(d) S n = 1 1− (−3)
1− r 3(−531, 440)
⎡
⎛
12
⎤
= 7
2⎞ 4
S12 = −9 ⎢1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎝⎥ −1, 594, 320 1
⎢⎣=
3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
2
1− = ⋅
3 7 4
−9(527,345) = −56,940
531, 441
= 25 25 25
1 29. (a) 100, −25, ,− ,
3 4 16 64
−(527, 345) 3 1
= ⋅ (b) − 4
59, 049 1
n−1
=−
527, 345 (c) an = a1r

11
19, 683
a12 = 100 ⋅ ⎜⎛ − ⎞⎟
1
≈ −26.79 ⎝ 4⎠
25
1 = − 10
27. (a) , −1, 6, −36, 216 4
6
25
(b) −6 =−
1, 048, 576

(c) an = a1r n−1

a (1 −r n )
1 (d) S n = 1
a = ⋅ ( −6 ) = −610 = 60, 466,176
11

12 1− r
6
n
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞12 ⎤
a (1 −r ) 100 ⎢1− ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
(d) Sn = 1 ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠4⎥⎦
1− r S =
12
⎛ 1
1
⎡⎣1− (−6)12 ⎤⎦ 1− ⎜ − ⎟⎞
6 ⎝ 4⎠
S =
12
1− (−6) 100 16, 777, 215

−2,176, 782, 335 (

6 b
=
7 )
−2,176, 782, 335 7 −
= ⋅ 3
6 1
15, 237, 476,345
=−
6
≈ −2, 539, 579,390.8

3 9 27 81 243
28. (a) ,− , ,− , 30. (a) (b)
7 7 7 7 7
167 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 167

16, 048, 576

= =
777, 216 83, ≈ 80
5
886 1 1 1
4 10, −1, , − ,
1, 677, 721, , 10 100 1, 000
=
500 4 075 − 1
⋅ 1
16, 777, 216 5
,
(c) an = a1r n−1 10
12
3 3 531, 441
a12 = ⋅ ( −3 ) = −
11
=−
7 7 7
168 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 168

(c) an = a1r n−1 a (1 −r n )

(d) S n = 1
11
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 1− r
a = 10 ⋅ − =− =−
12 ⎜ 10 ⎟ − 12
1010 10, 000,000, 000
⎝ ⎠ 6(1 2 )
S12 =
1− 2
6(−4, 095)
a (1 −r n ) =
(d) S n = 1 −1
1− r
12
= 24,570
⎛
⎡ 1 ⎞ ⎤
10 ⎢1− ⎜ − ⎥
⎟ 1 1 1 1 1
⎝ 10

⎢ ⎠
S12 = ⎣ 33. (a) , , , ,
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 4 8 16 32
1− ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ (b)
1 1 1 2 1
÷ = ⋅ =
10 −1
12 4 2 4 1 2

10
= 1012 (c) an = a1r n−1
11 12−1
1⎛1
⎞
10 a12 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝
1012 −1 10 2 2⎠

= ⋅ 1⎛1⎞
11
1011 11 = ⎜ ⎟
1012 −1 ⎝
= 2 2⎠
11⋅1010
1
= ≈ 0.000244
4, 096
90, 909, 090, 909
= a (1 −r n )
10,000, 000, 000 (d) S n = 1
1− r
1 ⎡1− 1
( )
31. (a) 4, 12, 36, 108, 324 12 ⎤
2⎢ 2 ⎥⎦
12 ⎣
(b) =3 S
12 =
4 1− 12

(c) an = a1r n−1 1 ⎡1− 1 ⎤

2 ⎣ 4096 ⎦
12−1 11 =
a12 = 4(3) = 4(3 ) = 708,588 1
2
n
a (1 −r ) 1
(d) Sn = 1 = 1−
1− r 4096
4095
4(1 −312 ) =

S12 = 4096
1− 3
≈ 0.9998

=
4(−531, 440) = 062,880
−2 1
= 2(531, 440) ,
 169 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 169

2 2 2
34. (a) , ,
2 2
, ,
3 9
27 81
243
1
1
2 2 2/ 3/ 1
32. (a) 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 (b) ÷ = ⋅ =
9 3 9/ 2/ 3
12 3 1
(b) =2
6 n−1
(c) an = a1r

(c) an = a1r n−1 12−1 11

= ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞ = ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞
2 1 2 1 2
12−1 11 a =
a12 = 6(2) = 6(2 ) = 12, 288 12
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 531, 441
170 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 170

a (1 −r n ) (c) an = a1r n−1

(d) S n = 1
12−1 11
1− r

a12 = 1(3) =3 = 177,147

2 ⎡1− 1
12 ⎤
() a (1− r ) n

3 ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
S12 = (d) S n = 1
1− 13 1− r
12

2 ⎡1− 1 ⎤ 1(1 −3 )
3 ⎣ 531,441 ⎦ S12 =
= 1− 3
2 1(−531, 440)
3 =
1 −2
= 1− = 265, 720
531, 441
531, 440
= 1 1 1
531, 441 38. (a) 8, 2, , ,
≈1 2 8 32

2 1
35. (a) −3, 15, −75, 375, −1875 (b) =
8 4
15
(b) = −5 (c) an = a1r n−1
−3
12−1
(c) an = a1r n−1 ⎛ =1 ⎞
a12 = 8 ⎜ ⎟
12−1 ⎝4⎠
a12 = (−3)(−5) 11
⎛1⎞
= (−3)(−5)11 = 8⎜ ⎟
= 146, 484,375 ⎝4⎠
8
a (1 −r n ) =
(d) S n = 1 4,194,304
1− r 1
=
−3[1− (−5)12 ] 524, 288
S12 =
1− (−5) a1 (1− r n )
−3[−244,140, 624] (d) S n =
= 1− r
6
8 ⎡1 − 1 ⎤ ( )
12
= 122,070, 312
=⎣ ⎢ 4 ⎦
S12 =
⎥ 1− 4
1
36. (a) −3, 12, −48, 192, −768
12 ⎡16, 777, 215 ⎤
= −4 8⎢
16, 777, 216 ⎥
(b)
−3
⎣ ⎦
= 3
n−1
(c) an = a1r 4
12−1 ⎡16, 777, 215 ⎤ 4
a12 = (−3)(−4) =8 ⋅
⎢ ⎥
= (−3)(−4)11 ⎣16, 777, 216 ⎦ 3
= 12,582,912 5, 592, 405
=
n 524, 288
a (1 −r )
(d) Sn = 1 ≈ 10.67
1− r
−3[1 − (−4)12 ] −135
= −15 45
=− = −3; = −3;
1− (−4) 39. 3;
5 −15 45
−3[−16, 777, 215]
= 405
5 = −3
= 10, 066,329 −135
171 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 171

There is a common ratio of successive terms,

37. (a) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 so the sequence is geometric.
3
(b) =3
1 40. 35 − 42 = −7; 28 − 35 = −7; 21 − 28 = −7;
14 − 21 = −7
There is a common difference between
172 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 172

successive terms, so the sequence is 1 5 4

arithmetic. 45. − =−
8 8 8
3 1 4
41. 4 – 2 = 2, 8 – 4 = 4; there is no common − − =−
8 8 8
difference. 7 ⎛ 3⎞ 4
− − − =−
⎜ ⎟
4 8 14 8 ⎝ 8⎠ 8
= ≠ ; there is no common ratio. 11 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 4
2 4 8 − −⎜− ⎟ = −
8 ⎝ 8⎠ 8
Therefore the sequence is neither arithmetic There is a common difference of successive
nor geometric. terms so the series is arithmetic.

46. −3 − 4 = −7

9 9 48 57
− −3 = + =
42. 4 − 2 = 2,12 − 4 = 8; there is no 16
( ) 16 16 16
common difference. There is no common difference.

4 12 −3 3
≠ ; there is no common ratio. =−
2 4 4 4
9 9 1 3
÷ −3 = ⋅ = −
Therefore the sequence is neither arithmetic 16 16 −3 16
nor geometric. There is no common ratio.
43. 2 − 6 = −4; −2 − 2 = −4; −6 − (−2) = −4; Therefore the sequence is neither geometric
−10 − (−6) = −4 nor arithmetic.
There is a common difference between
successive terms, so the sequence is 47. Form the sequence of depreciation:
arithmetic.
3,500, 3,000, 2,500, 2,000, 1,500, …
1
3
÷
1
=
3
⋅
10
=
3
; The common difference is −500.
44.
40 10 40 1 4
4 (a) an = a1 + (n −1)d
3 1 a7 = 3,500 + ( 7 −1)( −500 )
9 3 9/ 40 3
÷ = ⋅ = ; = 3,500 + 6 ( −500 )

160 40 160 3/ 4 = 3,500 − 3, 000 = 500

4 1
3 1
So the car loses $500 in value in the
27 9 27 160 3
÷ = ⋅ = ; seventh year.

640 160 640 9/ 4

4 1 n(a1 + an )
3 1 (b) S n =
2
81 27 81 640 3
÷ = ⋅ =
2560 640 2, 560 27 4 7(3,500 + 500)
4 1
S7 = = 14, 000
2
There is a common ratio of successive terms,

so the sequence is geometric. So the car is worth $27,000 − $14,000

 173 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 173

= $13,000 at the end of

seven years.

48. Form the sequence of

depreciation:

1,800, 1,750,

1,700, 1,650,

1,600, … The

common

difference is

−50.
174 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 174

(a) an = a1 + (n −1)d 52. The number of workers laid off increases by 5

each quarter. The end of 2010 will be the
a5 = 1,800 + ( 5 −1)( −50 )
eight quarter. We need to find S8 for the
= 1,800 + 4 ( −50 )
sequence with a1 = 25 and d = 5.
= 1,800 − 200 = 1, 600
( )( )
a8 = 25 + 8 −1 5
So the machinery loses $1,600 in value in
= 25 + 7 ( 5 )
the fifth year.
= 25 + 35
n(a1 +an ) = 60
(b) S n =
2 8(25 + 60)
S8 = = 340. So they will have laid
5(1, 800 + 1, 600) 2
S5 = = 8,500 off 340 workers by the end of 2010 and will
2 have 700 – 340 = 360 workers remaining.
So the machinery is worth
53. The bounces can be represented by a
$50,000 − $8,500 = $41,500 at the end of
1
five years. geometric sequence with a1 = 80 and r = .
2
49. The fines increase by $3 for each offense; find We are looking for S10.
n
S8 where a1 = 5 and d = 3. a (1 −r )
Sn = 1
1− r
an = a1 + (n −1)d
⎡ 1⎞
a8 = 5 + ( 8 −1)( 3 ) ⎛
10
⎤
80 ⎢1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
= 5 + 7 (3) ⎢⎣ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 5 + 21 S10 = 1
= 26 1−
2
n(a1 +an ) 1023
Sn = 80 ⋅
2 1024
=
8(5 +26) 1
S8 = = $124
2 2
1023 2
= 80 ⋅ ⋅
Her fines on the eighth offense bring the total 1024 1
to over $100 therefore she will lose her car. 5115
=
32
50. The fines increase by $5 for each successive ≈ 159.8
offense. Find a8 where a1 = 25 and d = 5.
a8 = 25 + (8 −1)(5) = 25 + 7(5) = 60 So the total height is about 160 ft.
The fine for the eighth offense is $60.
54. The common ratio of heights of successive
51. Each additional ten feet in excess of the first 7
bounces is . On the first bounce the ball
ten increases the price by $250. To find the 8
cost of building a 90 ft tower we need to find 7
bounces (8) = 7 feet. Find a4 if a1 = 7,
S9 for the sequence with a1 = 1, 000 8
and d = 250. 7
r = , and n = 4.
a9 = 1, 000 + ( 9 −1)( 250 ) 8
= 1, 000 + 8 ( 250 )
4−1 3
= 1, 000 + 2, 000 7⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 7⎞ 2, 401
a = 7⎜ ⎟ = 7⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 4.7
4
= 3, 000 ⎝8⎠ ⎝8⎠ 512
175 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 175

The ball bounces about 4.7 feet on the fourth

9(1, 000 +3, 000)
S9 = = 18, 000 . So it will
2
cost $18,000 to build a 90 ft tower.
176 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 176

28 = 256. So she must answer eight questions

7 ⎡1− 7 ⎤( )
4
correctly to have enough money to buy the
⎢ 8 ⎥

bounce. Then S4 = ⎣ ⎦
house.
1− 78
⎡ 1, 695 ⎤ 58. The business owner’s plan can be represented
7⎢
4, 096 ⎥
by a geometric series with a1 = 1and r = 2 .
= ⎣ 1
⎦
8 After 22 days the employee’s earnings would
21

⎡ 1, 695 ⎤ 8 be a22 = 1(2) = 2, 097,152 cents = $20, 971.52.

=7 ⋅
⎢ 4, 096 ⎥ 1 The employee’s haste cost him
⎣ ⎦
94, 920 20,097.52 – 4,000 = $16,971.52 (a very costly
=
4, 096 mistake!)
≈ 23.2 feet.
The ball bounces upwards a total distance of 59. For the first job your pay increases
about 23.2 feet after four bounces, but the ball arithmetically, with
dropped 8 feet to begin with and must fall the a1 = $30, 000andd = $2, 000. So in ten years
same amount of feet as it bounces upward, so
the total distance traveled is about you will make
( )
a10 = $30, 000 + 9 $2, 000 = $48, 000.
8 + 23.2 + 23.2 = 54.4 feet.

For the second job your pay increases

55. The amount owed at the end of one year can geometrically with a1 = $30, 000 and r = 1.04.
be represented by a geometric sequence with In ten years you will make
9
a1 = 1, 200(1.1) = 1,320 and r = 1.1 . (1.1 a10 = $30, 000 (1.04 )= $42, 699.35. You
corresponds to 110% of the previous month’s

balance that will be owed in the subsequent better accept the first job since it will pay
month). We need to find a12. $5,300.65 more in ten years.
12−1

a12 = 1,320(1.1) ≈ 3, 766.11 60. The first investment can be represented by an

So he will have to pay back $3,766.11. arithmetic sequence with
a1 = $5,000 and d = $1, 000.
56. The amount in the account can be represented
by a geometric sequence with At the end of 12 years the amount in your
account is
a1 = 500(1.05) = 525 and r = 1.05 . We need to
( )
a12 = $5, 000 +11 $1, 000 = $16, 000.
find a10. a = 525(1.05)10−1 ≈
814.45
10
The second investment can be represented by a
So the account will have about $814.45 at the geometric sequence with
end of ten years.
a1 = $5, 000(1.1) = $5,500 and r = 1.1. At the
57. The winnings for each question can be end of 12 years you will have

represented by a geometric sequence with ( 11

)
a12 = $5,500 1.1 = $15, 692.14.

a1 = 1, 000 and r = 2 . We want to find n such The first is the better investment.
that Sn ≥ 225,000.

a1 (1 −r n) 61. a1 =
3
and r =
1
S = . The sum is:
177 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 177

n
1− r 10 10
1, 000(1 − 2 n ) 3 3
=
1− 2 10 10 3 10 1
= = ⋅ =
= −1, 000(1− 2 n ) 1 9 10 9 3
1−
= 1, 000(2 n −1) 10 10
Set this equal to 225,000.
1, 000(2 n −1) = 225,000 15 15 15
62. 0.15151515… = + + +…
2 n −1 = 225 100 10, 000 1, 000, 000
2 n = 226 a1 =
15
and r =
1
Trial and error gives us that 27 = 128 and 100 100
The sum is
178 Chapter 5 The Real Number System 5-7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 178

| | \
15 15 2 × 2 × 11 or 22 ×11
15 100 15 5
S = 100 = 100 = ⋅ = = 13. 250
1 99 100 99 99 33
1− / \
100 100
2 × 125
63. Answers vary. | | \
2 × 5 × 25
| | | \
Review Exercises
2 × 5 × 5 × 5 or 2 × 53
1. 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 26, 39, 78 14. 720
/ \
2. 1, 3, 9, 27, 81
2 × 360
3. 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 | | \
2 × 2 × 180
4. 1, 2, 19, 38 | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 90
5. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, 28, 35, 70, 140 | | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 45
6. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 81, 108, 162, | | | | | \
324 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 15
| | | | | | \
7. The first five multiples of 4 are 4 × 1 = 4,
4 × 2 = 8, 4 × 3 = 12, 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 or 2 4 × 32 × 5
4 × 4 = 16, and 4 × 5 = 20. 15. 600
/ \
8. The first five multiples of 32 are 32 × 1 = 32, 2 × 300
32 × 2 = 64, 32 × 3 = 96, 32 × 4 = 128, and | | \
32 × 5 = 160. 2 × 2 × 150
| | | \
9. The first five multiples of 9 are 9 × 1 = 9, 2 × 2 × 2 × 75
9 × 2 = 18, 9 × 3 = 27, 9 × 4 = 36, and 9 × 5 = | | | | \
45. 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 25
| | | | | \
10. The first five multiples of 60 are 60 × 1 = 60,
60 × 2 = 120, 60 × 3 = 180, 60 × 4 = 240, and 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 or 23 × 3× 52
60 × 5 = 300. 16. 75
/ \
11. 96
3 × 25
/ \
| | \
2 × 48
| | \ 3 × 5 × 5 or 3× 52
2 × 2 × 24
17. 6 = 2 × 3
| | | \
10 = 2 × 5
2 × 2 × 2 × 12
The factor 2 is common to 6 and 10 so the
| | | | \
GCF is 2. The different prime factors are 2, 3,
2×2×2×2×6
and 5 so the LCM is 2 × 3× 5 = 30.
| | | | | \
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 or 25 × 3 18. 18 = 2 × 32

12. 44 20 = 2 2 × 5
/ \ The factor 2 is common to 18 and 20 so the
2 × 22 GCF is 2. The different prime factors are 2, 3,
and 5 so the LCM is 22 × 32 × 5 = 180.
169 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 169

19. 35 = 5 × 7 31. 100 −{[6 + (2 ⋅3) − 5] + 4} = 100 −{[6 + 6 − 5] + 4}

3 = 100 −{[12 − 5] + 4}
40 = 2 × 5 = 100 −{7 + 4}
= 100 −11
The factor 5 is common to 35 and 40 so the = 89
GCF is 5. The different prime factors are 2, 5,

and 7 so the LCM is 23 × 5 × 7 = 280. 32. {8 ⋅ 73 − 55[(3 + 4) − 6]} + 20

= {8 ⋅ 73 − 55[7 − 6]} + 20
2
20. 50 = 2 × 52 = {8 ⋅ 73 − 55(1)} + 20
75 = 3×5 = {8 ⋅ 343 − 55} + 20
= {2, 744 − 55} + 20
52 is common to 50 and 75 so the GCF is = 2, 689 + 20
52 = 25. The different prime factors are 2, 3, = 2, 709

and 5 so the LCM is 2 × 3× 52 = 150.

2
33. (−5)3 + (−7)2 − 34 = −125 + 49 − 81
21. 60 = 2 × 3× 5 = −76 − 81
4
80 = 2 × 5 = −157
100 = 22 × 52

22 and 5 are common to 60, 80, and 100 so the 34. Net deposits: 3(350) = 1,050
Net withdrawals: 5(340) + 5(45) + 5(170) =
GCF is 2 2 × 5 = 20. The different prime factors 1,700 + 225 + 850 = 2,775.
are 2, 3, and 5 so the LCM is Ending balance: 2,400 – 2,775 + 1,050
2 4 × 3× 52 = 1,200. = −375 + 1,050 = 675.
He has $675 left in his account.
22. 27 = 33
54 = 2 × 33 35. The GCF of 75 and 95 is 5.
75 75 ÷5 15
72 = 23 × 32 = =
32 is common to 27, 54, and 72 so the GCF is 95 95 ÷ 5 19
32 = 9. The different prime factors are 2 and 3
36. The GCF of 56 and 64 is 8.
so the LCM is 23 × 33 = 216.
56 56 ÷8 7
= =
23. Find the LCM of 18 and 22. 64 64 ÷ 8 8
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 32
22 = 2 × 11 37. The GCF of 48 and 60 is 12.
The LCM is 2 × 32 × 11 = 198. So it will take 48 48 ÷12 4
= =
198 months, or 16.5 years, until they both 60 60 ÷12 5
mature at the same time.
38. The GCF of 24 and 30 is 6.
24. −6 + 24 = 18 24 24 ÷6 4
= =
30 30 ÷ 6 5
25. 18 − 32 = 18 + (−32) = −14
1 5 1 3 5 4 3 20 23
26. 5(−9) = −45 39. + = ⋅ + ⋅ = + =
8 6 8 3 6 4 24 24 24
27. 32 ÷ (−8) = −4
3 2 1 3 2 2 4 1 5
40. − + = ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅
28. 6 + (−2) − (−3) = 4 − (−3) = 4 + 3 = 7 10 5 4 10 2 5 4 4 5
6 8 5
= − +
29. 6 ⋅8 − (−2) 2 = 6 ⋅8 − 4 = 48 − 4 = 48 + (−4) = 44 20 20 20
3
=
30. 4 ⋅3 ÷ (−3) + (−2) = 12 ÷ (−3) + (−2) 20
= −4 + (−2)
= −6
170 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 170

1 2⎛3 1 1⎞ 2⎛3 3 1 6 1 2⎞
5 3 5 ⋅3/ 5 ⋅1 5 ⎜ + − ⎟= ⎜ ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ ⎟
45.
41. × = = =
3⎝4 2 6⎠ 3⎝4 3 2 6 6 2⎠
9 7 9/ ⋅ 7 3⋅ 7 21
3 2⎛ 9 6 2 ⎞
= ⎜ + − ⎟
3 ⎝ 12 12 12 ⎠
15 ⎛ 21 ⎞ 15 ⎛ 40 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 13 ⎞
42. ÷ − = × − =
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
16 40 16 21 3 12
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
5 5
1
15 ⋅40 2/⋅13
=− =
16 ⋅ 21 3 ⋅ 12
2 7 6
5 ⋅5
=− 1⋅13
2⋅7 =
25 3⋅6
=− 13
14 =
18

1 ⎛ 2 3⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 4 3 3⎞ 7 ⎛3⎞
2
15 9
43. ÷⎜ + ⎟ = ÷⎜ ⋅ + ⋅ ⎟ 46. 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = −
2 ⎝ 3 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 4 4 3⎠ 8 ⎝4⎠ 8 16
1 ⎛8 9 ⎞ 15 2 9
= ÷ +
2 ⎜⎝ 12 12 ⎟⎠ = ⋅ −
8 2 16
1 17 30 9
= ÷ = −
2 12 16 16
1 12 21 15
= × = or 1
2 17 16 16
6
1⋅12 6⎛1 1⎞ 6⎛1 7⎞
= 47. − +2 =− +

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2/ ⋅17 7 2 3 7 2 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1
6⎛1 3 7 2⎞
=− ⎜ ⋅ + ⋅ ⎟
6 7⎝2 3 3 2⎠
=
17 6 ⎛ 3 14 ⎞
=− ⎜ + ⎟
7⎝6 6 ⎠
9 ⎛5 1⎞ 9 ⎛5 4 1 3⎞
44. ×⎜ − ⎟ = ×⎜ ⋅ − ⋅ ⎟ 6 ⎛ 17 ⎞
=− ⎜ ⎟
10 ⎝ 6 8 ⎠ 10 ⎝ 6 4 8 3 ⎠ 7⎝ 6 ⎠

9 ⎛ 20 3 ⎞
= × −
10 ⎜⎝ 24 24 ⎟⎠ 1
6/⋅17
9 17 =−
= × 7 ⋅ 6/
10 24 1
3 17 3
9/⋅17 =− or − 2
= 7 7
10 ⋅ 24 9 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 9 2
8 48. + ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = +
10 ⋅8 51
3 ⋅17 =
=
171 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 171

80 10 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 10 20
9 2 2
= ⋅ +
10 2 20
18 2
= +
20 20
20
=
20
=1
172 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 172

49. 5 − 2 ⎛ −1+ 2 ⎞ = 5 − 2 ⎛ − 5 + 2 ⎞ 0.857142

6
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 53. 7 6.000000 = 0.857142
8 3 5 8 3 5 5
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
5 2⎛ 3⎞ −5 6 7
= − −
⎜ ⎟ 40
8 3⎝ 5⎠ −35
1 50
5 2 ⋅3/ −49
= +
8 3/ ⋅5 10
1 −7
5 2 30
= + −28
8 5
5 5 2 8 20
= ⋅ + ⋅ −14
8 5 5 8
25 16 6
= +
40 40
41 1 0.111…
= or 1 1
40 40 54. 9 1.000 = 0.111... or 0. 1
−9 9
1 3 7 1 1 3 7 10
50. − − ⋅ = − − −9
2 4 8 6 2 4 48 10
1 24 3 12 7 −9
= ⋅ − ⋅ −
2 24 4 12 48 1
24 36 7
= − −
6, 875 11
48 48 48 55. 0.6875 = =
19 10, 000 16
=−
48
22 11
56. 0.22 = =
0.9 100 50
9
51. 10 9.0 = 0.9

−9 0 10
57. Let n = 0.25 then 10n = 2.55
0
10n = 2.55
0.3125
5 − n = 0.25
52. 16 5.0000 = 0.3125

−4 8 16 9n = 2.3
20
−16 9n 2.3
40 =
9 9
−32 2.3 10 23

80 n= ⋅ =
9 10 90
−80
0
58. Let n = 0.45 then 100n = 45.45

100n = 45.45
− n = 0.45

99n = 45

99n 45
=
173 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 173

99 99
45 5
n= =
99 11
174 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 174

59. Calculate: 5 5
4 65. =
12 12
3 3 32
( 32 ) = ⋅ = 3⋅ 4 = 12 5 3
8 8 1 = ⋅
1 12 3

12 teams make the NFL playoffs. 15

2 =
36
4 4 30 4 30
( 30 ) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 4⋅ 2 = 8 15

15 15 1 15 1 =
6
1
8 teams make the MLB playoffs.
2 66. 20 + 2 75 − 3 5 = 4 ⋅5 + 2 25 ⋅3 − 3 5

8 8 30 8 30 = 4 ⋅ 5 + 2 25 ⋅ 3 − 3 5
( 30 ) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 8⋅ 2 = 16
15 15 1 15 1 = 2 5 + 2 ⋅5 3 − 3 5
1 = (2 − 3) 5 +10 3
16 teams make the NBA and the NHL
= − 5 +10 3
playoffs.

67. 18 − 5 2 + 4 72 = 9 ⋅ 2 − 5 2 + 4 36 ⋅ 2
60. 48 = 16 ⋅3 = 16 ⋅ 3 = 4 3

= 9 ⋅ 2 − 5 2 + 4 36 ⋅ 2

61. 112 = 16 ⋅ 7 = 16 ⋅ 7 = 4 7 = 3 2 −5 2 + 4⋅6 2

= 3 2 − 5 2 + 24 2
7 7 5 7 5 7 5 = (3 − 5 + 24) 2
62. = ⋅ = =

5 5 5 25 5 = 22 2

5 5 5 68. 27 ⋅ 63 = 9 ⋅3 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 7
63. = ⋅
20 20 5 = 9⋅ 3⋅ 9⋅ 7

5 5 = 3 3 ⋅3 7
=
100 = 9 3⋅ 7
5 5 = 9 21
=
10

5 69. 40 ⋅ 30 = 40 ⋅ 30
=
2 = 1200
= 400 ⋅3
3 3
64. = = 400 ⋅ 3

8 8 = 20 3
3 2
= ⋅
8 2 20 20

6 70. = = 4 =2
= 5 5
16
175 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 175

6 96 96
= 71. = = 6
4 16 16
176 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 176

72. 6 ( )
2+ 5 = 6⋅ 2+ 6⋅ 5 91. (34 )2 = 34(2) = 38 = 6,561

= 6 ⋅2 + 6⋅5
1 1
= 12 + 30 92. 23 ⋅ 2−5 = 23+(−5) = 2−2 = =

22 4
= 4 ⋅ 3 + 30

= 4 ⋅ 3 + 30 1 1
6−2 ⋅ 6−3 = 6−2+(−3) = 6−5 = =
93.
= 2 3 + 30 65 7, 776

73. 42 ( )
14 − 6 = 42 ⋅ 14 − 42 ⋅ 6 94. Move the decimal point 3 places to the left.
3826 = 3.826 ×103 ≈ 3.83×103
= 42 ⋅14 − 42 ⋅ 6

= 588 − 252 95. Move the decimal point 10 places to the left.
= 196 ⋅3 − 36 ⋅ 7 25,946, 000,000 = 2.5946×1010 ≈ 2.59 ×1010
= 196 ⋅ 3 − 36 ⋅ 7

= 14 3 − 6 7 96. Move the decimal point 6 places to the right.

0.00000327 = 3.27 ×10 −6
74. Rational, real
97. Move the decimal point 4 places to the right.
75. Rational, real
0.00048 = 4.8 ×10 −4
76. Rational, real
98. Since the exponent is positive, move the
77. Irrational, real decimal point
11 places to the right.
78. Whole, integer, rational, real 5.8×1011 = 580, 000, 000, 000
79. Natural, whole, integer, rational, real
99. Since the exponent is positive, move the
80. Inverse property of multiplication decimal point 9 places to the right.
2.33×109 = 2,330, 000,000
81. Commutative property of addition
100. Since the exponent is negative, move the
82. Closure property decimal point 4 places to the left.
83. Distributive property 6.27 ×10 −4 = 0.000627

101. Since the exponent is negative, move the

84. 45 = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 1, 024 decimal point 6 places to the left.
8.8 ×10 −6 = 0.0000088
85. 20 = 1

102. (2 ×104 )(4.6 ×10 −6 ) = 9.2 ×10 −2

86. (−3)0 = 1

1 1 1 103. (3.2 ×10−5 )(8.9 ×10 −7 ) = 28.48 ×10 −12

−4
87. 3 = = = −11

34 3⋅3⋅3⋅3 81 = 2.848 ×10

1 1 1 4.8 ×10 4 4.8 104

88. 6−5 = = = 104. = × = 2 ×1010
177 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 177

65 6⋅6⋅6⋅6⋅6 7, 776 2.4 ×10 −6 2.4 10 −6

89. 7 2 ⋅ 7 4 = 72+4 = 76 = 117, 649 1.8 ×10 −5 1.8 10 −5

105. = × = 0.6 ×10 −7 = 6 ×10 −8

3×10 2 3 102
56
90. 2
= 56−2 = 54 = 625
5
178 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 178

( ) (
106. Multiply: 5.97 ×10 2 × 3.06 ×108 ) 111. a1 = −
1
= 18.2682 ×10 10 5
= 1.82682 ×10
11 1 1 2 5 3
a2 = − + = − + =
= 182, 682, 000,000 5 2 10 10 10
That’s nearly 183 billion cans of soda! 3 1 3 5 8 4
a3 = + = + = =
10 2 10 10 10 5
107. Convert miles to feet. 4 1 8 5 13
3, 000 × 5, 280 a4 = + = + =
5 2 10 10 10
= (3×103 ) × (5.28×103 ) 13 1 13 5 18 9
= 15.84 ×106 a5 = + = + = =
10 2 10 10 10 5
= 1.584 ×107 9 1 18 5 23
Divide the distance by the speed of sound a6 = + = + =
5 2 10 10 10
( ) (
1.584 ×10 7 ÷ 1.126 ×10 3 ) an = a1 + (n −1)d
1.584 10 7
= ×
1.126 103 1 ⎛1⎞
a (9 1)
9 =− + − ⎜ ⎟
≈ 1.41×10 4
5 ⎝2⎠
= 14,100 1 ⎛1⎞
It took the sound about 14,100 seconds which = − + 8⎜ ⎟
5 ⎝ 2⎠
is about 3.9 hours. 1

= − +4
108. 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58 5
1 20
an = a1 + (n −1)d =− +
5 5
a9 = 8 + (9 −1)(10) = 8 + 8(10) = 8 + 80 = 88 19
=
n(a1 +an ) 5
Sn =
2 n(a1 +an )
9(8 +88) Sn =
S9 = = 432 2
2 (
9 − 1 + 19 ) 9 ( 18 )
5 5 5 81 1
S9 = = = = 16
109. 4, 1, −2, −5, −8, −11 2 2 5 5
an = a1 + (n −1)d

112. 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240

a9 = 4 + (9 −1)(−3) = 4 + 8(−3) = 4 − 24 = −20
an = a1r n−1
n(a1 +an )
Sn = a9 = 7.5(2)9−1 = 7.5(28 ) = 1,920
2

9[4 +(−20)] a (1 −r n )
S9 = = −72 Sn = 1
2 1− r
110. −13, −18, −23, −28, −33, −38 7.5(1− 29 )
S9 = = 3,832.5
an = a1 + (n −1)d 1− 2
a9 = −13 + (9 −1)(−5) 113. −3, −9, −27, −81, −243, −729
= −13 + 8(−5)
= −13 + (−40) an = a1r n−1
= −53 a9 = (−3)(3)9−1 = (−3)(38 ) = −19, 683

n(a1 +an )
Sn = a (1 −r n )
2 Sn = 1
1− r
9[ −13 +(−53)]
S9 = = −297 −3(1 − 39 )
179 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Review Exercises 179

2 S9 = = −29,523
1− 3
175 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 175

114.
1 1
, ,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1 Chapter Test
9 36 144 576 2,304 9,
216 1. Integer, rational, real
n−1
an = a1r
9−1 2. Rational, real
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
a9 = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 9 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 589,824 3. Rational, real
a1 (1 −r n ) 4. Rational, real
Sn =
1− r
5. Irrational, real
1 1− 1 ⎤
⎡
( )
9
9 ⎢⎣ 4 6. Irrational, real
S9 =
1− 14 7. Whole, integer, rational, real

9, 709
= 8. Rational, real
65, 536
≈ 0.148 9. Integer, rational, real

2 1 1 1 1 1 10. Rational, real

115. − ; ; − ; ; − ;
5 5 10 20 40 80 11. 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
an = a1r n−1 56 = 23 × 7
9−1 The factors 2 and 7 are common to 42 and 56
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
a9 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ =− so the GCF is 2 × 7 = 14. The different prime
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 640
factors are 2, 3, and 7 so the LCM is
a1 (1 −r n ) 23 × 3 × 7 = 168.
Sn =
1− r
2 2
12. 36 = 2 × 3
⎡
( )
9⎤
− 2 1− − 1
5⎢ 2 45 = 32 × 5
S = ⎣ =−
171

9
1− − 1( 2) 640 32 is common to 36 and 45 so the GCF is
32 = 9. The different prime factors are 2, 3, and

116. The number of people without health 5 so the LCM is 2 2 × 32 × 5 = 180.

insurance can be represented by an arithmetic
2

sequence. Let a1 = 46 and d = 1. The year 13. 150 = 2× 3× 5

2010 is the 4th year after 2007, including 2007. 175 = 52 × 7

an = a1 + (n −1)d 200 = 23 × 52
2

a4 = 46 + ( 4 −1)(1) = 46 + 3 = 49 5 is common to 150, 175, and 200 so the GCF

2

49 million people will be without health is 5 = 25. The different prime factors are 2, 3,

insurance in 2010. 0, 000(1.05)5 = 25, 525.63 and

F
6
⎡⎣ −(1.05)6 ⎤⎦
20, 000 1
117. The investment can be represented by a i
geometric sequence. Let a1 = 20, 000 n
and r = 1.05 (1.05 represents 105% of the d
original investment reinvested for the next a
year). =
2
 176 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 176

5, mmon to 80, 110, and 120 so the GCF is 2 ×

an 5 = 10. The different prime factors are 2, 3,
14. d7 5, and 11 so the LCM is 2 4 × 3× 5 ×11 =
so 2,640.
the
L
C
M
is
23
×
3
×5
2
×
7
=
4,2
00.

80
=
24
×
5
11
0
=
2
×
5×
11
12
0
=
23
×
3
×5
T
h
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
2
a
n
d
5
a
r
e
c
o
177 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 177

S6 = = 136, 038.26.
1−1.05 15. The GCF of 15 and 35 is 5.
15 15 ÷5 3
The profit for the sixth year is $25,525.63, and = =
35 35 ÷ 5 7
the total earnings for the six years is
$136,038.26
178 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 178

26. ⎛ 1 + 1 ⎞ − 2 ⋅ 3 = ⎛ 1 ⋅ 9 + 1 ⋅ 7 ⎞ − 2 ⋅ 3
16. The GCF of 81 and 108 is 27.

81 81 ÷27 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= = 7 9 3 4 7 9 9 7 3 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
108 108 ÷ 27 4 ⎛ 9 7 ⎞ 2 3
= ⎜ + ⎟− ⋅
⎝ 63 63 ⎠ 3 4
17. The GCF of 112 and 175 is 7.
1 1
112 112 ÷7 16 16 2/⋅3/
= = = −
175 175 ÷ 7 25 63 3/ ⋅ 4/
1 2
18. The GCF of 64 and 128 is 64. 16 1
64 64 ÷64 1 = −
= = 63 2
128 128 ÷ 64 2 16 2 1 63
= ⋅ − ⋅
63 2 2 63
19. The GCF of 49 and 70 is 7. 32 63
49 49 ÷7 7 = −
= = 126 126
70 70 ÷ 7 10 31
=−
126
20. The GCF of 98 and 128 is 2.

98 98 ÷2 49
= = 1 2 1 2

128 128 ÷ 2 64 27. −6 + ÷ + 81 = −6 + ÷ + 9

4 3 4 3
1 3
21. 48 = 16 ⋅3 = 16 ⋅ 3 = 4 3 = −6 + ⋅ + 9
4 2
3
22. 243 = 81⋅ 3 = 81 ⋅ 3 = 9 3 = −6 + + 9
8
48 3 72
23. −5 ⋅ (−6) + 3⋅ 2 = 30 + 6 = 36 =− + +
8 8 8
27 3
= or 3
24. 18 − 32 − 4 2 + 6 ÷ 3 = 18 − 9 −16 + 6 ÷ 3 8 8
= 18 − 9 −16 + 2
= 18 + (−9) + (−16) + 2 2 2
28. [4 + (2 × 3) − 6 ] +18 = [4 + 6 − 6 ] +18
= −5 = [4 + 6 − 36] +18
= [10 + (−36)] +18
⎛ 5 3 ⎞ 2 15 2
25. ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ ÷ = ÷ = −26 +18
⎝ 6 4 ⎠ 3 24 3 = −8
15 3
= ⋅
24 2
1 29. ( )
27 + 3 2 2 −1 = 27 + 3 ⋅ 2 2 − 3
15 ⋅3/
= = 9 ⋅3 + 2 6 − 3
24 ⋅ 2

8 = 9⋅ 3+2 6 − 3

15 ⋅1 =3 3+2 6 − 3
=
8⋅2 = (3 −1) 3 + 2 6
15
= = 2 3+2 6
16
=2 ( 3+ 6 )
179 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 179

16 16 99n 35
30. = =
32 16 ⋅ 2 99 99
16 35
= n=

16 ⋅ 2 99
16
= 37. Commutative property of addition
4 2
4 2 38. Closure property
= ⋅
2 2 39. Identity property of addition
4 2
= 40. Inverse property or multiplication
4
4 2 41. Associative property of multiplication
=
2
=2 2 42. Distributive property

43. 8 4 = 8 ⋅8 ⋅8 ⋅8 = 4, 096
45 45
31. = = 9 =3
5 1 1 1
5 44. 7 −3 = = =

73 7⋅7 ⋅7 343
32. 2 50 − 3 32 = 2 25 ⋅ 2 − 3 16 ⋅ 2
0
= 2 25 ⋅ 2 − 3 16 ⋅ 2 45. 6 = 1

= 2 ⋅ 5 2 − 3⋅ 4 2 46. 43 ⋅ 45 = 43+5 = 48 = 65,536

= 10 2 −12 2
= (10 −12) 2 47. 5−3 ⋅5−2 = 5−3+(−2) = 5−5 =
1
=
1

= −2 2 55 3,125

875 7 48. Move the decimal point 7 places to the left.

33. 0.875 = =
1, 000 8 52, 000, 000 = 5.2 ×107

64 16 49. Move the decimal point 3 places to the right.

34. 0.64 = = 0.00236 = 2.36 ×10 −3
100 25
50. Since the exponent is positive, move the
35. Let n = 0.2 then 10n = 2.2. decimal point 3 places to the right.
9.77 ×103 = 9, 770
10n = 2.2

− n = 0.2 51. Since the exponent is negative, move the

9n = 2 decimal point 5 places to the left.
−6 ×10 −5 = −0.00006
9n 2
= 8 −5 3 4
9 9 52. (5.2 ×10 )(3×10 ) = 15.6 ×10 = 1.56 ×10
2
n=
9 2.1×109 2.1 109
53. = × = 0.3×10 4 = 3×103
7 ×105 7 105
36. Let n = 0.35 then 100n = 35.35.

54. 1, 3.5, 6, 8.5, 11, 13.5, 1

100n = 35.35 an = a1 + (n −1)d
180 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 180

− n = 0.35 a20 = 1+ (20 −1)(2.5) = 1 +19(2.5) = 48.5

99n = 35
181 Chapter 5 The Real Number System Chapter Test 181

n(a1 +an ) 1
Sn = an = 15 + ( n −1) ⋅
2 2
= 26
20(1 +48.5)
S 20 = = 495 1
2 ( n −1) ⋅ = 11
2
3 ( n −1) = 22
55. a1 = n = 23
4 Not counting the first week then it will take
1

3/ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 her 22 weeks until she runs 26 miles.

a2 = ⎜− ⎟ = −
4 ⎝ 6/ ⎠ 8 57. The bets form a geometric sequence with
2
a1 = 20 and r = 2.
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
a3 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ =
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ 48 Find a5:

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 a5 = a1 ⋅ r5−1 = 20 ⋅ 2 4 = 320
a4 = ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = −
⎝ 48 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ 288 He bet $320 on the fifth game.

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
a5 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = Find S5:
⎝ 288 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ 1728 20(1 − 25 ) 20(−31)
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 S5 = = = 620
1− 2 −1
a6 = ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = −
⎝ 1728 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ 10,368 So the gambler bet a total of $620.

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
a7 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ =
⎝ 10,368 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 62, 208
an = a1r n−1
15−1
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
a = − ≈ 9.57 ×10−12
15 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠
a (1 −r n )
Sn = 1
1− r

( ) ( )
3 ⎡1− − 1 15 ⎤
4 ⎢
S15 = ⎥ ⎣
6 ⎦

1− −( 6)
1

=
4 ( )
3 1+ 1
15
6
1+ 61

=
4 615 ( )
3 615 +1

7
6
3 6 6 +1 ⎞
⎛ 15
= ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
4 7 ⎜ 615 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
≈ 0.643

56. Represent the distance using an arithmetic

1
sequence with a1 = 15 and d = . We need to
2
find n when an = 26.