First Course in the Finite Element Method

6th Edition by Logan ISBN 1305635116

9781305635111
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Chapter 7

7.1 For the simple 4 noded elements it is a violation of displacement compatibility to have a
mid-side node. Some of the elements have mid-side nodes in this model. Use ‘transition’
triangle to go from smaller to larger rectangular elements.

7.2 The mesh sizing is not fine enough in the reentrant corner region at C. We need smaller
elements near point C and small radius at C.
7.3 Based on the formulation used here we cannot have ν = 0.5 for the plane strain case as the
denominator in the material property matrices [D] (see Equation (6.1.10) and [K] (see
Equation (6.4.3) becomes zero. A penalty formulation see Reference [7] can be used to
avoid this problem.
7.4 The structure is plane strain if this section represents a cross section of a long structure in
which the loads do not vary in the z direction.
The structure is a plane stress problem if this section is a thin plate type structure with
loads in the plane of the structure only.
Also see Section 6.1 for descriptions of plane stress and plane strain and examples of
each.
7.5 When abrupt changes in thickness or E’s occur from element to element.
7.6 Unit thickness
7.7 (a) Best aspect
element ratio.
and bar are of different structural types.

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 7.8 See answer to Problem 6.20.
7.9 (a) No, as replacing a portion of the patch by a different material with different mechanical
properties will in general produce non-uniform strain under constant state of applied stress.
For rigid body mode tests, however, different mechanical property materials still result in
rigid body displacement.
(b) Yes, the patch can be arbitrary in shape. If we apply a test displacement field of ux = 1,
uy = 0 at the external nodes of a patch of say 4 elements and set the internal nodal force
to zero, then solve for the displacement components at internal node i, these
displacement components should agree with the value of the displacement function at
that node. Also the strain function or field should vanish identically at any point over
each element.
(c) Yes, we can mix triangular and quadrilateral elements in a 2-d patch test as long as the
material properties are the same.
(d) No. Mixing bars with plane elements would alter the constant strain states as the plane

element and bar are of different structural types.

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 (e) The patch test should be applied when developing new finite elements, to determine if
the element can represent rigid body motion as well as states of constant strain when
these conditions occur.
7.10 Using Mathcad
A = 1  10–4 E = 200  109 L1 = 0.6 L2 = 1.4
1 –1 0
E 3.333 107 – 3.333 107 0
[k1] = –1 1 0 [k1] = [k1] A [k1] =
L1 7 7
0 0 0 – 3.333 10 3.333 10 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
E
[k2] = 0 1 –1 [k2] = [k2] A [k2] = 0 0 0
L2
0 –1 1 0 1.429 10 7
–1.429 107
0 –1.429 107 1.429 107

107
3.333 10 –4.762 107
3.333 10 –1.4290 10
[k] = [k1] + [k2] [k] =
7 7 7
– 3.333
0 –1.429 107 1.429 107
Set these 3 values to defined quantities of u1 = u3 = 1 for the rigid body patch test
u1 = 1 u3 = 1 F2 = 0
Guess at F1, F3, and u2 as shown below.
F1 = 1 u2 = 0 F3 = 1
Given Use the given command to create a solve block.
F1 u1
F2 [ k ] u2 Use control and equal sign here.
F3 u3
F1

u2 = Find (F1, u2, F3) Use the ‘Find’ command to find F1, u2, and F3.
F3
F1 = 0 u2 = 1 F3 = 0
The rigid body motion patch test is satisfied as u2 = 1.
Now check the constant strain test. Let u(x) = x for the nodes at the boundaries, i.e.,
u1 = 0 and u3 = 2, Verify that u2 (x = 0.6) = 0.6.
u1 = 0 u3 = 2 F2 = 0 Initial these values
F1 = 1 F3 = 1 u2 = 0 Guesses for these values.
Given
F1 u1
F2 = [k] u2
F3 u3

F1
u2 = Find (F1, u2, F3) Use the ‘Find’ command to solve for F1, u2, and F3.
F3

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 F1 = – 2  107 F3 = 2  107 u2 = 0.6
Now upon solving the system of equations u2 = 0.6 as it should to satisfy the patch test
for constant strain.
7.12

INPUT TABLE 1.. BASIC PARAMETERS

NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS. . . . . . . 1
NUMBER OF SURFACE LOAD CARDS. . . . . . . . . 0
1 = PLANE STRAIN, 2 = PLANE STRESS . . . . . . 2
BODY FORCES (1 = IN – Y DIREC., 0 = NONE) 0
INPUT TABLE 2.. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MATERIAL MODULUS OF POISSON’S MATERIAL MATERIAL
NUMBER ELASTICITY RATIO, DENSITY THICKNESS
1 0.3000E+08 0.3000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.1000E+01
INPUT TABLE 3.. NODAL POINT DATA
NODAL
POINT TYPE X Y X-DISP. Y-DISP.
OR LOAD OR LOAD
1 3 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
2 0 0.2000E+02 0.0000E+00 0.5000E+04 0.0000E+00
3 0 0.2000E+02 0.1000E+02 0.5000E+04 0.0000E+00
4 3 0.0000E+00 0.1000E+02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
5 0 0.1000E+02 0.5000E+01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
INPUT TABLE 4.. ELEMENT DATA
GLOBAL INDICES OF ELEMENT NODES
ELEMENT 1 2 3 4 MATERIAL
1 1 2 5 5 1
2 2 3 5 5 1
3 5 3 4 4 1
4 1 5 4 4 1
OUTPUT TABLE 1.. NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
NODE U = X-DISP. V = Y-DISP.
1 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
2 0.64664544E–03 0.66631597E–04
3 0.61664509E–03 –0.66630528E–04
4 0.00000000E+00 0.000000000E+00
5 0.30527671E–03 0.24373945E–09
OUTPUT TABLE 2.. STRESSES AT ELEMENT CENTROIDS

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 ELEMENT X Y SIGMA(X) SIGMA(Y) TAU(X, Y)
1 10.00 1.67 1.0000E+03 1.0011E+02 –3.2032E+00
2 16.67 5.00 9.9359E+02 –1.0171E+02 1.2599E–05
3 10.00 8.33 1.0000E+03 1.0011E+02 3.2035E+00
4 3.33 5.00 1.0064E+03 3.0192E+02 2.8124E–04

SIGMA(1) SIGMA(2) ANGLE

1.0000E+03 1.0010E+02 –2.0395E–01
9.9359E+02 –1.0171E+02 6.5906E–07
1.0000E+03 1.0010E+02 2.0396E–01
1.0064E+03 3.0192E+02 2.2873E–05

7.13

7.14

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 STRESS IN PSI AT VARIOUS DISTANCES
ALONG THE TENSILE PLATE WITH A 1000 # LOAD
ELEMENT # 14 28 42 56
STRESS 26 –2026 –2026 26 (AT 1)
ELEMENT # 13 27 41 55
STRESS –563 –1437 –1437 –563 (AT 2)
ELEMENT # 11 25 39 53
STRESS –969 –1031 –1031 –969 (AT 4)
ELEMENT # 10 24 38 52
STRESS –1002 –998 –998 –1002 (AT 6)
ELEMENT # 9 23 37 51
STRESS –1002 –998 –998 –1002 (AT 8)
ELEMENT # 8 22 36 50
STRESS –1001 –1000 –1000 –1001 (AT 10)
ELEMENT # 6 20 34 48
STRESS –1000 –1000 –1000 –1000 (AT 15)
ELEMENT # 5 21 33 47
STRESS –1000 –1000 –1000 –1000 (AT 20)
ELEMENT # 3 17 31 45
STRESS –1002 –998 –998 –1002 (AT 30)

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 ELEMENT # 1 15 29 43
STRESS –1005 –995 –995 –1005 (AT 40)

7.15

The maximum von Mises stresses are at the top and bottom of the circular opening of the
connecting rod. The maximum stresses can be seen in the Figure above.

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 7.16

7.17

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 7.19

Model Parameters
Implant material modulus of elasticity 1.6  106 psi
Bony material modulus of elasticity 1.0  106 psi
Implant depth below bony material 0.100 in.
400 Mesh Density

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 7.20

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 From computer program output

PL3
YmaxA = – 0.4993 in. Ymax exact = – 1.152 in. =
3 EI

12
AR = 1
= 24 (56% error due to large aspect ratio)
2

For other results see Example in Section 7.1, Table 7.1

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 7.21

7.22

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 N . The
The figure above is the maximum principal stress. The maximum is 3505 ^

m 2
location of maximum stress occurs at the corners of the hole (with 1 mm radii)

7.23

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 7.25

7.26

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 The largest von Mises stress of 6.17 MPa occurs at the top and bottom inside edges of the
hole. The second largest principal stress of 5.78 MPa occurs at the elbow between the
smallest cross section and where the taper begins.

7.28

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 7.31

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 Figure 1: Mesh with Boundary Conditions and Nodal Force

Loads and Constraints: Fixed

at bottom half of hole
Concentrated load of 5000 lbf
Thickness = 1 in.

Figure 2: von Mises stresses (psi) Figure 3: Displacement (in.)

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 7.32
600 Mesh Density

Mesh Density: 25-600

Bracket without Fillet Maximum Principal Stress

lb
in.2
25 Mesh Density 22811.17
50 26114.15
100 27050.65
150 28179.32
200 28967.93
300 28800.52
400 35102.97
500 32852.23
600 33678.14
Bracket with Fillet
25 Mesh Density 47481.11
50 47492.06
100 47502.16
150 47511.98
200 47521.59
300 47832.01
400 47688.08
500 47658.56
600 47674.97

In the FEA world re-entrant corners are a bad thing. These represent an infinite change in
stiffness inside the part, which will result in an infinite stress concentration.

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 7.33

7.37

1080 as-rolled steel has a yield strength for 84800 psi. Dividing by a factor of safety of 1.5
results in an allowable yield strength of 56533 psi. A thickness of 0.3 inches causes a
maximum von Mises stress of 53293.74 along the curve inside the wrench grip which is
within the allowable yield strength value of 56533 psi.
Note: The image reports a von Mises stress of 59215.26 psi, but that is an imaginary stress
due to its location being at the node where a load of 1800 lbf is applied.
7.38
The model is shown first with the boundary and loading conditions then applied. The
nodes of the far left hex were constrained from all movement.
Next a material was chosen and an initial guess at the thickness t was made. ASTM A-36
was chosen. A thickness of 3.8 mm was chosen as this is an easy number to work with
and it is compatible with the other wrench dimensions. A pressure of 2631.6 Pa was applied.
The largest von Mises stress was 166.6 MPa as shown.

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 7.39 Zoomed in of the previous. To simulate a real cut, I inserted a very small radius at
the point of concern.

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 382
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