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MASONRY WALL Design of MASONRY WALL

• Masonry Wall :- Made of Stone or Bricks.
DESIGN OF MASONRY • Prime function:-
STRUCTURE 1. Divide Spaces for functional use.
IS 1905 2. provide privacy and security
3. Bearing roof loads
ESE 4. provide Strength and stability
Types of walls
M K SINGH
1. Load-bearing wall- Designed for super-imposed load + DL
IES MADE EASY 2. Non-load bearing wall- Designed to carry self weight only.

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MASONRY WALL Different type MASONRY WALL Load bearing walls – types

1. Partition wall: Thin internal walls to divide space. 1. Solid Masonry wall 2. Cavity walls
2. Internal wall: Load bearing partition wall. 3. Faced walls 4. Veneered walls
3. Panel wall: External non load bearing wall of a
1. Solid masonry wall
framed structure.
2. Made of one material in full
4. Party wall: Wall separating the adjoining buildings
thickness of one brick to multiple
of two owners in two buildings.
brick or stone masonry.
5. Separating wall: Wall separating different 3. Solid wall used for bearing vertical
occupancies within the same building.
loads or lateral loads.

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MASONRY WALL Cavity Wall MASONRY WALL Faced Wall

1. A wall comprising two separate walls
separated by a cavity • A wall in which facing
2. Each wall built of masonry units and backing of two
3. Tied together with metal ties or different materials are
bonding units to act as a single wall. bonded together to
4. It is ensured that the two leaves act as ensure common action
one structural unit. under load.
• Total thickness is sum of
two materials used.

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MASONRY WALL
Veneered Wall MASONRY WALL
Masonry Structure
1. A wall in which the facing portion Advantage : - •Disadvantage
attached to backing but not so
1. Strong in compression 1. Absorbs moisture during
bonded to act as common action
under load. 2. Resists temperature rain.
fluctuation
2. Vertical load taken by Masonry 2. Low tensile strength.
wall only. 3. Fire resistant
4. Great sound proofing 3. Large foundation is
3. Stone veneering is provided for
required.
architectural look only. 5. Economical: Use of
4. Example- stone veneering on a locally available 4. Cracking and settlement
brick masonry wall materials. may occur.
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MASONRY WALL Basic Terms in Masonry MASONRY WALL Basic Terms in Masonry
1. Course: Horizontal layer of bricks or stones. 7. Header: Length kept
2. Bed: Lower surface in each course perpendicular to the face of the
perpendicular to the line of pressure. wall
3. Backing: Unexposed surface of wall 8. Stretcher: Longest side parallel
4. Facing: Exposed to weather to the face of the wall.
5. Hearting: Between the facing and backing 9. Bond: Individual brick units are
6. Joint: Vertical and horizontal gaps tied together with mortar is
called as bond.

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MASONRY WALL Basic Terms in Masonry MASONRY WALL

10.Closer: Portion of brick cut keeping its

one long face remains uncut.
11.Queen closer: Length-wise cutting of
brick.
12.King closer: Cutting off the triangular Brick
piece between the center of one end cutting
and the center of the other (long)
side.
13.Bat: Brick cut across the width

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MASONRY WALL
Tests on bricks MASONRY WALL
Tests on bricks
• 1. Dimension Test :- • 2. Dry density Test :- • 3. Water Absorption Test :- • 4. Compressive strength Test :-
• Average size of bricks are tested
• Weight of oven dried brick • Compressive strength is tested in
by stacking a number of bricks • Initial weight of brick and weight
(generally 20) together and total specimen is measured. Volume Compressive testing machine
after 24 hr immersion of brick in
dimension measured is divided of brick is also calculated. • Compressive strength =
by 20. water are measured.
• Dry density = • Water absorption = in N/mm2
• Length = = 232.5 mm
• Width = = 115.5 mm = should be between 1.6 to x 100
= range = 3 to 11 N/mm2
1.95 g/cc
• Height = = 75.50 mm
= should be below 20 %
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MASONRY WALL
Types of Bond MASONRY WALL

1. Stretcher bond 8. Raking bond

2. Header bond
9. English cross bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond 10.Herringbone bond Stretcher
5. Garden wall bond 11.Brick on edge
bond
6. Facing bond bond
7. Dutch bond

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MASONRY WALL MASONRY WALL

English bond

Header bond

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MASONRY WALL Flemish bond MASONRY WALL

English bond Flemish bond

1 Headers and stretchers laid Headers and stretchers laid
in alternate courses. alternately in each course.
2 Strongest types of bonds. Comparatively less strong for walls
more than 30cm thick.
3 Rough appearance. Good appearance.
4 Costly, no brick bats used. Economical, as brick bats used.
5 Skilled labor not required Skilled labor required
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Less mortar is used. More mortar is used due to bats.

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MASONRY WALL MASONRY WALL

Other bonds

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MASONRY WALL Unreinforced masonry MASONRY WALL Confined masonry

1. Brick work without steel in mortar are called • Masonry structural walls are
un-reinforced Masonry surrounded on all four sides with
reinforced concrete.
2. These are weak and may fail during
Earthquake. • Confinement should be in vertical and
horizontal both direction
3. Anchorage of walls to the floor and the roof is
critical. • Can resists lateral and gravity loads
and seismic loads.
4. Mortar joint is generally not strong enough to
resist earthquake forces.
5. Walls may fall, buckle, and collapse.
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MASONRY WALL MASONRY WALL

Cross wall Unstable

construction structure

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MASONRY WALL Effect of opening MASONRY WALL

Less shear strength

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MASONRY WALL Flanged wall – more shear strength MASONRY WALL Mode of failure

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MASONRY WALL Mode of failure MASONRY WALL

Mortar – use
•Mortar – Only 5 to 10 % of Masonry.
•Mortar is binding material in Masonry :-
• Bind masonry units together to form a
integral structural element to take loads and
moment together.
• Seal Joints to avoid seepage of water and air
etc
• Increase strength of Brick /stone masonry
wall

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MASONRY WALL -----Cement mortar used ----- MASONRY WALL

strength of mortar
Mortar Cement : Strength Strength
type Sand ratio (N/mm2)
H1 1: 3 10 High
H2 1: 4 7.5 High Masonry
M1 1: 5 5.0 Medium strength
M2 1: 6 3.0 Medium
M3 1: 7 1.5 Medium
L1 1: 8 0.7 Low
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MASONRY WALL Masonry unit strength Mortar type MASONRY WALL Structural Design – IS 1905
(N/mm2)
Letter indicates Below 5 M2 1.Permissible compressive stress (clause 5.4.1)
H- high strength, 5 to 14.9 M1
M -medium strength and
Permissible compressive stress = fb*Ks*Ka*Ks,
15-24.9 H2
L- low strength where
25 or above H1
a) The basic compressive stress of Masonry wall = fb
Selection of mortar :- (as per Table 8 )
a) Stress reduction factor (Ks) depends on SR and eccentricity of
1. Requirement of mortar – Workability, strength, and loading ---- (as per Table 9 / IS 1905 )
low drying shrinkage. b) Area reduction factor (Ka), Ka = 0.7 +1.5A, (A= area in m2 )
2. Mortar strength in general should not be > that of c) Shape reduction factor (Ks), ( read from Table 10 / IS 1905 )
masonry unit.

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MASONRY WALL Shear strength / tensile strength MASONRY WALL Effective height of wall
Sr Support condition Effective
1. Shear Strength of Masonary built in mortar No.
height
not leaner than M1 ( 1:5) 1. Adequate lateral support and partial rotational restraint 0.75 H
at top and bottom
fs = 0.1 + fd/6
Where fd = Compressive Strength of Masonry 2. Adequate lateral support and partial rotational restraint 0.85 H
at top or bottom and no partial rotational restrains at
due ot dead load in N/mm2. other end
2. Tensile Strength of Masonry wall made with 3 Adequate lateral support at top and bottom where the 1.0 H
floors have a direction of span parallel with the wall. But
Grade of mortar For bending in For bending in horizontal no partial rotational restrain at either end.
Vertical Direction direction
4 Adequate lateral support and partial rotational restrain 1.50 H
M1 and above 0.07 N/mm2 0.14 N/mm2 at bottom and other end free
M2 0.05 N/mm2 0.10 N/mm2
5 Free standing non load bearing walls 2.0 H
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MASONRY WALL MASONRY WALL

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MASONRY WALL Effective length of wall MASONRY WALL Effective length of wall

Length of wall AB =L Case - 1 Length of wall AB =L Case - 2

A B A B
Dis Continuous
Continuous x opening x Continuous Continuous x opening x Edge
Edge Y Y Edge Edge Y Y

If X >= H/8 If X >= H/8

& Y>= H/6 & Y>= H/6
Effective length of Effective length of
AB = 0.8 L AB = 0.9 L

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MASONRY WALL Effective length of wall MASONRY WALL Effective length of wall

Length of wall AB =L Case - 3 Case - 4 Length of wall AB =L

A B A B
Dis Continuous Edge Dis Continuous
x opening x Edge opening x
Y Y
Y Effective length of
If X >= H/8 AB = 1.5 L
If X >= H/8
& Y>= H/6
& Y>= H/6
Effective length of
AB = 1.0 L

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MASONRY WALL Effective length of wall MASONRY WALL Effective length of wall
Length of wall AB =L
Case - 5 Length of wall AB =L Case - 6
A B A B

x Continuous L2 opening x Continuous

opening Edge Y Y Edge
Y
If X < H/8
If X < H/8 Effective length & Y>= H/6
& Y>= H/6 of AB = 2.0 L Effective length of
AB = 1.5 L2

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MASONRY WALL Slenderness ratio MASONRY WALL Effective thickness

Slenderness ratio (SR)
The ratio of effective height or effective length to the effective
thickness of wall (whichever is less).
effective height heff heff
SR = = 𝑜𝑟
effective thickness T Kn x T

(Kn value is used if the wall is stiffened by piers / buttresses)

effective length Leff

SR = = ( Kn is not used )
effective thickness T

For Solid wall, faced wall or columns effective thickness shall be

the actual thickness of wall. ( Pr 4.5.1 of IS 1905 )
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MASONRY WALL
Value of stiffening coefficients MASONRY WALL
Value of stiffening coefficients
Ratio of Value of Kn
Sp  Sp = Centre to Centre between Sp/Wp 𝒕𝒑 𝒕𝒑 𝒕𝒑
piers =𝟏 =𝟐 =𝟑
 Wp = Width of piers
𝒕𝒘 𝒕𝒘 𝒕𝒘
tp tw 6 1.0 1.4 2.0
 Tp = Thickness of piers
 Tw = Thickness of Wall 8 1.0 1.3 1.7
Wp Wp 10 1.0 1.2 1.4
15 1.0 1.1 1.2
>20 1.0 1.0 1.0
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MASONRY WALL Max slenderness ratio MASONRY WALL

Resultant eccentricity / Eccentricity ratio
Maximum SR for a load bearing wall
1. Resultant Eccentricity W2 W1
No of Storey Maximum Slenderness Ratio
Using cement mortar Using lime mortar e r=
. . 𝑒2 𝑒1

< 2 storey 27 20 2. Eccentricity Ratio

> 2 storey 27 13 e r
ER =
The slenderness ratio of load bearing column shall be T = Thickness of Wall
< 12.

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MASONRY WALL Bending compressive stress MASONRY WALL

Chases, recesses and holes in walls
•1. For load bearing walls – Pr 6.5.3.2/IS 1905
• Vertical Chases < of Thickness of wall
• Horizontal Chases < of Thickness of wall

• Vertical chases shall not be closer than 2m in any

stretch.
• No chases, recesses or holes shall be provided in
• half load bearing walls and hollow or perforated units
• In wall length < 4 times of thickness of wall.
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MASONRY WALL
Monograms MASONRY WALL Monograms
•Monograms are used for design
of thickness of Brick masonry by
using
1.Strength of Brick work,
2.Number of storey and
3.percentage opening
by using pre defined diagram by
Calculated Masonry Method.
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MASONRY WALL Design of Lintels MASONRY WALL Load Bearing / or / Framed Structure :-

• Lintels are provided above door and Case 1 - When Length of wall
window openings. on each side > ( Leff /2) half of
• Lintels are designed for the brick work Leff effective length of lintel
supported over the lintel and other loads.
• The lintel width is kept equal to the wall
thickness.
If a triangle is formed at an
• For smaller span precast Lintels may also be
used. angle of 60 then load on lintel
• Lintel may be straight or arch. come from the triangular
portion of the brick work only.
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MASONRY WALL load ON LINTEL MASONRY WALL

Case 2 - When Length of

Case 3
Case 3 - When Length of
wall on one side < ( Leff /2)
wall on both side < ( Leff /2)
and other side > ( Leff /2)
Consider Uniformly
Consider Uniformly
distributed load over lintel
distributed load over lintel
of full height H as shown in
of height L effective length
fig.
of lintel as shown in fig.

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MASONRY WALL MASONRY WALL

Case 4 - When Length of wall Case 5 - When Length of wall

on both side < ( Leff /2) on both side < ( Leff /2)
And triangle is interrupted by And triangle is interrupted by
a slab as shown in fig. Load a slab as shown in fig. With
from slab is also considered as opening within 25 cm from
shown in fig. slab. Load on lintel
considered as shown in fig.

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MASONRY WALL MASONRY WALL Q 1 Design of lintel

• Opening of a brick work is 2.4 m x 2.1 m high.
Case 6 - When Length of wall
• Floor height up to soffit of slab is 3.5m.
on both side < ( Leff /2)
• Load from slab transferred on brick work is 19.50
Another load is affecting the KN/m. There is a parapet wall of thickness 230mm
triangle as shown in fig. Load also of height 1.0 m above the slab.
on lintel considered as shown • Design the lintel using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
in fig. • Consider unit weight of brick work 20 KN/m3.
• width of brick work is 250 mm.

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