1 Function

Cartesian Product of Two Sets

Given two non-empty sets A and B. The cartesian product A × B is the set of all ordered pairs of the
form (a, b) where the first entry comes from set A and second comes from set B.
A × B = {(a, b) | a  A, b  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {p, q}
A × B = {(1, p), (1, q), (2, p), (2, q), (3, p), (3, q)}
Note: (i) If either A or B is the null set, then A × B will also be empty set, i.e. A × B = 
(ii) If n(A) = p, n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq, where n(X) denotes the number of elements in
set X.
(iii) A Relation R from set A to B is any subset of A × B. If A R B & (a, b)  R then b is image
of a under R and a is preimage of b under R.
Note: If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then number of relations defined from set A to B are 2 mn .

Function

A relation R from set A to set B is called a function if each element of A is uniquely associated with
some element of B. It is denoted by the symbol:
f: A → B or A ⎯⎯⎯
f
→B
which reads 'f f maps A to B,
If an element a  A is associated with an element b  f
a under f f -
under the function f
b = f (a) or f: a → b or f: (a, b)
f
and only one ordered pair belonging to f.

Representation of Function
(a) Ordered pair: Every function from A → B satisfies the following conditions:
(i) fA×B
(ii)  a  A there exist b  B and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c
(b) Formula based (uniformly/nonuniformly)
(i) f: R → R, y = f (x) = 4x , f (x) = x2 (uniformly defined)
x + 1 −1  x  4
(ii) f(x) =  (non-uniformly defined)
 −x 4  x  7
 x2 x0
(iii) f(x) =  (non-uniformly defined)
 −x − 1 x0

Function 1
 (c) Graphical representation
If a vertical line cuts a given graph at more than one point then it can not be the graph
of a function.

Graph(1) represent a function but graph(2) does not represent a function.

Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a function.

Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Function

Let f: A → B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of f. The
set of f images of all the elements of A is known as the range of f.
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}
(a) If only the rule of function is given then the domain of the function is the set of those
real numbers, where function is defined.
(b) For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function
gives the range
(c) It should be noted that range is a subset of co-domain.
Note:
(i) The complete set of all positive real numbers is denoted by R+.
(ii) The complete set of all negative real numbers is denoted by R .
(iii) The complete set of all real numbers other than zero is denoted by R0.
(iv) The complete set of all integers is denoted by Z.

Example 1:
Find the domain of following functions:
1
(i) y= 5 − 2x (ii) y=
x− | x |
Solution:
5
(i) 5 2x  0  x   Domain is ( , 5/2]
2
(ii) x |x| > 0  |x| < x  x cannot take any real values  Domain is 

Example 2:
Find the range of following functions:
(i) f(x) = log 2 ((x− 1)
2
+4 )
(ii) f(x) = 3 cosx

2 Function
Solution:
(i) f(x) = log 2 ((x− 1)
2
+4 )
4  (x 1)2 + 4 < 
 log 2
4  log 2 (x− 1)2 + 4  

 4  log 2 (x− 1)2 + 4  

 Range of f(x) = [4, )

(ii) f(x) = 3 cosx

1  cosx  
   − cosx  4
 Range of f(x) = [2, 4]

Concept Builders - 1

(i) Find the domain of following functions:

1
(a) y=1 log10x (b) y=
x − 4x
2

(ii) Find the range of the following function:

1
(a) log 4 x + (b) f(x) = sin(3x2 + 1)
x
   
(c) f(x) = 2sin  2x +  (d) f(x) = cos  2x + 
 4  4

Important Types of Functions

(a) Polynomial Function

If a function f is defined by f(x) = a0xn + a1xn 1 + a2xn 2
+ ....... + an 1x + an where n is a non-
negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a
polynomial function of degree n. If n is odd, then polynomial is of odd degree, if n is
even, then polynomial is of even degree.
Note: (i) Range of odd degree polynomial is always R.
(ii) Range of even degree polynomial is never R.
(iii) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function.
i.e. f(x) = ax, a  0
(iv) f(x) = ax + b, a  0 is a linear polynomial
(v) f(x) = c is non-linear polynomial (its degree is zero)
(vi) f(x) = 0 is a polynomial but its degree is not defined
(vii) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation; f(x) . f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x).

Function 3
 They are:
(a) f(x) = xn + 1 and
(b) f(x) = 1 − x , where n is a positive integer.
n

(b) Algebraic Function:

f
operations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking radicals)
within polynomials.
x4 − 16x2
Example: f(x) = x2 − 1 ; g(x) = + (x− 2) 3 x + 1
x+ x
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of
the form P0(x)yn + P1(x)yn 1
+ ....... + Pn 1(x)y + Pn(x) = 0. Where n is a positive integer and
P0(x), P1(x)....... are Polynomials in x. e.g. x3 + y3 3xy = 0.
Note: (i) All polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse.
(ii) A function that is not algebraic is called Transcendental Function.

Basic Algebraic Function

(i) y = x2 Domain: R
Range : R+  {0} or [0, )

1
(ii) y= Domain: R {0} or R0
x
Range : R {0}

1
(iii) y= Domain: R0
x2
Range : R+ or (0, )

(iv) y = x3 Domain: R
Range : R

4 Function
(c) Rational Function
g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form y = f(x) = , where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials
h(x)
and h(x)  0, Domain: R {x | h(x) = 0}
Any rational function is automatically an algebraic function.
(d) Trigonometric Function
(i) Sine Function
f(x) = sinx
Domain: R
Range: [ 1, 1], period 2

(ii) Cosine Function

f(x) = cos x
Domain: R
Range: [ 1, 1], period 2

(iii) Tangent Function

f(x) = tan x
 (2n+ 1) 
Domain: R x | x = ,n  I
 2 
Range: R, period 

Function 5
 (iv) Cosecant Function
f(x) = cosec x
Domain: R {x | x = n n  I}
Range: R ( 1, 1), period 2

(v) Secant Function

f(x) = sec x
Domain: R {x|x = (2n + 1) /2: n  I}
Range: R ( 1, 1), period 2

(vi) Cotangent Function

f(x) = cot x
Domain: R {x|x = n, n  I}
Range: R, period 

6 Function
(e) Exponential and Logarithmic Function
A function f(x) = ax(a > 0), a  1, x  R is called an exponential function. The inverse of the
exponential function is called the logarithmic function, i.e. g(x) = logax.
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown. (If functions are
mirror image of each other about the line y = x)
Domain of ax is R Range R+
Domain of loga x is R+ Range R

Function 7
Note-1: f(x) = a1/x, a > 0 Domain: R {0} Range: R+ {1}
1
Note-2: f(x) = logxa = Domain: R+ {1} Range: R {0}
log a x
(a > 0) (a  1)
(f) Absolute Value Function
A function y = f(x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined
as:
 x if x  0
y=|x|= 
−x if x  0
For f(x) = | x |, domain is R and range is [0, )
1
For f(x) = , domain is R {0} and range is R+.
|x|

(g) Signum Function

A function y = f(x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows:
 1 for x  0
y = f(x) =  0 for x = 0
 −1 for x  0


It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/x ; x  0

Note: f(x) = (sgn(x))x  f(x) = |x|

Domain: R

Range: { 1, 0, 1}

8 Function
(h) Greatest Integer or Step Up Function
The function y = f(x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to x. Note that for:

x [x]
[ −2, −1) −2
[ −1, 0) −1
[0, 1) 0
[1, 2) 1

Domain: R
Range: I
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
(i) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and x 1 < [x]  x, 0  x [x] < 1
(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m, if m is an integer.
 0, x  I
(iii) [x] + [ x] = 
−1, x  I

Example 3:
If y = 2[x] + 3 & y = 3[x 2] + 5, then find [x + y] where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
Solution:
y = 3[x 2] + 5 = 3[x] 1
so, 3 [x] 1 = 2 [x] + 3
[x] = 4  4  x < 5
then y = 11
so, x + y will lie in the interval [15, 16)
so [x + y] = 15

Example 4:
 1  1 1   1 2946 
Find the value of   +  +  + .....  +  where [.] greatest integer function?
 2   2 1000   2 1000 
Solution:
 1  1 1   1 499   1 500   1 1499   1 1500 
 + +  + .....  + + +  + .....  + + + 
 2   2 1000   2 1000   2 1000   2 1000   2 1000 
 1 2499   1 2500   1 2946 
 + + +  + .....  + 
 2 1000   2 1000   2 1000 
= 0 + 1 × 1000 + 2 × 1000 + 3 × 447 = 3000 + 1341 = 4341 Ans.

Function 9
(I) Fractional Part Function
It is defined as: g(x) = {x} = x [x] e.g. the fractional part of the number 2.1 is 2.1 2 = 0.1 and
the fractional part of 3.7 is 0.3 The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function is as
shown.

x {x}
[−2, −1) x + 2
[ −1,0) x + 1
[0, 1) x
[1,2) x−1

Domain: R
Range: [0, 1)

Properties of Fractional Part Function

(i) 0  {x} < 1 (ii) {[x]} = [{x}] = 0 (iii) {{x}} = {x}
 1, x  I
(iv) {x + m} = {x}, m  I (v) {x} + { x} = 
0, x  I

(j) Identity Function

The function f: A → A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function defined on R is a bijection.

(k) Constant Function

A function f: A → B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image
in B. Thus f: A → B ; f (x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function. Note that the range of a
constant function is a singleton.

10 Function
 Concept Builders - 2

(i) Let {x} and [x] denotes the fraction and integral part of a real number x respectively, then match
the column.
Column-I Column-II
(A) [x2]  4 (p) x  [2, 4)
(B) [x] 2
5[x] + 6 = 0 (q) x  ( , 2]  [2, )
(C) x = {x} (r) x  ( , 5)
(D) [x] < 5 (s) x  { 2}
(t) x  [0, 1)

Algebraic Operations on Functions

If f and g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, f + g, f g, (f. g) & (f/g) as
follows:
(a) (f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x) domain in each case is A  B
(b) (f. g)(x) = f(x).g(x) domain is A  B
f f(x)
(c)   (x) = domain A  B {x | g(x) = 0}
g g(x)

Example 5:
Find the domain of the following function:
  1  
(i) y = log(x (x2 11x + 24) (ii) f(x) = log2  − log 1/2  1 +  − 1
4)  4
x  
 
Solution:
(i) y = log(x 4)(x2 11x + 24)
Here 'y' would assume real value if,
x 4 > 0 and  1, x2 11x + 24 > 0  x > 4 and  5, (x 3) (x 8) > 0
 x > 4 and  5, x < 3 or x > 8  x>8
 Domain (y) = (8, )
  1  
(ii) We have f(x) = log2  − log 1/2  1 +  − 1
 4
x  
 
 1 
f(x) is defined if log1/2  1 +  1>0

4
x
 1   1 
or if log1/2  1 + < 1 or if  1 +  > (1/2)
1


4
x 
4
x
1 1
or if 1 + 2 or if 1
x 4
x4

or if x < 1
1/4
or if 0 < x < 1
 D(f) = (0, 1)

Function 11
Example 6:
1
Find the domain f(x) = where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
[ x − 5] − 11

Solution:  x − 5  11
 
so  x − 5  11 or  x − 5  −11
   
 x  > 16  x   −6
   
|x|  17 or |x| < 6 (Not possible)
 x 17 or x  17
so, x  ( , 17]  [17, )

Example 7:
Find the range of following functions:
1
(i) f(x) =
8 − 3 sin x
(ii) f(x) = log 2 (2 − log (16 sin x+ 1))
2
2

Solution:
1
(i) f(x) =
8 − 3 sin x
1  3 sinx  1
 1 1
 Range of f =  , 
 11 5 
(ii) f(x) = log 2 (2 − log (16 sin x+ 1))
2
2

1  16 sin2 x + 1  17
 0  log2 (16 sin2x + 1)  log2 17
 2 log2 17  2 log2 (16 sin2x + 1)  2
Now consider 0 < 2 log2 (16 sin2x + 1)  2
  < log 2
[2 log2 (16sin2x + 1)]  log 2
2=2
 the range is ( , 2]

Example 8:
x − [x]
Find the range of f(x) = , where [.] denotes greatest function.
1 + x − [x]
Solution:
x − [x] {x}
y= =
1 + x − [x] 1 + {x}
1 1 1 1− y y
 = +1  =  x =
y {x} {x} y 1− y
y
0  {x} < 1  0  <1
1− y
Range = [0, 1/2)

12 Function
 Concept Builders - 3

(i) Find domain of following functions:

(a) f(x) = sin ( )

1 − x2 + x + 2 +
1
log 10 (x+ 1)
(b) f(x) =
(2x + 1)
x3 − 3x2 + 2x

(ii) Find range of following functions:

1
(a) (
f(x) = log2 log 1/2 (x2 + 4 x+ 4) ) (b) f(x) =
2 − cos 3x

Equal or Identical Function

Two function f and g are said to be equal if:

(a) The domain of f = the domain of g
(b) The co-domain of f = co-domain of g and
(c) f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common domain
(i.e., should have the same graph)

Example 9:
 x−1
The function f(x) = log(x 1) log(x 2) and g(x) = log   are identical when x lies in the
x −2
interval:
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, ) (C) (2, ) (D) ( , )
Solution:
Since f(x) = log (x 1) log (x 2).
Domain of f(x) is x > 2 or x  (2, )
 x−1 x−1
g(x) = log   is defined if >0  x  ( , 1)  (2, )
x −2 x−2
From (i) and (ii), x  (2, ) Ans. (C)

Concept Builders - 4

(i) Are the following functions identical?

x x2
(a) f(x) = & (x) =
x2 x

(b) f(x) = x & (x) = x2

(c) f(x) = log10x2 & (x) = 2log10|x|

Function 13
Homogeneous Functions

A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of
the same degree with respect to those variables.
For examples 5x2 + 3y2 xy is homogenous in x & y. Symbolically if, f(tx, ty) = tn f(x, y) then f(x, y) is
homogeneous function of degree n.

Example 10:
Which of the following function is not homogeneous?
xy 2x − y + 1
(A) x3 + 8x2y + 7y3 (B) y2 + x2 + 5xy (C) (D)
x2 + y 2 2y − x + 1
Solution:
It is clear that (D) does not have the same degree in each term. Ans. (D)

Bounded Function

A function is said to be bounded if there exists a finite M such that |f(x)|  M,  x  Df.

Implicit and Explicit Function

A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an implicit function.
e.g. the equations x3 + y3 = 1 & xy = yx, defines y as an implicit function. If y has been expressed in terms
of x alone then it is called an Explicit function.

Example 11:
Which of the following function is implicit function ?
x2 + ex + 5 x2 log x
(A) y = (B) y = x2 (C) xy sin(x + y) = 0 (D) y =
1 − cos−1 x sinx

Solution:
It is clear that in (C) y is not clearly expressed in x. Ans. (C)

Concept Builders - 5

x2
(i) Find the boundness of the function f(x) =
x4 + 1
(ii) Which of the following function is implicit function?
(A) xy cos(x + y) = 0 (B) y = x3
(C) y = log(x2 + x + 1) (D) y = |x|

(iii) Convert the implicit form into the explicit function:

(a) xy = 1 (b) x2y = 1.

14 Function
Applications of Functional Rule

Example 12:
Determine all functions f satisfying the functional relation.
 1  2(1 − 2 x)
f(x) + f  = where x  R {0, 1}
1− x x(1 − x)
Solution:
 1  2(1 − 2x) 2 2
Given ƒ(x) + ƒ  = =
 1 − x  x(1 − x) x 1− x
1
Replacing x by we obtain
1− x
 
 1   1  2
ƒ  + ƒ  = 2(1 − x) −
 1 − x  1− 1  1
  1−
 1− x  1− x
 1   1 2
 ƒ  + ƒ  1 −  = −2 x+
1− x  x x
 1
Again, replacing x by  1 −  in (i) we obtain
 x
 
 
 1   1 = 2 − 2
 ƒ  +  
1− x  1 1  1
 1 −  1 −   1 − 1− 1− 
  x  x  x 
 1 2x
  −  + f(x) = 2x
 x x−1
subtracting (ii) from (i) then
 1 2
f(x)  −  = 2x
 x 1− x
Now adding (iii) and (iv) we get
2x 2
2f(x) = −
x − 1 1− x
x+1
 f(x) =
x−1

Basic Transformations on Graphs

(i) Drawing the graph of y = f(x) + b, b  R, from the known graph of y = f(x)

Function 15
 It is obvious that domain of f(x) and f(x) + b is the same. Let us take any point x0 in the domain

of f(x). y x = x = f(x0).
0

The corresponding point on f(x) + b would be f(x0) + b.

For b > 0  f(x0) + b > f(x0) it means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at
a distance 'b' unit above the point on f(x).
For b < 0  f(x0) + b < f(x0) it means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at
a distance 'b' unit below the point on f(x).
Accordingly, the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either in the
positive y-axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y-axis direction (if b < 0), through a distance
|b| units.

(ii) Drawing the Graph of y = f(x) From the Known Graph of y = f(x)
To draw y = f(x), take the image of the curve y = f(x) in the x-axis as plane mirror.

(iii) Drawing the Graph of y = f( x) From the Known Graph of y = f(x)

To draw y = f( x), take the image of the curve y = f(x) in the y-axis as plane mirror.

(iv) Drawing the Graph of y = |f(x)| From the Known Graph of y = f(x)
|f(x)| = f(x) if f(x)  0 and |f(x)| = f(x) if f(x) < 0. It means that the graph of f(x) and |f(x)| would
coincide if f(x)  0 and for the portions where f(x) < 0 graph of |f(x)| would be image of y = f(x)
in x-axis.

16 Function
(V) Drawing the Graph of y = f(|x|) From the Known Graph of y = f(x)
 
It is clear that, f(|x|) =  . Thus f(|x|) would be a even function, graph of f(|x|) and f(x)
 − 

would be identical in the first and the fourth quadrants (as x  0) and as such the graph of f(|x|)
would be symmetric about the y-axis (as (|x|) is even).

(vi) Drawing the Graph of |y| = f(x) From the Known Graph of y = f(x)
Clearly |y|  0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f(x)  0, |y| = f(x) would give
y = ± f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x) is non-negative and
will be reflected about the x-axis only in those regions.

(vii) Drawing the Graph Of y = f(x + a), a  R From the Known Graph of y = f(x)

(i) If a > 0, shift the graph of f(x) through 'a' units towards left of f(x).
(ii) If a < 0, shift the graph of f(x) through 'a' units towards right of f(x).

(viii) Drawing the Graph of y = af(x) From the Known Graph of y = f(x)

It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x co-ordinates) would have their
ordinates in the ratio of 1: a.

Function 17
(ix) Drawing the Graph of y = f(ax) From the Known Graph of y = f(x).

x0
Let us take any point x0  domain of f(x). Let ax = x0 or x = .
a
1
Clearly if 0 < a < 1, then x > x0 and f(x) will stretch by units along the y-axis and if
a
a > 1, x < x0, then f(x) will compress by 'a' units along the y-axis.

Note: (i) A function h(x) is defined as

h(x) = max. {f(x), g(x)} then

 g
h(x) = 
g g 

(ii) A function h(x) is defined as

h(x) = min. {f(x), g(x)} then

 g
h(x) = 
g g 

Example 13:
Find f(x) = max {1 + x, 1 x, 2}.
Solution:
1 − x ; x  −1

From the graph it is clear that f(x) =  2 ; −1  x  1
1 + x ;
 x1

18 Function
Example 14:
Draw the graph of y = |2 |x 1||.
Solution:

Example 15:
4
Draw the graph of y = 2
| x− 1 |
Solution:

Example 16:
Draw the graph of y = |e|x| 2|
Solution:

Function 19
Example 17:
Draw the graph of f(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) cos2(x + 1).
Solution:
f(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) cos2(x + 1)
1 1
= [ cos(2x + 2) + cos2] [ cos(2x + 2) +1]
2 2
1 1
= cos2 <0
2 2
y
x

Concept Builders - 6

(i) Draw graph of following functions:

(a) y = nx +1 (b) y = min.{x2 + 1, 3 x}

Classification of Functions

One-One Function (Injective Mapping)

A function f: A → B is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if different elements of A
have different f images in B.
Thus, there exist x1, x2  A & f(x1), f(x2)  B, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f (x2).

Many-one Function (Not Injective):

A function f: A → B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same f
image in B.
Thus f: A → B is many one there exist x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2.

20 Function
Note: (i) If a line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point, then the
function is one-one.
(ii) If any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function atleast at two points, then f
is many-one.
(iii) If continuous function f(x) is always increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then f(x)

is one-one.

(iv) All linear functions are one-one.

(v) All trigonometric functions in their domain are many one

(vi) All even degree polynomials are many one

(vii) Linear by Linear is one-one

(viii) Quadratic by quadratic with no common factor is many one.

Onto Function (Surjective Mapping)

If the function f: A → B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the f image of atleast one element

in A, then we say that f is a function from A 'onto' B. Thus f: A → B is surjective iff  b  B, 

some a  A such that f(a) = b.

Note that: if range is same as co-domain, then f(x) is onto.

Into Function:

If f: A → B is such that there exists atleast one element in co-domain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into.

Note: (i) A polynomial function of degree even define from R → R will always be into.
(ii) A polynomial function of degree odd defined from R → R will always be onto.
(iii) Quadratic by quadratic without any common factor define from R → R is always an into

function.

Function 21
Thus, a function can be one of these four types
(i) one-one onto (injective and surjective) (also known as Bijective mapping)

(ii) one-one into (injective but not surjective)

(iii) many-one onto (surjective but not injective)

(iv) many-one into (neither surjective nor injective)

Example 18:
Let A = {x: 1  x  1} = B be a mapping f: A → B. For each of the following functions from A to
B, find whether it is bijective or non-bijective.
x
(a) f(x) = x|x| (b) f(x) = x3 (c) f(x) = sin
2
Solution:
−x2 , −1  x  0
(a) f(x) = x|x| =  2
x , 0x1 
Graphically,
The graph shows f(x) is one-one, as the straight line parallel to x-axis cuts only at one
point.
Here, range f(x)  [ 1, 1]
Thus, range = co-domain
Hence, onto.
Therefore, f(x) is one-one onto or (Bijective).

(b) f(x) = x3,

Graphically;
Graph shows f(x) is one-one onto (i.e. Bijective)
[as explained in above example]

22 Function
 x
(c) f(x) = sin
2
Graphically;
Which shows f(x) is one-one and onto as range = co-domain.
Therefore, f(x) is bijective.

Example 19:
Let f: N → I be a function defined as f(x) = x 1000. Show that f(x) is an into function.
Solution:
Let f(x) = y = x 1000  x = y + 1000 = g(y) (say)
here g(y) is defined for each y  I, but g(y)  N for y  1000.
Hence f(x) is into.

Example 20:

Let f: R → R be a function defined by f(x) = x + x2 , then f is

(A) injective (B) surjective (C) bijective (D) None of these
Solution:

We have, f(x) = x + x2 = x + | x |

Clearly, f is not one-one as f( 1) = f( 2) = 0 and 1 2

Also, f is not onto as f(x)  0  x  R
 range of f = (0, )  R

Example 21:
Let f: R → R be a function defined as f(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 3 cosx 4sinx; then f is -
(A) Injective (B) Surjective (C) Bijective (D) Not Surjective
Solution:
We have f(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 3cosx 4sinx
 f'(x) = 6x2 12x + 12 3sinx 4cos x
f'(x) = 6(x− 1) + 6 − (3sinx+ 4cosx)
2

g (x) h(x)

Function 23
 range of g(x) = [6, )
range of h(x) = [ 5, 5]
hence f'(x) always lies in the interval [1, )  f'(x) > 0
Hence f(x) is increasing i.e. one-one function
Now x →   f →  & x → −  f → − & f(x) is continuous
hence its range is R  f is onto so f is bijective. Ans. (C)

Example 22:
x2 + 3x + a
Let f(x) = , where f: R → R. Find the value of parameter 'a' so that the given function
x2 + x + 1
is one-one.
Solution:
x2 + 3x + a
f(x) =
x2 + x + 1
(x2 + x+ 1)(2x+ 3) − (x2 + 3x+ a)(2x+ 1) −2x2 + 2x(1 − a) + (3 − a)
f'(x) = =
(x2 + x+ 1)2 (x2 + x+ 1)2
Let, g(x) = 2x2 + 2x (1 a) + (3 a)
g(x) will be negative if 4(1 a)2 + 8 (3 a) < 0
 1 + a2 2a + 6 2a < 0  (a 2)2 + 3 < 0
which is not possible. Therefore, function is not monotonic.
Hence, no value of a is possible.

Concept Builders - 7

(i) Is the function f: N → N (the set of natural numbers) defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 surjective?

x−2
(ii) Let A = R {3}, B = R {1} and let f: A → B defined by = . Check whether the function
x−3
f(x) is bijective or not.

(iii) A mapping f: A → [ 1,1] defined by f(x) = sinx,  x  R, where A is a subset of R (the set of all
real numbers) is one-one and onto if A is the interval, then A is belonging to
  
(A) [0, 2] (B)  − ,  (C) [  ] (D) [0, ]
 2 2

Composite of Uniformly and Non-Uniformly Defined Function

Let f: A → B & g: B → C be two functions. Then the function gof: A → C defined by

(gof)(x) = g(f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g.

Diagrammatically ⎯⎯⎯
x
→ ƒ ⎯⎯⎯
ƒ(x)
→ g ⎯⎯⎯
→ g (ƒ(x))

24 Function
Thus, the image of every x  A under the function gof is the g-image of f-image of x.

Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f

g-image.

Properties of Composite Functions

(a) In general composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog.

(b) The composition of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that
fo(goh) and (fog)oh are defined, then fo(goh) = (fog)oh.

(c) The composition of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g are two bijections such that
gof is defined, then gof is also a bijection.

Example 23:
1
If f(x) = x2 + 1, g(x) = , then find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x).
x−1
Solution:
1
Given, f(x) = x2 + 1 (1) g(x) =
x−1
 1  1
Now (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = f   = f(z), where z = = z2 + 1 [ f(x) = x2 + 1]
 x − 1  x − 1
2
 1  1
=   +1= +1
 x − 1  (x− 1)2
Note: Domain of fog(x) is x  R {1}
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = g(u), where u = x2 +1
1 1 1
= = 2 = 2
u− 1 x + 1− 1 x
Note: Domain if gof(x) is x  R {0}

Example 24:
If f be the greatest integer function and g be the modulus function, then
 5  5
(gof)  −  − og  −  =
 3  3
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Solution:
Given
 5  5 
  −5  
 
  −5  
 5
(gof)  −  − og  −  = g     − g    = g( 2)  = 2 1=1 Ans.(A)
 3  3  
  3   
 3  3

Example 25:
 x + 1, x1  x2 , −1  x  2
Let f(x) =  and g(x) =  , find (fog)
2 x+ 1, 1  x  2 x + 2, 2  x  3

Function 25
Solution:
 g(x) + 1, g(x)  1
f(g(x)) = 
2 g (x) + 1, 1  g(x)  2

Here, g(x) becomes the variable that means we should draw the graph.
It is clear that g(x)  1 ;  x  [ 1, 1] and 1 < g(x)  2 ;  x  (1, 2]

 x + 1, −1  x  1
2
 f(g(x)) =  2
2x + 1, 1  x  2


Concept Builders - 8

(i) f(x) = x3 x & g(x) = sin 2x, find

   
(a) f(f(1)) (b) f(f( 1)) (c)  g  
  2 
       
(d)  g   (c) g(f(1)) (f) g  g  
  4    2 
x + 1; 0  x  2
(ii) If f(x) =  , then find fof(x).
 | x |; 2  x  3

Inverse of a Function

Let f: A → B be a one-one & onto function, then there exists a unique function g: B → A such that f(x)
= y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B. Then g is said to be inverse of f.
Thus g = f 1: B → A = {(f(x), x))|(x, f(x))  f}.
Properties of Inverse Function:
(a) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(b) If f: A → B is a bijection & g: B → A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and gof = IA, where IA
and IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively. If fof = I, then f is inverse of
itself.
(c) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
(d) If f & g are two bijections f: A → B, g: B → C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof) 1 = f 1og 1.
(e) Since f(a) = b if and only if f 1 f
the point (b, a) is on the graph of f 1. But we get the point (b, a) from (a, b) by reflecting
about the line y = x.

26 Function
 The graph of f 1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line y = x.

Drawing the graph of y = f 1(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

For drawing the graph of y = f 1(x) take the reflection of y = f(x) about the line y = x. The reflected part
would give us the graph of y = f 1(x).
  
e.g., let us draw the graph of y = sin 1x. We know that y = f(x) = sinx is invertible if f: − ,  → [−1, 1]
 2 2
  
 then inverse mapping would f 1: [ 1, 1] →  − ,  .
 2 2

Example 26:
Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = (ex e x)/2. Is f(x) invertible? If so, find its inverse.
Solution:
Let us check for invertibility of f(x):
(a) One-One:
1 x 1 x
f(x) =
2
( )
e − e− x  f'(x) = (
2
e + e− x)
 f'(x) > 0, f(x) is increasing function
 f(x) is one-one function.
(b) Onto:
As x tends to larger and larger values so does f(x) and
when x →  f(x) → 
Similarly, as x → −, f(x) → − i.e. −  < f(x) <  so long as x  (− )
Hence the range of f is same as the set R. Therefore f(x) is onto.
Since f(x) is both one-one and onto, f(x) is invertible.

Function 27
 (c) To find f 1(x): Interchange x & y
ey − e− y
= x  e2y 2xey 1=0
2
2x  4x2 + 4
 ey =  ey = x ± 1 + x 2
2
Since ey > 0, hence negative sign is ruled out and
Hence ey = x + 1 + x2
Taking logarithm, we have y = n(x + 1 + x2 ) or f 1(x) = n(x + 1 + x2 )

Example 27:
Find the inverse of the function f(x) = loga x + ( (x
2
))
+ 1 ; a > 1 and assuming it to be an onto

function.
Solution:
Given f(x) = loga x + x2 + 1( )
loga e
 f'(x) = 0
(1 + x2 )
which is a strictly increasing functions.
Thus, f(x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the given function f(x) is invertible.
Interchanging x & y
 
( y)
2
 loga  y + + 1 = x
 
y+ (y)2 + 1 = ax
and (y)2 + 1 − y = a−x
1 x 1 x
From (i) and (ii), we get y = (a a x) or f 1(x) = (a a x)
2 2

Example 28:
Find the inverse of the function f(x) = n(x2 + 3x + 1); x  [1, 3] and assuming it to be an onto
function.
Solution:
Given f(x) = n(x2 + 3x + 1)
2x + 3
 f'(x) = > 0  x  [1, 3]
(x + 3x + 1)
2

Which is a strictly increasing function. Thus f(x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the
given function f(x) is invertible.
Interchanging x and y
 (y)2 + 3(y) + 1 ex = 0

y=
−3  9 − 4. 1 − ex ( ) =
−3  (5 + 4e )
x

y=
−3 + (5 + 4e ) x

(as y  [1, 3])

2 2 2

Hence f (x) =1
−3 + (5 + 4e ) x

28 Function
 Concept Builders - 9

(i) Let f: [ 1, 1] → [ 1, 1] defined by f(x) = x|x|, find f 1(x).

(ii) f(x) = 1 + n(x + 2), find f 1(x).

Odd and Even Functions

Consider a function f(x) such that both x and x are in its domain then
 f(−x) = f(x) then f is said to be an even function
If 
f(− x) = −f(x) then f is said to be an odd function

Note: (i) f(x) − f(−x) = 0  f(x) is even & f(x) + f(−x) = 0  f(x) is odd.
(ii) A function may neither be odd nor even.
(iii) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the
same time is f(x) = 0.
(iv) Every constant function is even function.
(v) Inverse of an even function is not defined.
(vi) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis & every odd function is symmetric
about the origin.

Special Note
If a function f(x) is defined as f(a + x) = f(a x) then this function is symmetric about line x = a
(vii) Every function which has ' x' in it's domain whenever 'x' is in it's domain, can be
expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
ƒ(x) + ƒ(− x) ƒ(x) − ƒ(− x)
i.e. f(x) = +
2 2
EVEN ODD

(viii) If f(x) is odd and defined at x = 0. Then f(0) = 0.

f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x) f(x) g(x) f(x) . g(x) f(x) / g(x) (gof)(x) (fog)(x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
neither odd nor neither odd nor
odd even odd odd even even
even even
neither odd nor neither odd nor
even odd odd odd even even
even even
Example 29:
Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither:
(i) f(x) = x2sinx
(ii) f(x) = sinx cosx
e +e
x −x
(iii) f(x) =
2

Function 29
Solution:
(i) f( x) = ( x)2 sin( x) = x2 sinx = f(x).
Hence f(x) is odd.
(ii) f( x) = sin( x) cos( x) = sinx cosx.
Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd.
e− x + e−( − x) e− x + ex
(iii) f( x) = = =
2 2
Hence f(x) even

Example 30:
Identify the given functions as odd, even or neither:
x x
(i) f(x) = + +1
e −1
x
2
(ii) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y  R
Solution:
x x
(i) f(x) = + +1
e −1
x
2
Clearly domain of f(x) is R ~ {0}. We have,
−x x −ex .x x (ex − 1 + 1) x x
f( x) = − + 1 = − + 1 = − +1
e−x − 1 2 1 − ex 2 (ex − 1) 2
x x x x
=x+ − + = x + + =
e −1 2
x
e −1 2
Hence f(x) is an even function.
(ii) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y  R
Replacing x, y by zero, we get f(0) = 2f(0)
 f(0) = 0
Replacing y by x, we get f(x) + f( x) = f(0) = 0
 f(x) = f( x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function.

Concept Builders - 10

(i) Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither:

2 2
ex + e − x ex − e − x
(a) f(x) = x3sin3x (b) f(x) = (c) f(x) = (d) f(x) = x2 + 2x
2x ex + e − x

Periodic Function

A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0), where T is the smallest
such value called the period of the function such that f(x + T) = f(x), for all values of x, x + T within the
domain of f.
Note: (i) Odd powers of sinx, cosx, secx, cosecx are periodic with period 2.
(ii) Non-zero integral powers of tanx, cotx are periodic with period .
(iii) Non-zero even powers or modulus of sinx, cosx, secx, cosecx are periodic with period .
(iv) f(T) = f(0) = f(− period.
(v) If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/|a|(a  0).

30 Function
Proof: Let f(x + T) = f(x) and f[a(x + T') + b] = f(ax + b)
f(ax + b + aT') = f(ax + b)
T
f(y + aT') = f(y) = f(y + T)  T = aT'  T' =
a
(vi) If f(x) & g(x) are periodic with period T1 & T2 respectively, then period of f(x) ± g(x) is
L.C.M. of (T1, T2).
(a) LCM of T1 & T2 is defined when T1/T2 is rational.
 a p  LCM of (a, p)
(b) LCM of  ,  =
b q  HCF of (b, q)
In case if there exists a finite K such that K < LCM of T1 and T2 and overall function
repeats itself after every K, then period of the function will be K.
(vii) Every constant function is always periodic; whose period is undefined.
(viii) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.

Example 31:
Find the periods (if periodic) of the following function, where [.] denote the greatest integer
function
n(sinx)
(i) f(x) = e + tan3x cosec(3x 5) (ii) f(x) = x [x b], b  R

| sinx + cosx | 
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = tan [x]
| sinx | + | cosx | 2
(1 + sinx)(1 + sec x)
(v) f(x) = cos(sinx) + cos(cosx) (vi) f(x) =
(1 + cosx)(1 + cosecx)
(vii) f(x) = ex−[x]+cosx|+cos2x|+........+cosn
Solution:
n(sinx)
(i) f(x) = e + tan3x cosec(3x 5)

nsinx
Period of e = 2, tan3x = 

2
cosec(3x 5) =
3
 Period = 2
(ii) f(x) = x [x b] = b + {x b}
 Period = 1
| sinx + cosx |
(iii) f(x) =
| sinx | + | cosx |

Since period of |sinx + cosx| =  and period of |sinx| + |cosx| is . Hence f(x) is periodic
2
with  as its period

(iv) f(x) = tan [x]
2
   
tan [x + T] = tan [x]  [x + T] = n + [x]
2 2 2 2
 T=2  Period = 2

Function 31
 (v) Let f(x) is periodic then f(x + T) = f(x)
 cos(sin(x + T)) + cos(cos(x + T)) = cos(sinx) + cos(cosx)
If x = 0 then cos(sinT) + cos(cosT)
   
= cos(0) + cos(1) = cos  cos  + cos  sin 
 2   2 

On comparing T =
2
(1 + sinx)(1 + secx) (1 + sin x)(1 + cosx) sinx
(vi) f(x) = =
(1 + cos x)(1 + cosecx) cos x(1 + sinx)(1 + cosx)
 f(x) = tanx
Hence f(x) has period .
(vii) f(x) = ex−[x] + |cosx| + cos2x|+........+|cosn
Period of x [x] = 1
Period of |cosx| = 1
1
Period of |cos2x| =
2

1
Period of |cosnx| =
n
So, period of f(x) will be L.C.M. of all period = 1

Example 32:
Find the periods (if periodic) of the following functions, where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function
x x
(i) f(x) = ex [x]
+ sinx (ii) f(x) = sin + cos
2 3
x x
(iii) f(x) = sin + cos
3 2 3
Solution:
(i) Period of ex [x]
=1
Period of sinx = 2
 L.C.M. of rational and an irrational number does not exist.

 not periodic.
x 2
(ii) Period of sin = =2 2
2 / 2
x 2
Period of cos = =2 3
3 / 3
 L.C.M. of two different kinds of irrational number does not exist.

 not periodic.

32 Function
 x 2
(iii) Period of sin = =2 3
3 / 3

x 2
Period of cos = =4 3
2 3 /2 3

 L.C.M. of two similar irrational number exist.

 Periodic with period = 4 3 Ans.

Concept Builders - 11

(i) Find the periods (if periodic) of the following functions.

(a) f(x) = n(cosx) + tan3x. (b) f(x) = ex , [.] denotes greatest integer function
[x]

x x
(c) f(x) = sin + cos
2 2

General

If x, y are independent variables, then:

(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kn x

(b) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn, n  R or f(x) = 0

(c) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx or f(x) = 0

(d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

Example 33:
If the function f(x) satisfies the functional rule, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R & f(1) = 5, then
m
find 
n= 1

Solution:
Here, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y); put x = t 1, y = 1
f(t) = f(t 1) + f(1) ....(1)
 f(t) = f(t 1) + 5
 f(t) = {f(t 2) + 5} + 5
 f(t) = f(t 2) + 2(5)
 f(t) = f(t 3) + 3(5)

Function 33
 .............................
.............................
 f(t) = f{t (t 1)} + (t 1)5
 f(t) = f(1)+ (t 1)5
 f(t) = 5 + (t 1)5
 f(t) = 5t
m m
5m(m+ 1)
 
n= 1
= 
n= 1
= 5[1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + m] =
2
m
5m(m+ 1)
Hence, n= 1
=
2
.

34 Function
 ANSWER KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDER

1. (i) (a) x  (0, ) (b) x( , 0)  (4, )

1 
(ii) (a)  ,   (b) [ 1, 1] (c) [ 2, 2] (d) [ 1, 1]
2 

2. (i) (A) → (p, q, r, s), (B) → (p), (C) → (t), (D) → (r)

 1
3. (i) (a) ( 1,0)  (0,1] (b)  −, −   (0,1)  (2, )
 2

1 
(ii) (a) ( ,) (b)  , 1
3 

4. (i) (a) no (b) no (c) yes

 1 1 1
5. (i) 0,  (ii) A (iii) (a) y = (b) y =
 2 x x2

6. (i) (ii)

7. (i) not onto (ii) yes (iii) B

8. (i) (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 0 (e) 0 (f) 0

x + 2, 0  x  1

(ii)  x + 1, 1  x  2
 x,
 2x3


− −x, −1  x  0
9. (i) f 1(x) =  (ii) y= 2 + ex 1

 x,
 0x1

10. (i) (a) even (b) odd (c) odd (d) neither even nor odd

11. (i) (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 

Function 35
 Objective Exercise - I

Single Correct Type Questions

1. If [a] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to a and 1  x < 0, 0  y < 1, 1  z < 2,
[x] + 1 [y] [z]
then [x] [y] + 1 [z] is equal to
[x] [y] [z] + 1

(A) [x] (B) [y] (C) [z] (D) none of these

 sin2 x + 2 sinx + 4 
2. The range of the function f(x) = sgn   is (where sgn(.) denotes signum function)-
 sin x + 2 sinx + 3 
2

(A) { 1,0,1} (B) { 1,0} (C) {1} (D) {0,1}

 1
3. If 2f(x) 3f   = x2 , x is not equal to zero, then f(2) is equal to-
x
7 5
(A) − (B) (C) 1 (D) none of these
4 2

 5 − 2x 
4. The number of integers lying in the domain of the function f(x) = log0.5   is
 x 
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0

5. The range of the function f : N → I; f(x) = ( 1)x 1, is -

(A) [ 1, 1] (B) { 1, 1} (C) {0, 1} (D) {0, 1, 1}

6. The range of the function f(x) = e x

+ ex, is -
(A) f(x) 1 (B) f(x) 1 (C) f(x) 2 (D) f(x) 2

4x
7. If f(x) = , then f(x) + f(1 x) is equal to-
4x + 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 4

8. The range of the function f(x) = 4 − x2 + x2 − 1 is

(A)  3, 7  (B)  3, 5  (C)  2, 3  (D)  3, 6 

       

9. A function f has domain [ 1, 2] and range [0, 1]. The domain and range respectively of the
function g defined by g(x) = 1 f(x + 1) is
(A) [ 1, 1] ; [ 1, 0] (B) [ 2, 1] ; [0, 1] (C) [0, 2] ; [ 1, 0] (D) [1, 3] ; [ 1, 0]

36 Function
 ex + 1
10. For the function f(x) = , if n(d) denotes the number of integers which are not in its domain
ex − 1
and n(r) denotes the number of integers which are not in its range, then n(d) + n(r) is equal to:
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) Infinite

 −15   1 x + 10
11. Let f : R   → R −   be defined by f(x) = then f(x) is -
 2  2  2x + 15
(A) one-one but not onto (B) many one but not-onto
(C) one-one and onto (D) many one and onto

2x2 − 5x + 3
12. f:R → R f(x) = , then f is -
8x2 + 9x + 11
(A) one-one onto (B) many-one onto (C) one-one into (D) many one into

13. Which of the following function is surjective but not injective

(A) f : R →R f(x) = x4 + 2x3 x2 + 1 (B) f : R →R f(x) = x3 + x + 1
(C) f : R →R+ f(x) = 1 + x2 (D) f : R →R f(x) = x3 + 2x2 x + 1

14. If f : ( ,3] → [7,) ; f(x) = x2 6x + 16, then which of the following is true -
(A) f 1(x) = 3 + x−7 (B) f −1(x) =3 x−7
1
(C) f 1(x) = (D) f is many-one
x − 6x + 16
2

15. f : R ( )
→ R such that f(x) = n x + x2 + 1 . Another function g(x) is defined such that
gof(x) = x, x R. Then g(2) is -
e +e
2 −2
e2 − e−2
(A) (B) e2 (C) (D) e 2
2 2

16. Let P(x) = kx3 + 2k2x2 + k3. The sum of all real numbers k for which (x 2) is a factor of P(x), is:
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 8

17. Which of the following is the graph of y = |x 1| + |x 3|?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Function 37
 | sin x |
18. Which of the following is the graph of y = ?
sin x

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

x x
19. Period of function f(x) = min{sinx, |x|} + −   (where [.] denotes greatest integer function) is
 
(A) /2 (B)  (C) 2 (D) 4

n
k 
20. Suppose, f(x, n) =  log x   , then the value of x satisfying the equation f(x, 10) = f(x, 11), is
k=1 x
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) none

sec x + tanx − 1  
21. Range of f(x) = ;x   0,  is -
tanx − sec x + 1  2
(A) (0, 1) (B) (1, ) (C) ( 1, 0) (D) ( , 1)

22. If f(x, y) = max(x, y) + min(x, y) and g(x, y) = max(x, y) min(x, y), then the value of

  2 3 
ƒ  g  − , −  , g(−3, −4)  is greater than -
  3 2 

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

23. If functions f(x) and g(x) are defined on R → R such that f(x) = x + 3 , x  rational ,
 4x , x  irrational
 , x  irrational
g(x) = x + 5 then (f g)(x) is -
 −x , x  rational
(A) one-one & onto (B) neither one-one nor onto

(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one

38 Function
24. Let f : A → B be an onto function such that f(x) = x − 2 − 2 x − 3 − x − 2 + 2 x − 3 then set 'B'
is -
(A) [ 2,0] (B) [0,2] (C) [ 3,0] (D) [ 1,0]

25. Let f : R →R and f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx 8. If f(x) = 0 has three real roots & f(x) is a bijective
function, then (a + b) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 6 (D) 12

26. Which of the following functions is an odd function?

1 1
(A) |x 2| + (x + 2) sgn(x + 2) (B) +
(
x e −1 x
) 2x

( )
4
(C) log(sin x + 1 + sin2 x ) (D) e−4x e2x − 1
(where sgn(x) denotes signum function of x)

 1  2
27. Period of f(x) = {x} + x +  + x +  is equal to (where{.} denotes fractional part function)
 3  3
2 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3
x 
28. Let f(x) = 2x   and g(x) = cosx, where {.} denotes fractional part function, then period of

gof(x) is -
 3 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 4

sin x + sin5x
29. The period of the function is -
cos x + cos 5x
 
(A) (B) (C)  (D) 2
3 2

ANSWER KEY

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (C)

8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (D) 14. (B)

15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (C) 21. (B)

22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (D) 28. (B)

29. (C)

Function 39
 Objective Exercise - II

Single Correct Type Questions

1. If [x] and {x} denotes the greatest integer function less than or equal to x and fractional part
function respectively, then the number of real x, satisfying the equation (x 2)[x] = {x} 1, is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite

2. If x4 f(x) 1 − sin2x =| f(x) | − 2f(x), then f( 2) equals

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
17 11 19

sin([x]) 1
3. If f : R → R & f(x) = + 2x − 1 + x(x− 1) + (where [x] denotes integral part of x), then
x + 2x + 3
2
4
f(x) is -
(A) one-one but not onto (B) one-one & onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) neither one-one nor onto

4. If f(x) = x|x| then f 1(x) equals-

(A) |x| (B) (sgn x). | x | (C) − | x | (D) Does not exist
(where sgn(x) denotes signum function of x)

5. The number of integral values of x satisfying the inequality [x 5] [x 3] + 2 < [x 5] + 2[x 3]

(where [.] represents greatest integer function) is -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

 4 
6. Range of function f(x) = log2   is given by
 x+2 + 2−x
1  1 
(A) (0, ) (B)  , 1 (C) [1, 2] (D)  , 1
2  4 

7. A lion moves in the region given by the graph y |y| x + |x| = 0. Then on which of the following
curve a person can move so that he does not encounter lion -
1
(A) y = e |x|
(B) y = (C) y = signum(x) (D) y = |4 + |x||
x
x
8. Let f(x) = and let  be a real number. If x0 = , x1 = f(x0), x2 = f(x1), ....... and x2011
1− x
1
= then the value of  is -
2012
2011
(A) (B) 1 (C) 2011 (D) 1
2012

40 Function
 f4 (x)
 1 
9. If f1(x) = 2 f2 (x)
, where f2(x) = 2012 f3 (x)
, where f3(x) =   where f4(x) = log2013logx2012, then the
 2013 
range of f1(x) is -
(A) (2, ) (B) (2012, ) (C) (0, ) (D) ( ,)

10. Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = ln (x + x2 + 1 ), then number of solutions of |f 1(x)| = e |x|

is :-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) Infinite

11. f(x) = [x 1] + {x}[x], x  (1,3), then f 1(x) is -

(where [.] denotes greatest integer function and {.} denotes fractional part function)
 x+1 x  (1,2)  x−1 x  (1,2)
(A)  (B) 
2 + x − 1 x  [2, 3) 2 − x − 1 x  [2, 3)
 x−1 x  (0, 1)  x+1 x  (0, 1)
(C)  (D) 
2 − x − 1 x  [1,2) 2 + x − 1 x  [1,2)

12. Let f : R →R be a real valued function such that f(10 + x) = f(10 x)  x  R and
f(20 + x) = f(20 x)  x  R. Then which of the following statements is true -
(A) f(x) is odd and periodic (B) f(x) is odd and aperiodic
(C) f(x) is even and periodic (D) f(x) is even and aperiodic

Comprehension Type Questions

Paragraph for Question 13 and 14
 x2 ; x  −1
 x ; x0 
Let f(x) =  & g(x) = 2x + 3 ; −1  x  1
1 − x ; x  0
 x
 ; x1

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:

13. Range of f(x) is -
(A) ( ,1] (B) ( ) (C) ( ,0] (D) ( ,2]

14. Range of g(f(x)) is -

(A) ( ,) (B) [1,3)  (3,) (C) [1,) (D) [0,)

Paragraph for Question 15 to 17

x2 + 1 x+3
f(x) = (a  0) ; g(x) = 3 secx ; h(x) = .
ax x−4
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:

15. If range of f(x) and g(x) are equal sets then 'a' is equal to -
(A) 3 (B) 2/3 (C) 3/2 (D) 3/2

Function 41
16. f(x) is one-one if-
(A) x (0,) (B) x  ( ,0)
(C) x  (1,) (D) x  ( ,1) {0}

17. Which the following is always false?

(A) h(x) is one-one
(B) f(x) is one-one if x > 10
   
(C) g(x) is many-one if x   0,    , 3 
 2 2 
(D) The values of k for which f(x) = k has exactly one solution is k = 2 or k = 2

One or More than one Correct Type Questions

 x2 ; 0x2

18. Let f(x) = 2x − 3 ; 2  x  3 Then : -
 x+2 ;
 x3

   3  
   3    5  
  5
(A)      =   (B) 1 +      =  
   2  
  2    2  
  2

(C) f{f(1)} = f(1) = 1 (D) none of these

19. The range of the function f() = 8sin2  + 4cos2 − 8sin  cos  is -

(A)  5 − 1, 5 + 1 (B) 0, 5 + 1

   

(C)  6 − 20, 6 + 20  (D) none of these

 

20. For the function f(x) = |x + 3| |x + 1| |x 1| + |x 3|, identify correct option(s)

(A) Range of f(x) is ( , 4] (B) maximum value of f(x) is 4

(C) f(x) = 4 has infinite solutions (D) f(x) = 0 has infinite solutions

2 
21. If {x} =
3 
  
& x + x + x + x + ......100 times  = 5 , then -

14 17
(A) x = (B) [x] = 5 (C) x = (D) [x] = 4
3 3

(where [.] & {.} denotes greatest integer function & fractional part function respectively)

42 Function
 1 + sinx
22. The values of x in [ 2, 2 ], for which the graph of the function y = secx and
1 − sinx
1 − sinx
y= − + sec x , coincide are
1 + sinx
 3   3   3     3 
(A) −2, −   ,2 (B)  − ,−   , 
 2   2   2 2 2 2 
     3 
(C)  − ,  (D) [ 2, 2]  ,  
 2 2  2 2

23. Let f : {1,2,3,4,5} → {1,2,3,4,5} is such that f(x) is a one-one function satisfying following condition
f(x) = x + 1 if and only if x is even (i.e. f(3)  4, f(4) = 5 etc.). Then f 1(2) can be-
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 2

24. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ?

(A) If f is a one-one mapping from set A to A, then f is onto.
(B) If f is an onto mapping from set A to A, then f is one-one
(C) Let f and g be two functions defined from R → R such that gof is injective, then f must
be injective.
(D) If set A contains 3 elements while set B contains 2 elements, then total number of
functions from A to B is 8.

25. If f(x) = ax + b and f(f(f(x))) = 27x + 13 where a and b are real numbers, then-

(A) a + b = 3 (B) a + b = 4 (C) f ' (x) = 3 (D)f'(x) = 3

ƒ(n) − 1
26. Given f(1) = 2 and f(n + 1)=  n  N, then
ƒ(n) + 1

1
(A) f(2015) = (B) (f(2012))f(2013) = 9 (C) f(1001) = 2 (D) f(2015) = 3
2

27. Which of the following is/are true?

(A) f(x) = ex and g(x) = nx, then f(g(x)) = x (wherever f(g(x)) is defined)

2+x (3 x− 2)
(B) f(x) = and g(x) = , then f(g(x)) = x (wherever f(g(x)) is defined)
3−x (x+ 1)

(x − 7)
(C) f(x) = 4x + 7 and g(x) = , then f(g(x)) = x (wherever f(g(x)) is defined)
4
(D) f(x) = x3 + 1 and g(x) = (x 1)1/3, then f(g(x)) = x (wherever f(g(x)) is defined)

Function 43
 1
28. If g(x) = x2 x + 1 and f(x) = − x , then:
x

 7 
(A) Domain of f(g(x)) is [0,1] (B) Range of f(g(x)) is  0, 
 2 3

(C) f(g(x)) is many-one function (D) f(g(x)) is unbounded function

29. Which of the following function(s) have the same domain and range?

1
(A) f(x) = 1 − x2 (B) g(x) = (C) h(x) = x (D) l(x) = 4−x
x

30. Let f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2, then number of solutions to:

(A) f(|x|) = 2 is 1 (B) f(|x|) = 2 is 3 (C) |f(x)| = 0.125 is 4 (D) |f(|x|)| = 0.125 is 8

31. Which of the following pair(s) of function have same graphs?

sec x tanx cos x sinx

(A) f(x) = − , g(x) = +
cos x cot x sec x cosecx

   
(B) f(x) = sgn (x2 4x + 5), g(x) = sgn  cos2 x + sin2  x +  
  3 

where sgn denotes signum function.

2
(C) f(x) = e n(x + 3 x + 3)
, g(x) = x2 + 3x + 3

sinx cos x 2cos2 x

(D) f(x) = + , g(x) =
sec x cosecx cotx

32. If a function is defined by an implicit equation 2|x| + |y| + 2|x| |y|

= 2, then -

(A) Domain of function is singleton

(B) Range of function is singleton

(C) Graph of the function intersects the line y = x

(D) Maximum value of function is 2

33. For each real x, let f(x) = max{x, x2, x3, x4}, then f(x) is -

(A) x4 for x  1 (B) x2 for 1<x 0

 1 1  1 1
(C)  = (D)  =
2 2 2 4

44 Function
34. Let f(x) = sin6x + cos6x, then -

(A) f(x)  [0, 1]  x  R (B) f(x) = 0 has no solution

1 
(C) f(x)   , 1 x  R (D) f(x) is an injective function
4 

 2 ; x3  x+6 ; x4

35. Let f(x) = x − 3x + 4 and g(x) =  2 then which of the following is/are
 x + 7 ; x  3 x + x + 2 ; x4

true -

f 8
(A) (f + g) (1) = 9 (B) (f g) (3.5) =1 (C) (f g) (0) = 24 (D)   (5) =
g
  3

ANSWER KEY

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (D)

8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (C)

15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (C) 18. (ABC) 19. (AC) 20. (BCD) 21. (AD)

22. (AC) 23. (BC) 24. (CD) 25. (BC) 26. (ABC) 27. (ABCD) 28. (AC)

29. (BC) 30. (AC) 31. (ABCD) 32. (ABC) 33. (ABC) 34. (BC) 35. (ABC)

Function 45
 Subjective Exercise - I

Subjective Type Questions

1. Find the domain of definition of the given functions:

1
(i) y = −px (p  0) (ii) y=
x +12

1 1
(iii) y= (iv) y=
x −x
3
x2 − 4x
x
(v) y= x2 − 4x + 3 (vi) y=
x2 − 3x + 2
(vii) y= 1− | x | (vii) y = logx2.
1 1
(ix) y= + x+2 (x) y= x+3 − log 10 (2 x− 3)
log 10 (1 − x) x−2
3 1
(xi) y=
4 − x2
+ log 10 x3 − x( ) (xii) y= + 3 sinx
sinx
(xiii) y = log10 ( x−4 + 6−x ) (xiv) y = log10[1 log10(x2 5x + 16)]

2. Find the range of the following functions:

x−1 2
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) =
x+2 x
1 x2 − x + 1
(iii) f(x) = 2 (iv) f(x) = 2
x −x+1 x +x+1
2
(v) f(x) = e(x − 1) (vi) f(x) = x3 x2 + x + 1

(vii) f(x) = log(x8 + x4 + x2 + 1) (viii) f(x) = sin2x 2sinx + 4

2
(ix) f(x) = sin(log2x) (x) f(x) = 2x + 1

e2x − ex + 1 1
(xi) f(x) = (xii) f(x) =
e2x + ex + 1 8 − 3 sin x

3. The graph of a function f is given.

46 Function
 (a) State the value of f( 1).
(b) For what values of x is f(x) = 2
(c) State the domain and range of f.
(d) On what interval is f increasing ?
(e) Estimated value of f(2) is :
(A) 2.2 (B) 2.8 (C) 2.5 (D) 3
(f) Estimated value of x such that f(x) = 0, is :
(A) 2.5 (B) 0.8 (C) 2.9 (D) 0.3

3 − x, x  1
4. Graph the function F(x) = 
 2x, x  1

5. Find a formula for each function graphed

(a) (b)

6. The graphs of f and g are given.

(a) State the value of f( 4) and g(3)
(b) For what value of x is f(x) = g(x)?
(c) Estimate the solution of the equation f(x) = 1.
(d) On what interval is f decreasing?
(e) State the domain and range of f.
(f) State the domain and range of g.

Function 47
7. Solve the following inequalities using graph of f(x) :
(a) 0  f(x)  1 (b) 1  f(x)  2 (c) 2  f(x)  3 (d) f(x) > 1 & f(x) < 0

8. (a) Draw graphs of the following function, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f(x) = x + [x]
(ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x) & x > 0 & x 3
(iii) y = sgn[x]
(iv) y = sgn(x |x|)

(b) Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical?

(where [x] denotes greatest integer and {x} denotes fractional part function)
(i) f(x) = sgn(x2 3x + 4) and g(x) = e[{x}]
1 − cos2x
(ii) f(x) = and g(x) = tanx
1 + cos2x
(iii) f(x) = ln(1 + x) + ln(1 x) and g(x) = ln(1 x2)
cos x 1 + sin x
(iv) f(x) = and g(x) =
1 − sin x cos x

9. Classify the following functions f(x) defined in R →R as injective, surjective, both or none.
x2 + 4x + 30
(a) f(x) = 2 (b) f(x) = x3 6x2 + 11x 6
x − 8x + 18
(c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5)(x2 + x 3)

10. Solve the following problems from (a) to (d) on functional equation:
(a) The function f(x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f(f(x)).(1 + f(x)) = f(x) for
all x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the
value of f(3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) and f(1) = 4. Find the value of
f(21).
(c) Let f be function defined from R+→ R+. If [f(xy)]2 = x(f(y))2 for all positive numbers x and
y and f(2) = 6, find the value of f(50).
(d) Let f be a function such that f(3) = 1 and f(3x) = x + f(3x 3) for all x. Then find the value
of f(300).

48 Function
 1 − x if x  0  −x if x  1
11. f(x) =  2 and g(x) =  find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x).
 x if x  0  1 − x if x  1

12. Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none :

(a) (
f(x) = log x + 1 + x2 ) (b) f(x) =
x(a x + 1)
ax − 1
(c) f(x) = sinx + cosx (d) f(x) = xsin2x x3

(1 + 2 )
2
x

(e) f(x) = sinx cosx (f) f(x) =

2x
x x
(g) f(x) = + +1 (h) f(x) = [(x + 1)2]1/3 + [(x 1)2]1/3
ex − 1 2

13. The sum of integral values of the elements in the domain of = 1

− is -
2

1+ x   1 
14. If f(x) = a log   + bx + c sinx + 5 and f(log32) = 4, then
3
    is equal to
 2 
3
 1− x 

15. Let P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d be a polynomial such that P(1) = 1, P(2) = 8, P(3) = 27, P(4) = 64 then
find P(10).

2x − 1 ax + b
16. Let f(x) = . If f 1= , then a + b + c is
x+3 c−x

17. Let f(x) be a periodic function with period 'p' satisfying f(x) + f(x + 3) + f(x + 6) +.....+ f(x + 42) = constant
 x  R, then sum of digits of 'p' is

Function 49
 ANSWER KEY

1. (i) < x  0 (ii) x  R (iii) x  R { 1,0,1}

(iv)   x  0 & 4 < x < (v)  < x  1 and 3  x   (vi) <x  1 and 2  x 

(vii) 1x1 (viii) 0 < x < 1 and 1 < x <. (ix) 2  x  0 and 0 < x < 1

3
(x) < x < 2 and 2 < x <. (xi) 1 < x < 0 and 1 < x < 2 ; 2 < x < 
2

(xii) 2k < x < (2k + 1), where k is an integer. (xiii) 4  x  6 (xiv) 2 < x < 3

2. (i) R {1} (ii) R {0} (iii) (0,4/3] (iv) [1/3, 3] (v) [1,) (vi) R

 1 1
(vii) [0,) (viii) [3,7] (ix) [ 1,1] (x) [2,) (xi) [1/3,1) (xii)  , 
 11 5 

3. (a) 2, (b) 3, 1, (c) [ 3, 3], [ 2, 3], (d) ( 1, 3], (e) B, (f) A,D

4.

 x, 0x1 2, 0  x  1 and 2  x  3


5. (a) y =  (b) y = 
2 − x, 1x 2 0, 1  x  2 and 3  x  4


6. (a) 2, 4, (b) 2, 2, (c) 3, 4, (d) (0, 4] (e) [ 4, 4], [ 2, 3]

(f) [ 4, 3], [0.5, 4]

4 5 5 
7. (a)  ,   {3} (b) [ 2, 1)  [1, 3] (c) [ 3, 2]  [ 1, 1] (d)  , 3  − {2}
3 3 3 

8. (b) (i), (iii) are identical

50 Function
9. (a) neither surjective nor injective (b) surjective but not injective

(c) neither injective nor surjective

10. (a) 3/4; (b) 64; (c) 30, (d) 5050

 x if x0  x2 if x0
11. 
(gof)(x) = −x 2
if 0  x  1 ; (fog)(x) =  1 + x if 0  x  1
 
 1 − x if x1  x if x1
2

12. (a) odd, (b) even, (c) neither odd nor even,

(d) odd, (e) neither odd nor even, (f) even,

(g) even, (h) even

13. 6 14. 6 15. 4024 16. 6 17. 9

Function 51
 Subjective Exercise - II

1. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :

(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) f(x) = cos2x + 16 − x2 (ii) f(x) = log7 log5 log3 log2 (2x3 + 5x2 14x)

(iii) f(x) = ln ( x2 − 5x − 24 − x − 2 ) (iv) f(x) =

1 − 5x
7− x − 7
 2log 10 x + 1 
(v) y = log10sin(x 3) + 16 − x2 (vi) f(x) = log100x  
 −x 
1
(vii) f(x) = x2 − | x | + (viii) f(x) = (x2 − 3x− 10)ln2 (x− 3)
9−x 2

−1
 7 
(ix) f(x) = (5 x− 6 − x2 ) { n{x}}  + (7 x− 5 − 2 x2 ) +  ln  − x  
 2 
(x) ( x ) = log  1
x + 
x2 − x − 6 + 16−x C2x − 1 + 20−3x P2x −5
 x

2. Find the domain & range of the following functions.

(i) y = log 5 ( 2(sinx− cosx) + 3 ) (ii) y=

2x
1 + x2
x2 − 3x + 2 x
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) =
x2 + x − 6 1+ | x |

x+4 −3
(v) y= 2− x + 1+ x (vi) f(x) =
x−5

3. Suppose f(x) = sinx and g(x) = 1 x . Then find the domain and range of the following functions.
(a) fog (b) gof (c) fof (d) gog

 1− x
4. A function f : R → R is such that f   = x for all x  1. Prove that following.
1+ x
(a) f(f(x)) = x (b) f(1/x) = f(x), x  0 (c) f( x 2) = f(x) 2.

x
5. (a) Find the formula for the function fogoh, given f(x) = ; g(x) = x10 and h(x) = x + 3. Find
x+1
also the domain of this function. Also compute (fogoh)( 1).

(b) If f(x) = max(x, 1/x) for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers
a and b. Define the function g(x) = f(x) f(1/x) and plot its graph.

6. Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one
of the following statements is true and the remaining two are false. f(x) = 1; f(y)  1; f(z)  2.
Determine f 1(1)

52 Function
7. (i) Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the
domains of definition of the given implicit functions:
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + |y| = 2y
(ii) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, 1]. Find the domain of definition of the
functions.
(a) f(sinx) (b) f(2x + 3)
(iii) Given that y = f(x) is a function whose domain is [4,7] and range is [ 1, 9]. Find the range
and domain of
1
(a) g(x) = f(x) (b) h(x) = f(x 7)
3

8. Compute the inverse of the functions:

( )
x
10x − 10− x
(a) f(x) = n x + x2 + 1 (b) f(x) = 2 x − 1 (c) y=
10x + 10− x

9. Find the inverse of f(x) = 2log10 x + 8 and hence solve the equation f(x) = f 1(x).

10. (a) Suppose that f is an even, periodic function with period 2, and that f(x) = x for all x in interval
[0, 1]. Find the value of f(3.14).

11. Number of integers in range of f(x) = x(x + 2) (x + 4) (x + 6) + 7, x  [ 4, 2] is

tan2 x + 8 tan x + 15
12. The number of even integral value(s) in the range of the function f(x) = is
1 + tan2 x

 0 x1
13. If f(x) =  ; then the number of solutions of the equation f(f(f(x))) = x is
2x − 2 x 1

14. Let 'f' be an even periodic function with period '4' such that f(x) = 2x 1, 0  x  2.
The number of solutions of the equation f(x) = 1 in [ 10, 20] are

Match the Column Type Questions

15. Column-I Column-II
f(x) Range
cos2 x + cos x + 2  7
(A) (P)  0, 
cos2 x + cos x + 1  3

(B)
( cos x − sinx )( cos x + sinx ) (Q)
4 7
 , 
3 (cos x + sinx ) 3 3

7  1
(C) (R) 0, 
(
3 x + 2x + 3x + 1
6 4 2
)  3
(D) log8(x2 + 2x + 2) (S) [0, )

Function 53
16. The graph of the function y = f(x) is as follows:

Match the function mentioned in Column-I with the respective graph given in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II

(A) y = |f(x)| (P)

(B) y = f(|x|) (Q)

(C) y = f( |x|) (R)

1
(D) y= (|f(x)| f(x)) (S)
2

17. Column-I Column-II

Number of integers in

(A) Domain of f(x) =n{x} (P) 0

 1
(B) Domain of f(x) = sec(sinx) + x +  + 10 − [x]
2
(Q) 2
 x

(C) Range of f(x) = x2 2x + 2, x  [0,2] (R) 3

(D) Range of ƒ(x) = 25 − [x]2 (S) less than 3

(T) more than 3

(where [.] and {.} denote greatest integer function and fractional part function respectively)

54 Function
18. Match the function mentioned in column-I with the respective classification given in column-II

(where [.] and {.} denote greatest integer function and fractional part function respectively)

Column-I Column-II

(A) f:R →R+ f(x) = (e[x])(e{x}) (P) one-one

(B) f : (−,−2)  (0,) → R f(x) = n(x2 + 2x) (Q) many-one

(C) f : [ 2,2] → [ 1,1] f(x) = sinx (R) onto

(D) f:R → R f(x) = x3 3x2 + 3x 7 (S) periodic

(T) aperiodic

19. Match the functions given in column-I correctly with mappings given in column-II.
Column-I Column-II
 1 1 4 4
(A) f : − ,  →  ,  (P) Injective mapping
 2 2 7 3
1
f(x) = (Q) Non-injective mapping
x +x+1
2

(B) f : [ 2, 2] → [ 1, 1] (R) Surjective mapping

f(x) = sinx
(C) f:R I →R (S) Non-surjective mapping

f(x) = n{x}, (T) Bijective mapping

(where {.} represents fractional part function)

(D) f:( , 0] → [1, ), f(x) = (1+ −x ) + ( −x x)

Function 55
 ANSWER KEY

 5 3       3 5   1
1. (i) − , −   − ,    ,  (ii)  −4, −   (2, )
 4 4   4 4  4 4   2 

(iii) ( , 3] (iv) ( , 1)  [0, )

 1   1 1 
(v) (3 2 < x < 3 )  (3 < x  4) (vi)  0,  , 
 100   100 10 

(vii) ( 3, 1] {0}  [1, 3) (viii) {4}  [5, )

(ix) (1, 2)  (2, 5/2) (x) x  {4, 5}

2. (i) D: x  R R: [0, 2] (ii) D = R; range [ 1, 1]

(iii) D: {x | x  R; x  3; x  2} R: {f(x) | f(x)  R, f(x)  1/5; f(x)  1}

(vi) D: R, R: ( 1, 1) (v) D: 1x2 R:  3, 6 

 

 1   1 1
(iv) D: [−4, ) −   R:  0,    , 
 6   6 3

3. (a) domain is x  0; range [ 1, 1]; (b) domain 2k x  2k + ; range [0, 1]

(c) domain x  R; range [ sin1, sin1] (d) domain is 0  x  1; range is [0, 1]

 1
(x+ 3)10 1024 if 0  x  1
5. (a) domain is R, (b) g(x) =  x2
(x+ 3) + 1
10
1025  2
x if x  1

6. f 1(1) = y

7. (i) (a) y = log(10 10x), < x < 1

(b) y = x/3 when  < x < 0 & y = x when 0  x < + 

(ii) (a) 2K  x  2K+ where K  I (b) [ 3/2, 1]

(iii) (a) Range: [ 1/3, 3], Domain = [4, 7]; (b) Range [ 1, 9] and domain [11, 14]

ex − e−x log 2 x 1 1+ x
8. (a) ; (b) ; (c) log
2 log 2 x − 1 2 1− x

56 Function
9. x = 10; f 1(x) = 10log2 (x −8) 10. (a) 0.86

11. 401 12. 9 13. 2 14. 15

15. (A) → (Q); (B) → (R); (C) → (P); (D) → (S) 16. (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q

17. (A)→(P,S); (B)→(R); (C) → (Q,S); (D) → (T)

18. (A)→(P,R,T); (B) → (Q,R,T); (C) → (Q,R,T); (D) → (P,R,T)

19. (A)→ (P,R,T); (B)→ (Q,R); (C)→ (Q,S); (D)→ (P,R,T)

Function 57
 JEE-Main (Previous Year Questions)

1. If a  R and the equation 3(x [x])2 + 2(x [x]) + a2 = 0 (where [x] denotes the greatest integer
 x) has no integral solution, then all possible values of a lie in the interval: [JEE(Main)-2014]
(1) ( 1, 0)  (0, 1) (2) (1, 2) (3) ( 2, 1) (4) ( , 2)  (2, )

 1 1 x
2. The function f : R →  − ,  defined as f(x) = , is : [JEE(Main)-2017]
 2 2 1 + x2
(1) neither injective nor surjective (2) invertible
(3) injective but not surjective (4) surjective but not injective

x−1
3. Let f : A → B be a function defined as = , where A = R {2} and B = R {1}. Then f is
x−2
2y − 1
(1) Invertible and −1
= (2) Not invertible [JEE(Main)-2018]
y−1
3y − 1 2y + 1
(3) Invertible and −1
= (4) Invertible and −1
=
y−1 y−1

4. Let f(x) = 210  x + 1 and g(x) = 310x 1. If (fog)(x) = x, then x is equal to [JEE(Main)-2018]
3 −1 10
2 −1 10
1−3 −10
1−2 −10
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 − 2−10
10
2 − 3−10
10
210 − 3−10 310 − 2−10

x
5. The function f : N → N defined by f(x) = x 5   , where N is the set of natural numbers and
5

[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is [JEE(Main)-2018]

(1) one-one and onto. (2) onto but not one-one.

(3) neither one-one nor onto. (4) one-one but not onto.

1 1
6. For x R {0, 1}, let f1(x) = , f2(x) = 1 x and f3(x) = be three given functions. If a function,
x 1− x

J(x) satisfies (f2 o J of1)(x) = f3(x) then J(x) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2019]

1
(1) f3(x) (2) f1(x) (3) f2(x) (4)
x 3

2x
7. Let A = {x  R : x is not a positive integer}. Define a function f : A → R as f(x) = , then f is:
x−1

[JEE(Main)-2019]

(1) neither injective nor surjective (2) not injective

(3) injective but not surjective (4) surjective but not injective

58 Function
8. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f and g be defined as f, g : N → N such
that: [JEE(Main)-2019]
n + 1
 if n is odd
= 2 and g(n) = n ( 1)n. Then fog is:
n
 if n is even
 2
(1) onto but not one-one (2) one-one but not onto
(3) both one-one and onto. (4) neither one-one nor onto.

x
9. Let f : R→R be defined by f(x) = ,x  R. Then the range of f is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
1 + x2
 1 1  1 1
(1) R − ,  (2) R [ 1,1] (3)  − ,  (4) ( 1, 1) {0}
 2 2  2 2

10. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3,...,20} onto {1, 2, 3,..., 20} such that f(k) is a multiple of
3, whenever k is a multiple of 4, is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 5 × 15
6
(2) 5! × 6! (3) 6 × (15)!
5
(4) (15)! × 6!

1
11. Let a function f : (0, ) → (0, ) be defined by f(x) = 1 − . Then f is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
x
(1) neither injective nor surjective (2) not injective but it is surjective
(3) both injective as well as surjective (4) injective only

   2x 
12. If f(x) = loge   ,| x | 1 , then f  2 
is equal to [JEE(Main)-2019]
 1 + x  1+ x 
(1) 2f(x2) (2) 2f(x) (3) 2f(x) (4) (f(x))2

13. If f(1) = 1, f'(1) = 3, then the derivative of f(f(f(x))) + (f(x))2 at x = 1 is : [JEE(Main)-2019]

(1) 15 (2) 9 (3) 33 (4) 12

14. Let f(x) = ax (a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x), where f1(x) is an even function and f2(x) is an
odd function. Then f1(x + y) + f1(x y) equals is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 2f1(x + y) f2(x y) (2) 2f1(x)f1(y) (3) 2f1(x + y) f1(x y) (4) 2f1(x)f2(y)

10
15. Let  f(a + k) = 16(2
k=1
10
− 1) where the function f satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all natural numbers

x, y and f(1) [JEE(Main)-2019]

(1) 3 (2) 16 (3) 2 (4) 4

1
16. The domain of the definition of the function f(x) = 2
+ 10
3
is: [JEE(Main)-2019]

(1) ( 1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) (2) ( 2, 1) ( 1, 0)  (2, )

(3) (1, 2)  (2, ) (4) ( 1, 0)  (1, 2)  (3, )

Function 59
17. Let f (x) = x2, x  R. for any A  R, define g(A) = {x  R ; f(x)  A}. If S = [0, 4], then which one
of the following statements is not true? [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) f (g(S))  f (S) (2) g(f (S)) S (3) g(f(S)) = g(S) (4) f(g(S)) = S

 3 2

18. For x   0,  , let f (x) = x , g(x) = tan x and h(x) = . If (x) = ((hof)og)(x), then    is
 2  1 + x2 3
equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
7  11 5
(1) tan (2) tan (3) tan (4) tan
12 12 12 12

19. For x  R, let [x] denote the greatest integer  x, then the sum of the series
 1  1 1   1 99 
 + + +  is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
 3  3 100   3 100 
(1) 153 (2) 133 (3) 135 (4) 131

5
20. If g(x) = x2 + x 1 and (gof)(x) = 4x2 10x + 5, then   is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2020]
4
3 3 1 1
(1) (2) − (3) (4) −
2 2 2 2

82x − 8−2x
21. The inverse function of = ,x  ( 1, 1) is _______. [JEE(Main)-2020]
82x + 8−2x
1 1+ x 1 1− x
(1) log e   (2) log e  
4 1− x 4 1+ x
1 1+ x 1 1−x
(3) (log8 e)loge   (4) (log8 e)loge  
4 1−x 4 1+ x

22. The number of real roots of the equation e4x + e3x 4e2x + ex + 1 = 0 is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

23. Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t. Then the equation in x, [x]2 + 2[x + 2] 7 = 0 has:
[JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) exactly two solutions. (2) no integral solution.
(3) infinitely many solutions. (4) exactly four integral solutions.


24. If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and  f(x) = 2 , x, y  N, where N is the set of all natural numbers, then the
x=1

f(4)
value of is- [JEE(Main)-2020]
f(2)
1 4 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 9 3 3

60 Function
25. For a suitable chosen real constant a, let a function, f : R { a} → R be defined by
a−x
f(x) = . Further suppose that for any real number x  a and f(x)  a, (fof)(x) = x. Then
a+x
 1
 −  is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
 2
1 1
(1) (2) 3 (3) 3 (4)
3 3

26. Suppose that a function f : R → R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y  R and f(1) = 3.
n
If 
i= 1
= , then n is equal to _________ . [JEE(Main)-2020]

1
x−
27. Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) = 2x 1 and g : R {1} → R be defined as g (x) = 2 . Then the
x−1
composition function f(g(x)) is: [JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) both one-one and onto (2) onto but not one-one
(3) neither one-one nor onto (4) one-one but not onto

k + 1
 if k is odd
28. → A be defined as f(k) =  . Then the number
k
 if k is even

of possible functions g : A → A such that gof = f is: [JEE(Main)-2021]

(1) 105 (2) 10

C5 (3) 55 (4) 5!

2 2
29. The number of roots of the equation, (81)sin x
+ (81)cos x
= 30 in the interval [0, ] is equal to :
[JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 2

30. Let f : N → R be a function such that f(x+y) = 2f(x)f(y) for natural numbers x and y. If f(1) = 2,
10
512 20
then the value of  for which  f( + k) =
k=1 3
(2 − 1) holds, is : [JEE(Main)-2022]

(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6

1
  x25   50
31. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f(x) =  2  1 −
 2
 2 + x
25
( )  . If the function
   
g(x) = f(f(f(x))) + f (f(x)), the greatest integer less than or equal to g (1) is _____.[JEE(Main)-2022]

Function 61
32. The total number of functions, f : {1,2,3,4} → {1,2,3,4,5,6} such that f(1) + f(2) = f(3), is equal to :
[JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) 60 (2) 90 (3) 108 (4) 126

1
33. Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial with leading coefficient 1 such that f(0)=p, p  0 and f(1)= .
3
If the equation f(x) = 0 and fofofof(x) = 0 have a common real root, then f ( .
[JEE(Main)-2022]

ANSWER KEY

1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (3)

8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (4) 11. Bonus 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (2)

15. (1) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (4) 21. (3)

22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (2) 26. 5.00 27. (4) 28. (1)

29. (2) 30. (3) 31. 2 32. (2) 33. 25

62 Function
 JEE-Advanced (Previous Year Questions)

1. If functions f(x) and g(x) are defined on R → R such that [JEE(Advanced)-2005]

0, x  rational 0, x  irrational
f(x) =  , g(x) =  , then (f g)(x) is
 x, x  irrational x, x  rational
(A) one-one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one

2. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sinx for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying
(f o g o g o f)(x) = (g o g o f)(x), where (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)), is- [JEE(Advanced)-2011]

(A)  n , n  0,1, 2,....

(B)  n , n  1,2,...

(C) + 2n, n {...., −2, −1, 0,1, 2,.....}
2
(D) 2n, n {...., −2, −1, 0,1, 2,.....}

3. The function f : [0, 3] → [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 1, is: [JEE(Advanced)-2012]
(A) one-one and onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) one-one but not onto (D) neither one-one nor onto

2     
4. Let f : ( 1,1) → R be such that f(cos 4) = for    0,    ,  . Then the value(s) of
2 − sec2   4 4 2
 
 1
f   is (are) - [JEE(Advanced)-2012]
3
3 3 2 2
(A) 1 (B) 1 + (C) 1 (D) 1 +
2 2 3 3

5. If the function f : R → R is defined by f(x) = |x|(x sinx), then which of the following statements
is TRUE ? [JEE(Advanced)-2020]
(A) f is one-one, but NOT onto (B) f is onto, but NOT one-one
(C) f is BOTH one-one and onto (D) f is NEITHER one-one NOR onto

6. Let f : [0, 2] → R be the function defined by [JEE(Advanced)-2020]

   
f(x) = (3 sin(2x)) sin  x −  − sin  3x + 
 4  4

If , ,  [0, 2] are such that {x  [0, 2] : f(x)  0} = [, ], then the value of   is ____

Function 63
 4x
7. Let the function f : [0, 1] → be defined by f(x) = [JEE(Advanced)-2020]
4x + 2
 1   2   3   39   1
Then the value of f   + f  + f  + ..... + f   − f   is _____
 40   40   40   40   2

ANSWER KEY

1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (zero marks to all) 5. (C) 6. 1.00

7. 19.00

64 Function