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3.9 Draw TCP IP Reference Model and State The Functions of Each Layer

The document describes the 5-layer TCP/IP reference model and the functions of each layer. It explains that the TCP/IP model was initially developed by ARPANET for the U.S. Department of Defense and is now widely used on the internet. The layers are the physical, data link, internet, transport, and application layers. The physical layer deals with bits and the data link layer adds headers for addressing. The internet layer uses IP addressing and routing. The transport layer handles segmentation and reliable/unreliable transmission with TCP and UDP. The application layer provides end-user services.

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92 views

3.9 Draw TCP IP Reference Model and State The Functions of Each Layer

The document describes the 5-layer TCP/IP reference model and the functions of each layer. It explains that the TCP/IP model was initially developed by ARPANET for the U.S. Department of Defense and is now widely used on the internet. The layers are the physical, data link, internet, transport, and application layers. The physical layer deals with bits and the data link layer adds headers for addressing. The internet layer uses IP addressing and routing. The transport layer handles segmentation and reliable/unreliable transmission with TCP and UDP. The application layer provides end-user services.

Uploaded by

narendra kumar b
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

9 Draw TCP/ IP reference model and state the functions of each layer

TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. This model was initially
developed & used by ARPANET (Advanced
Research Project Agency Network) for a
community of researchers sponsored by the U.S.
department of defense in 1960.

Initially, it was developed to be used by defense


only. But later on, it got widely accepted. The main
purpose of this model is to connect two remote
machines for the exchange of information. These
machines can be operating in different. It connects
many universities and government installations
using leased telephone lines.

Certainly the ARPAnet is the best- known TCP/IP


network. It is the network model used in the
current Internet architecture as well.

We generally use a five-layer TCP/IP model, as shown below

1. Physical Layer: The Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model. It deals
with data in the form of bits. This layer mainly handles the host to host
communication in the network. It defines the transmission medium and mode of
communication between two devices. The medium can be wired or wireless, and
the mode can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. It also specifies the line
configuration (point-to-point or multiport), data rate (number of bits sent each
second), and topology in the network.

2. Data Link Layer: The Data-Link Layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP layer. It
deals with data in the form of data frames. It mainly performs the data framing in
which, it adds some header information to the data packets for the successful
delivery of data packets to correct destinations. For this, it performs physical
addressing of the data packets by adding the source and the destination address to
it.

3. Internet Layer: The Internet layer of the TCP/IP model is approximately the same
as the Network layer of the OSI model. This layer mainly performs the logical
addressing of the data packets by adding the IP (Internet Protocol) address to it. The
IP addressing can be done either by using the Internet Protocol Version 4(IPv4) or
Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6). The Internet layer also performs routing of data
packets using the IP addresses. The data packets can be sent from one network to
another using the routers in this layer. The main protocol in this layer is Internet
Protocol (IP), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group
Management Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol), etc.

4. Transport Layer: The Transport layer is the fourth layer of the TCP/IP model. It
deals with data in the form of data segments. It mainly performs segmentation of the
data received from the upper layers. It is responsible for transporting data and
setting up communication between the application layer and the lower layers. This
layer facilitates the end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of the data.
The transport layer is used for process-to-process communication with the help of
the port number of the source and the destination.

The Transport layer facilitates the traffic control using the following protocols:

TCP: It is a connection-oriented protocol. It performs sequencing and segmentation of


data. It also performs flow and error control in data transmission. There is an
acknowledgement feature in TCP for the received data. It is a slow but reliable
protocol. It is suitable for important and non-real time data items.

UDP: UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a connection-less protocol. It does
not perform flow and error control in data transmission. There is no acknowledgement
feature in UDP for the received data. It is a fast but unreliable protocol. It is suitable
for real-time data items.

5. Application Layer: It deals with the communication of the whole data message. The
Application layer provides an interface between the network services and the
application programs. It mainly provides services to the end-users to work over the
network. For Example, file transfer, web browsing, etc. This layer uses all the higher-
level protocols like FTP, DNS, SMTP, Telnet, etc.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - that allows File transfer amongst computer users connected over a network.
DNS (Domain Name Server) - resolves an IP address into a textual address for Hosts connected over a
network.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - which is used to transport electronic mail between a source and
destination, directed via a route.
TELNET - is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a remote machine and run
applications on it.
***

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