SUBJECT - CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
 INDEX
1. Theory 03 - 22

2. Exercise - 1 23 - 28

3. Exercise - 2 29

4. Exercise - 3 30-31

5. Answers Key 32
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM THEORY 3

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

1. INTRODUCTION 3. They can make a light paddle wheel to rotate placed in their
path. This means they possess kinetic energy and are material
In this chapter, we explore the inside world of atoms which is full of particles.
mystery and surprises. Whole chemistry is based on atoms and 4. They ionise gases through which they travel.
their structures. We will also study the behaviour exhibited by the
5. They produce X-rays when they strike a metallic target.
electrons and their consequences.
6. The characterstics of cathode rays (electrons) do not depend
1.1 Discovery of fundamental particles
on the material of electrodes and nature of the gas present in
Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explain the law of conservation the cathode ray tube.
of mass, law of constant composition and law of multiple 7. The negatively charged material particles constituting the
proportion very successfully but it failed to explain the results of cathode rays are called electrons.
many experiments like it was known that substances like glass or
Thus, we can conclude that electrons are basic constituents
ebonite when rubbed with silk or fur generate electricity
of all matter.
1.1.1 Discovery of electron
1.1.3 Charge to mass ratio of electron
William Crookes in 1879 studied the electrical discharge in
partially evacuated tubes known as cathode ray discharge tubes.
A discharge tube is made of glass, about 60cm long containing
two thin pieces of metals called electrodes, sealed in it. This is
known as Crookes Tube. The negative electrode is known as
cathode and positive electrode is known as anode.
When a gas enclosed at low pressure(  10-4 atm) in discharge
tube is subjected to a high voltage (  10,000V), invisible rays
originating from the cathode and producing a greenish glow
behind the perforated anode on the glass wall coated with
phosphorescent material ZnS is observed. These rays were called
cathode rays. Apparatus of charge to mass ratio of electron
In 1897, J.J. Thomson measured e/m ratio of electron by using
cathode ray tube and applying electric and magnetic field
perpendicular to each other as well as to the path of electrons.
The extent of deviation of electrons from their path in the presence
of electric and magnetic field depends on:
(a) Charge on the electron
(b) Mass of the particle
(c) The strength of electric or magnetic field
Production of Cathode rays When only electric field is applied, the electrons are deflected to
1.1.2 Properties of Cathode rays the point A. When only magnetic field is applied, the electrons
are deflected to the point C. By balancing the strengths of electric
1. They produce sharp shadow of the solid object in their path or magnetic fields, the electrons are allowed to hit the screen at
suggesting that they travel in straight line. point B i.e. the point where electrons hit in the absence of electric
2. They are deflected towards the positive plate in an electric and magnetic field. By measuring the amount of deflections,
field suggesting that they are negatively charged. They were Thomson was able to calculate the value of e/m as
named as electrons by Stoney. 1.758820 × 1011C/kg.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 4
1.1.4 Origin of cathode rays 5. The mass of the particles constituting the anode rays is
found to depend on the nature of gas taken.
The cathode rays are first produced from the material of the
cathode and then from the gas inside the discharge tube due to 6. The charge to mass ratio(e/m) of the particles is also found
bombardment of the gas molecules by the high speed electrons to depend on the gas taken.
emitted first from the cathode. 7. Their behaviour in electric and magnetic field is opposite to
1.2.1 Discovery of proton that observed for electron.
1.2.3 Origin of anode rays
Since the atom as a whole is electrically neutral and the presence
of negatively charged particles in it was established, therefore it These rays are believed to be produced as a result of the knock
was thought that some positively charged particles must also be out of the electrons from the gaseous atoms by the bombardment
present in the atom. So, during the experiments with cathode of high speed electrons of the cathode rays on them. These
rays, the scientist Goldstein designed a special type of discharge anode rays are not emitted from the anode but are produced in
tube. He discovered new rays called Canal rays. The name canal the space between the anode and the cathode.
rays is derived from the fact that the rays travelled in straight line
The lightest positively charged particles were obtained when
through a vacuum tube in the opposite direction to cathode rays,
the gas taken in the discharge tube was hydrogen. The e/m value
pass through and emerge from a canal or hole in the cathode.
of these particles were maximum. They had minimum mass and
They are also known as anode rays.
unit positive charge. The particle was called a proton.

Charge on a proton = + 1.6022 × 10–19C

Mass of a proton = 1.672 × 10–27kg

1.3.1 Discovery of neutron

The theoretical requirement for the existence of a neutron particle

in the atomic nucleus was put forward by Rutherford in 1920.It
Production of Anode rays was proposed to be a particle with no charge and having mass
almost equal to that of a proton. He named it as neutron. In 1932,
1.2.2 Properties of anode rays
Chadwick proved its existence. He observed that, when a beam
1. They travel in straight lines. of  particles ( 42 He) is incident on Beryllium (Be), a new type of
2. They carry a positive charge. particle was ejected. It had mass almost equal to that of a proton
3. They are made up of material particles. ( 1.672 ×10–27kg) and carried no charge.
4. The value of the charge on the particles constituting the
11
anode rays is found to depend on the nature of gas taken. 5 B + 24 He  14 1
7 N + 0n

9
4 Be + 42 He  12
6 C + 10 n
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 5
Properties of Fundamental Particles

Name Discoverer Symbol Charge Relative Mass

Charge

Electron J.J. Thomson e –1.6022 × 10–19 C –1 9.1094×10–31 Kg

Proton Goldstein p +1.6022 × 10–19C +1 1.6726 × 10–27 kg

Neutron Chadwick n 0 0 1.6749 × 10–27 kg

2. DEFINITIONS OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES 3.1 Drawbacks

Though the model was able to explain the overall neutrality of
2.1 Electron the atom, it could not satisfactorily explain the results of scattering
A fundamental particle which carries one unit negative charge experiments carried out by Rutherford.
and has a mass nearly equal to 1/1837th of that of hydrogen atom.
2.2 Proton 4. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
A fundamental particle which carries one unit positive charge
Rutherford conducted - particles scattering experiments in 1909.
and has a mass nearly equal to that of hydrogen atom.
In this experiment, a very thin foil of gold (0.004nm) is bombarded
2.3 Neutron by a fine stream of alpha particles. A fluorescent screen (ZnS) is
A fundamental particle which carries no charge but has a mass placed behind the gold foil, where points were recorded which
were emerging from -particles. Polonium was used as the source
nearly equal to that of hydrogen atom.
of -particles.

3. THOMSON MODEL

Sir J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron, was the first to

suggest a model of atomic structure.
(i) All atoms contain electrons.
(ii) The atom as a whole is neutral. The total positive charge
and total negative charge must be equal.
He visualised all the positive charge of the atom as being spread
out uniformly throughout a sphere of atomic dimensions (i.e.
approx. 10–10 m in diameter). The electrons were smaller particles
together carrying a negative charge, equal to the positive charge
in the atom. They were studded in the atom like plums in a pudding.
The charge distribution was such, that it gave the most stable Rutherford’s Scattering Experiment

arrangement. This model of the atom was often called the plum – 4.1 Observations
pudding model. Also the raisin pudding model or watermelon Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving the
model. scattering of   particles by a very thin foil of gold. Observations
were:
(i) Most of the   particles (99%) passes through it, without
any deviation or deflection.
(ii) Some of the   particles were deflected through small angles.
(iii) Very few   particles were deflected by large angles and
occasionally an   particle got deflected by 180o

Thomson’s proposed model of atom

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 6
4.2 Conclusions (ii) The positive charge of the nucleus is due to nucleons which
(i) An atom must be extremely hollow and must consist of consist of protons and neutrons while the electrons, present
mostly empty space because most of the particles passed in extra nuclear portion has negligible mass and carry a
through it without any deflection. negative charge.
(ii) Very few particles were deflected to a large extent. This (iii) The atom is electrically neutral, as the number of electrons is
indicates that: equal to number of protons in it. Thus, total positive charge
(a) Electrons because of their negative charge and very low of the nucleus is balanced by the total negative charge of
mass cannot deflect heavy and positively charged  particles electrons.
(b) There must be a very heavy and positively charged body in (iv) The electrons in the extra nuclear part are revolving around
the atom i.e. nucleus which does not permit the passage of the nucleus in circular paths called orbits. Thus, an atom
positively charged  particles. resembles the solar system in which the sun plays the role
of nucleus and the planets that of revolving electrons and
(c) Because, the number of  particles which undergo deflection
the model is known as planetary model.
of 180º, is very small, therefore the volume of positively
charged body must be extremely small fraction of the total
volume of the atom. This positively charged body must be (v) Electrons and nucleus are held together by the electrostatic
at the centre of the atom which is called nucleus. force of attraction.
(vi) Forces of attraction operating on the electron are exactly
balanced by centrifugal forces.
4.4 Drawbacks
(i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in
motion under the influence of attractive forces should radiate
energy continuously. If this is so, the electron will follow a
spiral path and finally fall into the nucleus and the structure
would collapse. This behaviour is never observed.
Scattering of   particles by thin gold foil
It has been found that radius of atom is of the order of
10 –10m while the radius of the nucleus is of the order of
10–15m.
Thus if a cricket ball represents a nucleus, then the radius of
atom would be about 5 km.
4.3 Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model

Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of atom

(ii) It says nothing about the electronic structure of atoms i.e.

how the electrons are distributed around the nucleus and
what are the energies of these electrons.

5. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

5.1 Atomic number (Z)

Rutherford’s Nuclear atomic model

Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of unit
positive charges or number of protons present in the nucleus of
(i) An atom consists of tiny positively charged nucleus at the the atom of the element. It also represents the number of electrons
centre and it is surrounded by hollow portion called extra in the neutral atom. Eg. Number of protons in Na = 11 , thus
nuclear part. atomic number of Na = 11
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 7
5.2 Mass number (A) Isotopes of some common elements
The elementary particles (protons and neutrons) present in the Element Isotopes
nucleus of an atom are collectively known as nucleons.
12 13 14
Carbon (C) 6 C, 6 C, 6 C
The mass number (A) of an atom is equal to the sum of protons
and neutrons. It is always a whole number. Thus, 14 15
Nitrogen (N) 7 N, 7 N
Mass number (A) = Number of protons(Z) + Number of
neutrons(n) 233 235 238
Uranium 92 U, 92 U, 92 U
Therefore, number of neutrons (n) = Mass Number (A) – Number
of protons (Z) Sulphur 32 33 34 36
16 S, 16 S, 16 S, 16 S
n =A– Z
5.3.2 Relative Abundance
NOTE Isotopes of an element occur in different percentages in nature,
The general notation that is used to represent the mass which is termed as relative abundance.

number and atomic number of a given atoms is A Using this relative abundance the average atomic mass of the
ZX
element can be calculated. For Example,
Where, X – symbol of element
the average atomic mass of Cl is 35.5 due to existence of two
A – Mass number isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl in 75% and 25% abundance respectively.
Z – atomic number 5.3.3 Isobars
5.3 Isotopes, Isobars, isotones and Isoelectronic Atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers
5.3.1 Isotopes: but same mass numbers are called isobars. Eg
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having identicalatomic Isobar Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of
number but different mass number. The difference is due number number electrons protons neutrons
to the difference in number of neutrons.
40
18 Ar 18 40 18 18 22
The chemical properties of atoms are controlled by the number
of electrons. Thus, isotopes of an element show same chemical 40
19 K 19 40 19 19 21
behaviour.
Isotopes of Hydrogen 40
Ca 20 40 20 20 20
20
Isotope Formula Mass No. of No. of
5.3.4 Isotones
number protons neutrons
Atoms of different elements which contain the same number of
1
Protium 1H (H) 1 1 0 neutrons are called isotones. Eg
Isotones Atomic Mass number No. of neutrons
2
Deuterium 1H (D) 2 1 1
number
3
Tritium 1H (T ) 3 1 2 36
S 16 36 20
16

Isotopes of Oxygen 37
17 Cl 17 37 20
Isotope Mass number No. of No. of
protons neutrons 38
Ar 18 38 20
18
16
8 O
16 8 8 39
19 K 19 39 20
17
8 O
17 8 9 40
20 Ca 20 40 20
18
8 O
18 8 10
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 8

5.3.5 Isoelectronic They do not require any medium and can move in vacuum
unlike sound waves.
The species (atoms or ions) containing the same number of
electrons are called isoelectronic. Eg. Light is a form of radiation and has wave characterstics. The
various characterstics of a wave are:
O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ne etc
To go further into the atomic mysteries, we will have to
understand the nature of electromagnetic radiations and study
“Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Wave theory”.
James Maxwell was the first to give a comprehensive explanation
about the interaction between the charged bodies and the
behaviour of electric and magnetic fields.
5.3.6 Isodiaphers
Isodiaphers are the atoms of different elements which have the Propagation of a Wave
same diference of the number of neutrons & protons.
1) Amplitude : It is height of the crest or trough (depth) of a
Example wave. Units : metre (m)
11
B 12
C 2) Frequency (  ) : The number of waves passing through a
5 6
p  5 p  6 point in one second. Units : Hertz (Hz) or s–1
n  6 n  p  1 n  7 n  p  1
e  5  e  6  3) Time Period : The time taken by a wave to complete one
vibration is called time period. Units : s
5.3.7 Isosteres
4) Velocity : The distance travelled by a wave in one second
Isosteres are the molecules which have the same number of atoms
is called velocity. Units : m/s
& electrons.
In vacuum, all types of electromagnetic radiations travel at
Example
the same speed i.e. 3 × 108 m/s. This is called speed of light.

CO 2 N2O 5) Wavelength(  ) : The distance between two adjacent crests

Atoms  1 2 Atoms  2 1 or troughs is called wavelength. Units : Angstrom(Å)
3 3
Electrons  6  8  2 Electrons  7  2  8 [1 Å=10–10m]
 22e   22e 
6) Wave Number ( ) : It is the number of wavelengths per

6. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS centimetre of length. Units : m-1

Electromagnetic Radiations are waves which are formed as a result   1/ 

of oscillating magnetic and electric fields which are perpendicular 6.1 Relationship between velocity, frequency & wavelength
to each other and both are perpendicular to direction of motion.
c  
where c : speed of light i.e. 3 × 108 m/s in vaccum
v : frequency; : wavelength

7. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged in increasing

order of wavelength or decreasing frequency the band of
radiations obtained is termed as electromagnetic spectrum.

Electric & magnetic field components

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 9
The following observations are made:
(i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as
the beam of light strikes the surface, i.e., there is no time lag
between the striking of light beam and the ejection of
electrons from the metal surface.
(ii) The number of electrons ejected is proportional to the
intensity or brightness of light.
(iii) For each metal, there is a characteristic minimum frequency,
Electromagnetic radiation & Visible spectrum 0 (also known as threshold frequency) below which
The visible spectrum is a subset of this spectrum (VIBGYOR) photoelectric effect is not observed. At a frequency
whose range of wavelength is 380-760nm.  > 0, the ejected electrons come out with certain kinetic
The wavelengths increase in the order: energy. The kinetic energies of these electrons increase with
the increase of frequency of the light used.
Gamma Rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible< Infrared <
Micro-waves <Radio waves. Thus, these findings were contradictory to the Maxwell’s
theory. The number of electrons ejected and kinetic energy
(2) Photoelectric Effect :
associated with them should depend on the intensity of
When radiations with certain minimum frequency (0) strike light. It has been observed that though the number of
the surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected from the electrons ejected does depend upon the brightness of light,
surface of the metal. This phenomena is called photoelectric the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons does not.
effect. The electrons emitted are called photoelectrons.
To justify these findings Max Von Planck gave his Quantum
Light photons theory.
Electrons ejected 8. PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
from the surface

The main points of this theory are:

(i) The energy is emitted or absorbed not continuously but
discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets of
energy. Each such packet of energy is called a ‘quantum’.
In case of light this quantum of energy is called a photon.

Sodium metal

Photoelectric effect

According to Maxwell’s Theory, the ejection of electrons

should depend on intensity of radiation that is if electrons
are not being ejected, then on increasing the intensity they
can be ejected.

Apparatus for studying the photoelectric effect

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 10
(ii) At a time only one photon can be supplied to one electron
or any other particle. (iv) When  > 0, then on further increasing the frequency, the
energy of each photon increases and thus kinetic energy of
(iii) One quantum cannot be divided or distributed. each ejected electron increases.

(iv) The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to the

frequency of radiation.

hc
E   or E  h 


h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10-34Js

(v) The total energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be in

whole number quanta.
Plot of kinetic energy versus frequency of absorbed photons
nhc
Hence E = nh  NOTE

Energy can also be expressed in Electron Volt(eV).
This is also called “Quantisation of energy”. The energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated
through a potential difference of one Volt.
8.1 Explanation of Black body radiation
1eV = 1.602 × 10–19J
As the temperature is increased the energy emitted increases
thereby increasing the frequency of the emitted radiations. As Conclusion :
the frequency increases the wavelength shifts to lower values. Light has both the Wave nature (shows the phenomena of
8.2 Explanation of Photoelectric effect diffraction and interference) and Particle nature (could explain
the black body radiation and photoelectric effect) . Thus, light
(i) When light of some particular frequency falls on the surface
has dual nature.
of metal, the photon gives its entire energy to the electron
of the metal atom. The electron will be ejected from the Bohr’s Model is based on “Atomic Spectra”, therefore before
metal only if the energy of the photon is sufficient to moving further we will study:
overcome the force of attraction of the electron by the
nucleus. So, photoelectrons are ejected only when the 9. BOHR’S MODEL
incident light has a certain minimum frequency (threshold
NOTE
frequency 0). The Threshold energy required for emission
This model is applicable to H-atom or H-like species like
is called “Work Function” that is “h0” .
He+,Li2+,Be3+.
(ii) If the frequency of the incident light () is more than the
9.1 Postulates
threshold frequency (0), the excess energy is imparted to
1) An atom consists of a small, heavy, positively charged
the electron as kinetic energy. Hence,
nucleus in the centre and the electrons revolve around it in
Energy of one quantum = Threshold Energy + Kinetic circular orbits.
Energy
2) Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a fixed
h  h 0  (1/ 2) me v 2 value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called energy levels
or stationary states.
(iii) When  > 0, then on increasing the intensity, the number
They are numbered as 1,2,3,...... These numbers are known as
of quanta incident increases thereby increasing the number
Principal quantum Numbers.
of photoelectrons ejected.
(a) Energy of an electron is given by:
En= –RH (Z2/n2) n = 1,2,3.......
where RH is Rydberg’s constant and its value is
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 11
2.18 × 10–18 J.
Z = atomic number

Z2
E n  2.18  1018 J / atom
n2

Z2
E n  13.6 eV / atom
n2

Z2
E n  1312 kJ / mol
n2

Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:

K < L < M < N...... and so on. 9.2 What does negative energy for Hydrogen atom means?
Energy of the lowest state(n=1) is called ground state. This negative sign means that the energy of the electron in the
(b) Radii of the stationary states: atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest. A free
electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far away from the
52.9n 2 nucleus (n  ) and is assigned the energy value of zero. As
rn  pm
Z the electron gets closer to the nucleus (as n decreases), E n
For H-atom (Z = 1), the radius of first stationary state is becomes more and more negative. The most negative energy
value is given by n=1 which corresponds to the most stable
called Bohr orbit (52.9 pm) orbit.
(c) Velocities of the electron in different orbits: 9.3 Transition of Electron
We know that energy is absorbed or emitted when electron excites
2.188  106 Z or de-excites respectively. The energy gap between the two orbits
vn  m/s
n is
3) Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which have E  E f  E i
fixed values of energy, hence electrons in an atom can have
only certain definite values of energy and not any of their
 R   R 
own. Thus, energy of an electron is quantised. E    2H     2H 
4) Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in an
 n f   ni 
atom can have certain definite values and not any value of
their own.  1 1   1 1 
E  R H  2  2   2.18  10 18  2  2  J / atom
 ni nf   ni nf 
nh
mr 
2 The wavelength associated with the absorption or emission of
the photon is:
Where n=1,2,3...... and so on.
5) An electron does not lose or gain energy when it is present 1 E R H  1 1   1 1  1
in the same shell.       1.09677 10
7
 2  2 m
 hc hc  n i2 n 2f   ni nf 
6) When an electron gains energy, it gets excited to higher
energy levels and when it de-excites, it loses energy in the This is known as Rydberg’s formula.
form of electromagnetic radiations and comes to lower NOTE
energy values.
1.09677 × 107 m-1 is also known as Rydberg’s constant.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 12
9.4 Line Spectrum of Hydrogen When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to the
When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous hydrogen, state with n = 4,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in the
the H 2 molecules dissociate and the energetically excited infrared region and are called as Pfund series.
hydrogen atoms produced emit electromagnetic radiations of Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 5, n2 = 6,7...
discrete frequency. The hydrogen spectra consists of several
9.5 Ionisation Energy
lines named after their discoverer.
It is the energy required to remove the electron completely from
We get discrete lines and not a continuous spectra because the
the atom so as to convert it into a positive ion.
energy of an electron cannot change continuously but can have
only definite values. Thus we can say that energy of an electron Thus, n1 = 1 and n2 = 
is quantised. 9.6 Limiting Line
It is the line of shortest wavelength i.e. n2 = 
NOTE
Although a hydrogen atom has only one electron, yet its
spectra contains large number of lines. This is because a
sample of hydrogen gas contains large number of
molecules. When such a sample is heated to a high
temperature, the hydrogen molecules split into hydrogen
atoms. The electrons in different hydrogen atoms absorb
different amounts of energies and are excited to different
Electronic Transitions in the hydrogen spectrum levels. When these electrons return, different electrons
adopt different routes to return to the ground state. Thus,
LYMAN SERIES :
they emit different amounts of energies and thus large
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to the number of lines in atomic spectra in hydrogen.
ground state or first state (n = 1) ,the series of spectral lines
Maximum no. of lines that can be emitted when an electron
emitted lies in the ultra violet region and are called as Lyman
in an excited state n2 de-excites to n1 (n2>n1) :
series.
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1= 1, n2 = 2,3,4,5... (n 2  n1  1) (n 2  n1 )
BALMER SERIES : 2
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to the 9.7 Limitations of Bohr’s Model
state with n=2,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in the visible
1) Inability to explain line spectra of multi-electron atoms.
region and are called as Balmer series.
2) It fails to account for the finer details (doublet-two closely
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 2, n2 = 3,4,5,6....
spaced lines) of the hydrogen spectra.
PASCHEN SERIES :
3) Inability to explain splitting of lines in the magnetic field
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to the (Zeeman Effect) and in the electric field (Stark Effect). If the
state with n=3 ,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in the source emitting the radiation is placed in magnetic or electric
infrared region and are called as Paschen series. field, it is observed that each spectral line splits up into a
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 3, n2 = 4,5,6... number of lines. Splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field
BRACKETT SERIES : is known as Zeeman Effect while splitting of spectral lines
in electric field is known as Stark Effect.
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to the
state with n = 4,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in the 4) It could not explain the ability of atoms to form molecules
infrared region and are called as Brackett series. by covalent bonds.

Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 4, n2 = 5,6,7... 5) It could not explain dual behaviour of matter and also
contradicts Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
PFUND SERIES :
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 13
10. TOWARDS QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and momentum
of an electron. To pin point the position of the electron we have
This model was based on two concepts:
to use light so that the photon of light strikes the electron and
(1) de Broglie Concept of dual nature of matter the reflected photon is seen in the microscope. As a result of the
(2) Heisenberg uncertainty Principle hitting, the position as well as the velocity of the electron are
disturbed.
10.1 Dual behaviour of matter
10.2.2 Significance of Uncertainity Principle
de Broglie proposed that matter should also exhibit dual behaviour
i.e. both particle and wave like properties. It rules out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of
electrons as stated in Bohr’s Model.
h h h h NOTE.
   
mv p 2m(KE) 2mqV The effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is
significant only for motion of microscopic objects, and is
Where p is linear momentum of a particle. negligible for that of macroscopic objects.
According to de Broglie, every object in motion has a wave
11.QUANTM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM
character. The wavelengths associated with ordinary objects are
so short (because of their large masses) that their wave properties Quantum mechanics is a theoretical science that deals with the
cannot be detected. The wavelengths associated with electrons study of the motion of microscopic objects which have both
and other subatomic particles (with very small mass) can however particle like and wave like properties. The fundamental equation
be detected experimentally. of quantum mechanics was developed by Schrodinger.
10.2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle This equation describes a function called electron wave function
It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position and (  ). This wave function stores all the information about an
momentum of a small particle with absolute accuracy. If an attempt electron like energy, position, orbital etc. As such it does not
is made to measure any of these two quantities with higher have any physical significance. The information stored in  about
accuracy, the other becomes less accurate. The product of the an electron can be extracted in terms of Quantum Numbers.
uncertainty in the position (x) and the uncertainty in momentum
11.1 Probability Density
(p) is always a constant and is equal to or greater than h/4.
(x). (p)  h/4 |  |2 is the probability of finding the electron at a point within an
or (x). (mv)  h/4 atom.
or (x). (v)  h/4m 11.2 Concept of Orbital
10.2.1 Explanation It is a three dimensional space around the nucleus within which
the probability of finding an electron of given energy is maximum
(say upto 90%).
11.3 Quantum Numbers
They may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help of
which we can get complete information about all the electrons in
an atom i.e. location, energy, type of orbital occupied, shape and
orientation of that orbital etc.
The three quantum numbers called as Principal, Azimuthal and
Magnetic quantum number are derived from Schrodinger wave
equation. The fourth quantum number i.e. the Spin quantum
number was proposed later on.
1) Principal Quantum Number (n):
It tells about the shell to which an electron belongs.
n = 1,2,3,4,5..... and so on.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 14

This number helps to explain the main lines of the spectrum Principal shell Subshells
on the basis of electronic jumps between these shells.
1st shell l = 0 (s-subshell)
(a) It gives the average distance of the electron from the
2nd shell l = 0,1 (s & p subshell)
nucleus. Larger the value of n, larger is the distance from
the nucleus. 3rd shell l = 0,1,2 (s,p & d subshell)
4th shell l = 0,1,2,3 (s,p,d & f subshell)
(b) It completely determines the energy in hydrogen atom or
hydrogen like species.
The energy of H-atom or H-like species depends only on
the value of n. NOTE
Order of energy : 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5....... and so on. The number of subshells present in any principal shell is
equal to the number of the principal shell.
For multi-electron species, energy depends on both principal
and azimuthal quantum number. Energies of various subshell present within the same shell

is: s < p < d < f

The maximum number of electrons present in any shell = 2n2
Angular momentum of an electron in orbital :
2) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) :
Also known as Orbital Angular momentum or Subsidiary h
l (l  1)   l (l  1)
quantum number.Within the same shell, there are number 2
of sub-shells, so number of electronic jumps increases and
this explains the presence of fine lines in the spectrum. This (3) Magnetic Quantum Number(m):
quantum number tells about :
This quantum number is required to explain the fact that when
(a) The number of subshells present in a shell.
the source producing the line spectrum is placed in a magnetic
(b) Angular momentum of an electron present in subshell. field, each spectral line splits up into a number of line (Zeeman
(c) Shapes of various subshells present within the same shell. effect).
(d) Relative energies of various subshells. Under the influence of external magnetic field, electrons of a
Value of l varies from 0 to n – 1 subshell can orient themselves in a certain preferred regions of
space around the nucleus called orbitals.
For 1st shell (n = 1): l = 0
The magnetic quantum number determines the number of
For 2nd shell (n = 2): l = 0,1 preferred orientations of the electrons present in a subshell. Since
For 3rd shell (n = 3): l = 0,1,2 each orientation corresponds to an orbital, thus magnetic
For 4th shell (n = 4): l = 0,1,2,3 quantum number determines the number of orbitals present in
any subshell.
Value of m ranges from – l to +l including zero.
Value of l Designation of subshell

0 s Subshell Orbitals (m) Number of orbitals

1 p s-subshell (l=0) m=0 1
2 d p-subshell (l=1) m = -1, 0, 1 3
3 f d-subshell (l=2) m = –2, –1, 0, 1 ,2 5
4 g f-subshell (l=3) m = –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7
5 h
The notations s,p,d,f represent the initial letters of the word sharp,
principal, diffused and fundamental. In continuation l = 4 is called
g subshell and l = 5 is called h subshell and so on.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 15

Orbital Value of m
NOTE
An orbital cannot have more than two electrons and
px m= 0
these electrons should be of opposite spin.
py m=+1
Thus, maximum number of electrons in s-subshell = 2
pz m=–1 Maximum number of electrons in p-subshell = 6
Maximum number of electrons in d-subshell = 10
Orbital Value of m Maximum number of electrons in f-subshell = 14
d z2 m=0 11.4 Shapes of atomic orbitals

dxz m = +1 (1) Shape of s-orbitals:

(a) They are non-directional and spherically symmetric i.e.
d yz m = –1
probability of finding the electron at a given distance is
d x 2  y2 m = +2 equal in all directions.
(b) 1s orbital and 2s orbital have same shape but size of 2s is
d xy m = –2 larger.
(c) There is a spherical shell within 2s orbital where electron
These orbitals of the same subshell having equal energy are density is zero and is called a node.
.
called degenerate orbitals Eg. (d) The value of azimuthal quantum number(l) is zero (l=0)
and magnetic quantum number can have only one value
The three p-orbitals of a particular principal shall have the i.e. m = 0
same energy in the absence of magnetic field.
Similarly, all five orbitals of d-subshell of a particular shell have
the same energy.
Thus, for H-atom order of energy is:
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f < ..........
For multi electron atoms, the energy of the orbitals decreases
with increase in effective nuclear charge.
Eg. E2s (H) > E2s (Li) > E2s (Na) > E2s (K)
The total possible values of m in a given subshell = 2l + 1 Boundary surface diagram of the s orbital
Total no. of orbitals in a given shell = n 2
(2) Shape of p-orbitals:
4) Spin Quantum Number(s): (a) It consists of two lobes present on either side of the
The electron in an atom not only moves around the nucleus plane that passes through the nucleus. The p-orbital is
but also spins about its own axis. Since the electron in an dumb-bell shaped.
orbital can spin either in clockwise or anti-clockwise (b) There are three possible orientations of electron cloud in
direction. Thus s can have only two values p-orbitals. Therefore, the lobes of p-orbital may be
1 1 considered to be along x,y and z axis. Hence they are
 or 
2 2 designated as px, py, pz. The three p-orbitals are oriented
This quantum number helps to explain the magnetic at right angles to one another.
properties of substances. (c) First main energy level( Principal quantum number n = 1)
does not contain any p-orbital.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 16
(d) The three p-orbitals of a particular energy level have same finding the electron is very high. We do not draw a boundary
energy in absence of an external electric and magnetic surface diagram that encloses 100% probability of finding
field and are called degenerate orbitals. the electron because probability density has some value,
(e) Like s orbitals, p-orbitals increase in size with increase in howsoever small it may be, at any finite distance from the
the energy of main shell of an atom. Thus, value of nucleus. Thus it is not possible to draw a boundary surface
azimuthal quantum number is one (l=1) and magnetic diagram of a rigid size in which the probability of finding the
quantum number has three values (m= –1, 0, +1) electron is 100%.
11.5 Nodes and nodal planes
NOTE
It is a region of zero probability.
There are two types of nodes:
(1) Radial or Spherical nodes: Three dimensional regions in
an orbital where probability of finding the electron
becomes zero.
Number of radial/ spherical nodes = n – l – 1

Boundary surface diagrams of three 2p orbitals

(3) Shapes of d-orbitals:

(a) They are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx and d x 2 y2 . They
have a shape like a four leaf clover. The fifth d orbital
designated as d z2 looks like a doughnut.

(b) All five d orbitals have same energy in the absence of Nodes in s-orbital
magnetic field. (2) Planar or Angular Nodes: They are the planes cutting
(c) The d orbitals have azimuthal quantum number l = 2 and through the nucleus on which probability of finding the
magnetic quantum number values –2, –1,0,+ 1,+ 2. electron is zero.
Number of Planar/Angular Nodes = l
(d) For principal shell number 1 and 2, there are no d orbitals.
Total Number of nodes = n - 1

11.6 Filling of orbitals in an atom

(1) Aufbau Principle:
In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in
Boundary surface diagrams of five 3d orbitals order of their increasing energies. In other words, electrons
We have drawn boundary surface diagrams i.e the surface is first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and
drawn in space for an orbital on which probability density enter into higher energy orbitals only when the lower energy
orbitals are filled.
()2 is constant. It encloses the region where probability of
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 17
Unlike H-atom where energy of orbitals depend only on n,
energy of orbitals of multi-electron orbitals depend on both
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s2 ......
n and l. Their order of energy can be determined using (n+l)
rule. (2) Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum
According to this rule, lower the value of (n+l) for an orbital, two electrons and these must have opposite spin.
lower is its energy. If two different types of orbitals have
the same value of (n+l), the orbital with lower value of n has
lower energy.

(3) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: Electron pairing in

p,d and f orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given
subshell contains one electron each. Also all the singly
occupied orbitals will have parallel spin.

Order of filling of orbitals

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 18
Electronic configurations of elements in the ground state

Atomic No. Element Electronic Configuration

1 H 1s1
2 He 1s2
1
3 Li [He] 2s
2
4 Be [He] 2s
2 1
5 B [He] 2s 2p
2 2
6 C [He] 2s 2p
2 3
7 N [He] 2s 2p
2 4
8 O [He] 2s 2p
2 5
9 F [He] 2s 2p
2 6
10 Ne [He] 2s 2p
1
11 Na [Ne] 3s
2
12 Mg [Ne] 3s
2 1
13 Al [Ne] 3s 3p
2 2
14 Si [Ne] 3s 3p
2 3
15 P [Ne] 3s 3p
2 4
16 S [Ne] 3s 3p
2 5
17 Cl [Ne] 3s 3p
2 6
18 Ar [Ne] 3s 3p
1
19 K [Ar] 4s
2
20 Ca [Ar] 4s
1 2
21 Sc [Ar] 3d 4s
2 2
22 Ti [Ar] 3d 4s
3 2
23 V [Ar] 3d 4s
5 1
24 Cr [Ar] 3d 4s
5 2
25 Mn [Ar] 3d 4s
6 2
26 Fe [Ar] 3d 4s
7 2
27 Co [Ar] 3d 4s
8 2
28 Ni [Ar] 3d 4s
10 1
29 Cu [Ar] 3d 4s
10 2
30 Zn [Ar] 3d 4s
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 19
11.7 Exceptional Configuration of Cr & Cu 11.8 Electronic Configuration of Ions
The completely filled and completely half filled sub-shells are 11.8.1 Cations:
stable due to the following reasons: They are formed when outermost electrons are removed from
1. Symmetrical distribution of electrons: It is well known an atom. While removing the electrons, we must remove the
that symmetry leads to stability. The completely filled or electrons from the highest principal quantum number.
half filled subshells have symmetrical distribution of 11.8.2 Anions:
electrons in them and are therefore more stable. Electrons
They are formed when electrons are added to the innermost
in the same subshell (here 3d) have equal energy but empty shell.
different spatial distribution. Consequently, their shielding
11.8.3 Magnetic moment :
of one another is relatively small and the electrons are
more strongly attracted by the nucleus. n(n  2) B.M .
2. Exchange Energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever
two or more electrons with the same spin are present in the B.M.  Bohr Magneton
degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons tend to Where n is number of unpaired electrons.
exchange their positions and the energy released due to Species with unpaired electrons are called paramagnetic and
this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of the species with no unpaired electrons are called diamagnetic
exchanges that can take place is maximum when the
subshell is either half filled or completely filled. As a result
12. IMPORTANT RELATIONS
the exchange energy is maximum and so is the stability.
1  1 1 
eg. for Cr : [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Rydberg equation :   R H  2 2
n n
 1 2 

(RH = 109678 cm–1 and n2 > n1)

1
c     and  


hc
E  h or 

Bohr’s Model

1312Z2
En  kJ mol1
n2

2.178  10 18 Z 2 13.6Z2

 2
J / atom  eV / atom
n n2

2.165  106 Z
Velocity of electron, n  m/s
n

0.529 n 2
Radius of orbit  Å
Z

1
Photoelectric effect = h  h 0  m
2

2
( 0  Threshold frequency)

h
de-Broglie equation :  
m
Possible exchange for a d5 configuration
h
Thus, total number of exchanges=10 Heisenberg’s uncetainity principle : x  p 
4
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 20
Solve (iii) and (iv) to get :
13. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF BOHR’S
POSTULATES V
2KZe 2
and r  2
n2h 2
nh 4 Kme 2 Z
Consider an ion of atomic number (Z) containing single electron
revolving its nucleus at a distance of ‘r’ as shown in the figure. put K = 9 × 109 Nm2C–2, e = 1.6 × 10–19C and h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js in
the above expressions to get :
Velocity of an electron in nth Bohr orbit 

V Z –1
Vn = 2.165 × 106 ms
n

n2
e– and Radius of the nth Bohr orbit  rn = 0.53 Å
+Ze r Z
Now, the Total Energy of the electron moving in nth orbit  K.E.n
+ P.E.n

1 K(Ze)(e)  K q1 q 2 
T.E.n  mVn2 
2 r  E.P.E.  r 
NOTE
Atomic number = Number of protons on the nucleus = Z 1  K Ze 2  K(Ze)(e)
  T.En= 2  r   rn [Using (iii)]
 n 
 Charge on the nucleus = + Ze
Electrostatic force of attraction (F) between the nucleus of charge -KZe 2
+ Ze and electron (–e) is given by :   En  T. En = 2rn

K | q1 | | q 2 | 1 It can be shown from the above expressions that :

F where K  4
r2 0
1 K Ze 2  K Ze 2  K Ze2
K.E.n  , P.E.n  and E n 
= 9 × 109 Nm2C–2 2 rn rn 2rn

K | Ze | | e | KZe 2 or K.E.n = –En and P.E.n = 2En

F  2 ........(i)
r2 r Using the value of rn in the expression of En, we get :

mv 2 22 K 2 me 4 Z 2
The centrifugal forces acting on the electron is ........(ii) En 
r n2h2

This centrifugal force must be provided by the electrostatic force Z2

of attraction (F). En  -2.178 ×10-18 J / atom
n2
 From (i) and (ii), we have :
Z2
KZe 2 mV 2 or En  -13.6 eV / atom
 ...........(iii) n2
r2 r
Angular momentum of electron about the nucleus = 1eV  1.6  1019 J 

nh Z2
mVr  ........ (iv)  – 2.178 × 10–18 × 6.02 × 1023 J/mole
2 n2
where ‘n’ is a positive integer
Z2
(n = 1, 2, 3, .........  )  – 1312 kJ/mole
n2
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 21

SUMMARY
 Constituents of atom: Atom is no longer considered as  Energy is emitted continuously from any source in the
indivisible. It is made up of electrons, protons and form of radiations travelling in the form of waves and
neutrons called fundamental particles. associated with electric and magnetic fields, oscillating
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of radiation
 Electron: A fundamental particle which carries one unit
. All of them travel with the velocity of light.
negative charge and has a mass nearly equal to 1/1837th of
that of hydrogen atom.  Relationship between velocity, frequency & wavelength:
c = 
 Proton: A fundamental particle which carries one unit
where c : speed of light i.e. 3 × 108 m/s in vacuum
positive charge and has a mass nearly equal to that of
 : frequency;  : wavelength
hydrogen atom.
 Electromagnetic spectrum: When all the electromagnetic
 Neutron: A fundamental particle which carries no charge radiations are arranged in increasing order of wavelength
but has a mass nearly equal to that of hydrogen atom. or decreasing frequency the band of radiations obtained is
 Thomson’s model of atom: An atom is a sphere of termed as electromagnetic spectrum.
positive electricity in which sufficient number of electrons  Black body radiation: If the substance being heated is a
were embedded to neutralize the positive charge just as black body (which is a perfect absorber and perfect radiator
seeds in a melon or raisins in pudding. It could not of energy) the radiation emitted is called black body radiation.
explain results of Rutherford’s scattering experiments.  Photoelectric effect: When radiation of certain minimum
 Rutherford’s model of atom: A thin foil of gold was frequency () strike the surface of a metal, electrons are
bombarded with  -particles. Most of the  -particles ejected. This minimum energy (h0) is called wave function
passed through the foil undeflected, a few were deflected (W0).
through small angle while very few were deflected back. It  Planck’s quantum theory: This theory was put forward to
was therefore, concluded that there was sufficient empty explain the limitations of electromagnetic wave theory. It
space within the atom and small heavy positively charged suggests that radiant energy is emitted or absorbed
body at the center called nucleus. Thus, atom consists of discontinuously in the form of small packets of energy called
a heavy positively charged nucleus in the centre quanta (called photons in case of light). Energy of each
containing all protons and neutrons and the electrons quantum (E) = hv where ‘h’ is Planck’s constant (= 6.626 ×
were revolving around the nucleus so that the centrifugal 10-34 Js). Total energy emitted or absorbed = nhv where n is
an interger. If n = N0, energy is called one einstein.
force balances the force of attraction.
 Emission and Absorption Spectra: When light emitted from
 Atomic number and mass number: The general notation
any source is directly passed on to prism and resolved, the
that is used to represent the mass number and atomic
spectrum obtained is called emission spectrum. In case of
A
number of a given atoms is ZX white light, e.g., from sun, it is resolved into seven colours
(VIBGYOR). The spectrum obtained is called contiuous
Where, X – symbol of element
spectrum. If light emitted from a discharge tube is resolved,
A – Mass number some coloured lines are obtained. The spectrum obtained
Z – atomic number is called line spectrum. It white light is first passed through
the solution of a compound or vapour of a substance and
 Isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having then resolved, the spectrum obtained is called absorption
identical atomic number but different mass number. The spectrum. It has dark lines in the continuous spectrum.
difference is due to the difference in number of neutrons.
 Absorption spectrum of hydrogen: When H2 gas is taken in
 Isobars: Atoms of different elements having different atomic the dischange tube, series of lines obtained and the regions
numbers but same mass numbers are called isobars. in which they lie are as under:
 Isotones: Atoms of different elements which contain the
same number of neutrons are called isotones.
Series: Lyman Balmer
 Paschen Brackett Pfund
     
 Isoelectronic: The species (atoms or ions) containing
the same number of electrons are called isoelectronic. Region: UV Visible Infrared
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 22
 Rydberg formula: This formula is used to calculate wave  Azimuthal quantum number (l): It determines the number
number of different series of lines of the spectrum of of subshells present in any main shell (n) and the shape of
hydrogen or hydrogen like particles as : the subshell. For a given value of n, l = 0 to n - 1. Thus, for
n = 1, l = 0 (one subshell), for n = 2 , l = 0, 1, (2 subshell), for
 1 1  n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2 (3 subshells), for n = 4, l = 0, 1, 2, 3 (4
v  R  2  2  Z 2 (Z = 1 for hydrogen)
n 
 i nf  subshells). For l = 0, 1, 2 and 3. designation are s, p, d and f
respectively. Thus, subshells present are : n = 1 (1s), n = 2
where R = Rydberg constant = 109677 cm-1 or 1.097×107 m-1 (2s, 2p), n = 3 (3s, 3p, 3d), n = 4 (4s, 4p, 4d, 4f).
 Bohr’s Model:  Magnetic quantum number (m): It determines the number
of orbitals present in any subshell and the orientation of
1312Z 2
En  kJ mol1 each orbital. For a given value of l, m = - l to + l including ‘0’.
n2
 Spin quantum number (s): It tells about the spinning motion
2.178  10 18
Z 2
13.6Z2 of the electron, i.e., clockwise or anti-clockwise. For a given
 J / atom  eV / atom
n2 n2 1 1
value of m, s   and  . It helps to explain magnetic
2 2
2.165  106 Z
Velocity of electron, v n  m/s properties of the substances.
n

0.529 n 2  Shapes of atomic orbitals: The shape of an orbital is found

Radius of orbit  Å
Z by finding the probability    of the electron in that orbital
2

 Dual behaviour of particle: According to de Broglie, every at different points around the nucleus and representing by
object in motion has a wave character. The wavelengths the densiy of points. The shape of the electron cloud thus
associated with ordinary objects are so short (because of obtained gives the shape of the orbital. Some orbitals are
their large masses) that their wave properties cannot be found to have a region of space within it where probability
detected. The wavelengths associated with electrons and is zero. This is called a node. It may be spherical/radial or
other subatomic particles (with very small mass) can planar/angular.
however be detected experimentally  Rules for filling of electrons in orbitals:
 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to  Aufbau principle: Orbitals are filled in order of their
measure simultaneously the position and momentum of a increasing energy. The order of energy and hence that of
small particle with absolute accuracy. If an attempt is made filling orbitals is found by (n + l) rule. It states “lower the
to measure any of these two quantities with higher accuracy, (n + l) value, lower is the energy. If two orbitals have same
the other becomes less accurate. The product of the (n + l) value, orbital with lower value of n has lower energy.”
uncertainty in the position (x) and the uncertainty in Thus, the order is:
momentum (p) is always a constant and is equal to or 1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d....
greater than h/4. (n + l) 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7
 Quantum mechanical Model of atom: Quantum mechanics  Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: Pairing of electrons
is a theoretical science that deals with the study of the does not occur in orbitals of the same subshell (degenerate
motion of microscopic objects which have both particle like orbitals) until each of them is first singly occupied.
and wave like properties. The fundamental equation of  Pauli exclusion principle: No two electrons in an atom can
quantum mechanics was developed by Schrodinger. have the same set of four quantum numbers or an orbital
can have maximum two electrons and these must have
 Quantum number: It is a set of four numbers which give
opposite spin.
complete information about any electron in an atom. These
 Electronic configuration of elements : Distribution of
are:
electrons of an atom into different shells, subshells and
 Principal quantum number (n): It determines the size of the
orbitals is called its electronic configuration. Complete
orbital. Its values are 1, 2, 3, etc. or K, L, M, etc. It also
electronic configuration is obtained by following the above
determines the energy of the main shell in which the elecron
rules, e.g.,
is present and maximum number of electrons present in the
Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p2x3p2y3p1z
nth shell (= 2 n2). 17
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 23

7. The relative abundance of two rubidium isotopes of

EXERCISE - 1 atomic weights 85 and 87 are 75% and 25%
(Basic Exercise) respectively. The average atomic weight of
1. Rutherford's  -particle scattering experiment rubidium is:-

proved that atom has :- (a) 75.5 (b) 85.5

(a) Electrons (b) Neutrons (c) 86.5 (d) 87.5

(c) Nucleus (d) Orbitals 8. The ratio of specific charge of a proton and an  -

2. Find out the atoms which are isoneutronic: - particle is :-

(a) 14
C, 15 17
(b) 12 14
N, 19 (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
6 7 N, 9 F 6 C, 7 9 F

16 14
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
(c) 6 C, 7 N, 17
9 F (d) 16
6 C, 14
7 N, 19
9 F
9. The e/m ratio is maximum for :-
3. For any anion X-3, the mass number is 14. If anion
(a) D+ (b) He+
has 10 electrons, then number of neutrons in X2
(c) H+ (d) He2+
nucleus :- 14
10. In 7 N if mass attributed to electrons were doubled
(a) 10 (b) 147
& the mass attributed to protons were halved, the
(c) 7 (d) 5
atomic mass would become approximately :-
4. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched
40 40
(a) Halved (b) Doubled
(a) Isotopes 20 Ca, 19 K
(c) Reduced by 25% (d) Remain same
30 31 32
(b) Isotones Si, 15 P, 16 S
14
PLANK QUANTUM THEORY
16
(c) Isobars 8 O, 17 18
8 O, 8 O
11. If change in energy (  E) = 3 × 10-8 J, h = 6.64 ×
-3 -2 +3
(d) Isoelectronic N , O , Cr
10-34 J-s and c = 3 × 108 m/s, then wavelength of
5. Match the above correct terms:
the light is :-
(i) 54
Fe, 56
Fe, 57
Fe, 58
Fe (a) Isotopes
26 26 26 26 (a) 6.64 × 103 Å (b) 6.64 × 105 Å
(ii) 13 H, 32 He (b) Isotones (c) 6.64 × 10-8 Å (d) 6.64 × 1018 Å

(c) Isodiapheres 12. Calculate the wavelength (in nanometer) associated

(iii) 76
32 Ge,
77
33 As
with a proton moving at 1.0 × 103 ms–1 (Mass of
235
(iv) 92 U, 231
Th (d) Isobars
90
proton = 1.67 × 10–27 kg and h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js)
1 1 3
(v) H, D, T
1 2 1 (a) 0.40 nm (b) 2.5 nm
(c) 14.0 nm (d) 0.032 nm
(a) (i), - a, (ii) - d, (iii) – b, (iv) -c, (v) -a
13. The energy required to break one mole of Cl – Cl
(b) (i) - a, (ii) - d, (iii)- d, (iv) -c, v -a
bonds in Cl2 is 242 kJ mol–1. The longest
(c) v -a, (iv) – c, (iii) - d, (ii) – b, (i) -a
wavelength of light capable of breaking a single Cl
(d) None of them
– Cl bond is
6. If the table of atomic masses is established with the
(c = 3 × 108 ms–1 and NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1)
oxygen atom and assigned value of 200, then the
(a) 494 nm (b) 594 nm
mass of carbon atom would be, approximately:-
(c) 640 nm (d) 700 nm
(a) 24 (b) 150
(c) 50 (d) 112
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 24

PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT 21. According to Bohr theory, the radius (r) and
velocity (v) of an electron vary with the increasing
14. What is the work function of the metal if the light
principal quantum number 'n' as :-
of wavelength 4000 Å generates photoelectrons of
(a) r increases, v decreases
velocity 6 × 105 ms–1 from it?
(b) r and v both increases
(Mass of electron = 9 × 10–31 kg
(c) r & v both decreases
Velocity of light = 3 × 108 ms–1
(d) r decreases, v increases
Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
22. The ratio of radius of first orbit in hydrogen to the
Charge of electron = 1.6 × 10–19 JeV–1)
radius of first orbit in deuterium will be :-
(a) 4.0 eV (b) 2.1 eV
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
(c) 3.1 eV (d) 0.9 eV
(c) 2 :1 (d) 4 : 1
BOHR ATOMIC MODEL 23. The energy of H-atom in nth orbit is En, then
15. Angular momentum in second Bohr orbit of H- energy in nth orbit of singly ionized helium atom
atom is x. Then find out angular momentum in Ist will be:-
excited state of Li+2 ion : (a) 4En (b) En/4
(a) 3x (b) 9x (c) 2En (d) En/2
(c) x/2 (d) x 24. In a hydrogen atom, if energy of an electron in
16. The radius of a shell for H-atom is 4.761A°. The round state is -13.6 eV, then energy in the 2nd
value of n is :- excited state is :-
(a) 3 (b) 9 (a) -1.51 eV (b) -3.4 eV
(c) 5 (d) 4 (c) -6.04 eV (d) -13.6 eV
17. In Bohr's atomic model radius of Ist orbit of 25. The ratio between kinetic energy and the total
Hydrogen is 0.053 nm then radius of 3rd orbit of energy of the electron of hydrogen atom according
Li+2 is : to Bohr's model is :-
(a) 0.159 (b) 0.053 (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1
(c) 0.023 (d) 0.026 (c) 1 : -1 (d) 1 : 2
18. The first three radius ratio of Bohr orbits :- 26. The graphical representation of energy of electron
(a) 1 : 0·5 : 0·5 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 and atomic number is :-
(c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 8 : 27
19. The ratio of the radii of two Bohr orbits of H-atom
is 4 : 1, what would be their nomenclature :-
(a) K & L (b) L & K (a) (b)

(c) N & L (d) (b) & (c) both

20. The velocity of electron in third excited state of
Be3+ ion will be :-
(c) (d)
3 3
(a) (2.188  108 ) ms 1 (b) (2.188  106)ms 1
4 4
(c) (2.188 × 106) Kms-1 (d) (2.188 × 103) Kms-1
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 25

27. Going from K-shell to N-shell in case of H-atom :- (a) 3.4 (b) 10.2
(a) Kinetic energy decreases (c) 12.1 (d) 1.5
(b) Total energy decreases 36. The spectrum of He is expected to be similar to that
(c) Potential energy decreases of :-
(d) None of these (a) H (b) Na
+
28. Maximum frequency of emission is obtained for (c) He (d) Li+
the transition :- 37. Which one of the following electron transitions
(a) n = 2 to n = 1 (b) n = 6 to n = 2 between energy levels produces the line of shortest
(c) n = 1 to n = 2 (d) n = 2 to n = 6 wavelength in hydrogen spectrum ?
29. The radiation of low frequency will be emitted in (a) n2 → n1 (b) n3 → n1
which transition of hydrogen atom :- (c) n4 → n1 (d) n4 → n3
(a) n = 1 to n = 4 (b) n = 2 to n = 5 38. The ratio of minimum frequency of Lyman &
(c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 5 to n = 2 Balmer series will be :
30. The ratio of potential energy and total energy of an (a) 1.25 (b) 0.25
electron in a Bohr orbit of hydrogen like species (c) 5.4 (d) 10
is:- 39. Which one of the following species will give a
(a) 2 (b) -2 series of spectral lines similar to that of Mg2+ :-
(c) 1 (d) -1 (a) Al3+ (b) Na
+
31. Which is correct for any H like species :- (c) Mg (d) F
(a) (E2 - E1) > (E3 - E2) > (E4 - E3) 40. The wavelength of photon obtained by electron
(b) (E2 - E1) < (E3 - E2) < (E4 - E3) transition between two levels in H- atom and singly
(c) (E2 - E1) = (E3 - E2) = (E4 - E3) ionized He are λ1 and λ2 respectively, then :-
(d) (E2 - E1) = 1/4 (E3 - E2)=1/9 (E4 - E3) (a) λ2 = λ1 (b) λ2 = 2λ1
33. First excitation potential of H atom is : (c) λ2 = λ1/2 (d) λ2 = λ1/4
(a) 10.2 eV (b) 3.4 eV 41. The ratio of wavelengths of first line of Lyman
(c) 0 (d)- 3.4 eV series in Li+2 and first line of Lyman series in
33. The ionization potential of the hydrogen atom is deuterium (21H) is :-
13.6 eV. The energy needed to ionize a hydrogen (a) 1 : 9 (b) 9 : 1
atom which is in its second excited state is about:- (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 10.2 eV 42. If the shortest wavelength of Lyman series of H
(c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.5 eV atom is x, then the wave length of first line of
34. The ionisation energy for excited hydrogen atom in Balmer series of H atom will be :-
eV will be : 9x 36x
(a) (b)
(a) 13.6 (b) Less than 13.6 5 5

(c) Greater than 13.6 (d) 3.4 or less 5x 5x

(c) (d)
35. The ionisation energy for the H- atom is 13.6 eV, 9 36

then the required energy to excite it from the 43. The first emission line in the H-atom spectrum in

ground state to next higher state will be :- ( in eV) the Balmer series will have wave number :-
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 26

(a)
5R
cm 1 (b)
3R 1
cm DE-BROGLIE CONCEPT
36 4
AND HEISENBERG PRINCIPLE
7R 9R
(c) cm1 (d) cm 1 50. An electron has a kinetic energy of 2.8 × 10-23 J.
114 400
de-Broglie wavelength will be nearly :-
44. In H-atom, electron transits from 6th orbit to 2nd
(me = 9.1 × 10-31 kg)
orbit in multi step. Then total spectral lines
(a) 9.28 × 10-24 m (b) 9.28 × 10-7 m
(without Balmer series) will be :-
(c) 9.28 × 10-8 m (d) 9.28 × 10-10 m
(a) 6 (b) 10
51. What is the de-Broglie wavelength associated with
(c) 4 (d) 0
the hydrogen electron in its third orbit :-
45. Ionization energy of He+ is 19.6 × 10–18 atom–1.
(a) 9.96 × 10-10 cm (b) 9.96 × 10-8 cm
The energy of the first stationary state (n = 1) of
(c) 9.96 × 104 cm (d) 9.96 × 108 cm
Li2+ is
52. Number of waves in fourth orbit :
(a) 8.82 × 10–17 J atom–1 (b) 4.41 × 10–16 J atom–1
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) –4.41 × 10–17 J atom–1 (d) –2.2 × 10–15 J atom–1
(c) 0 (d) 1
46. The first ionization potential of Na is 5.1 eV. The
53. The uncertainty in position of an electron & helium
value of electron gain enthalpy of Na+ will be
atom are same. If the uncertainty in momentum for
(a) –2.55 eV (b) –5.1 eV
the electron is 32 × 105 , then the uncertainty in
(c) –10.2 eV (d) +2.55 eV
momentum of helium atom will be
47. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6
(a) 32 × 105 (b) 16 × 105
eV. The energy of second excited state of He+ ion
(c) 8 × 105 (d) None
in eV is
54. Which of the following has least de-Broglie λ ?
(a) –27.2 (b) –6.04
(a) e- (b) p
(c) –54.4 (d) –3.4
(c) CO2 (d) SO2
48. Heat treatment of muscular pain involves radiation
55. The following quantum no. are possible for how
of wavelength of about 900 nm. Which spectral
many orbitals n = 3, l = 2, m = +2 ?
line of H-atom is suitable for this purpose?
(a) 1 (b) 2
[RH= 1 × 105 cm, h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js, c = 3 × 108 ms–
1 (c) 3 (d) 4
]
56. Number of possible orbitals (all types) in n = 3
(a) Balmer, ∞ → 2 (b) Lyman, ∞ → 1
energy level is :-
(c) Paschen, 5 → 3 (d) Paschen, ∞ → 3
(a) 1 (b) 3
49. The ratio of the shortest wavelength of two spectral
(c) 4 (d) 9
series of hydrogen spectrum is found to be about 9.
57. Which sub-shell is not permissible :-
The spectral series are
(a) 2d (b) 4f
(a) Paschen and Pfund (b) Brackett and Pfund
(c) 6p (d) 3s
(c) Lyman and Paschen (d) Balmer and Brackett
58. Which of the following is correct for a 4d-electron
(a) n = 4, l = 2, s = +1/2 (b) n = 4, l = 2, s = 0
(c) n = 4, l = 3, s = 0 (d) n = 4, l = 3, s = +1/2
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 27

59. If n = 3, then which value of 'l' is correct :- 68. Which of the following configuration follows the
(a) 0 (b) 1 Hund's rule :-
(c) 2 (d) All of them
60. Energy of atomic orbitals in a particular shell is in
(a) (b)
order:-
(a) s < p < d < f (b) s > p > d > f
(c) (d)
(c) p < d < f < s (d) f > d > s > p
69. The basis of three unpaired electrons present in the
61. The total number of value of m for the electrons in
configuration of nitrogen is :-
n = 4 is -
(a) Aufbau principle (b) Pauli's principle
(a) 4 (b) 8
(c) Hund's principle (d) Uncertainty principle
(c) 16 (d) 32
70. The orbital with maximum energy is :-
62. In an atom, for how many electrons, the quantum
(a) 3d (b) 5p
numbers will be n = 3, l = 2, m = + 2, s = +1/2:
(c) 4s (d) 6d
(a) 18 (b) 6
71. The total spin resulting from a d9 configuration is:-
(c) 24 (d) 1
(a) 1/2 (b) 2
63. A neutral atom of an element has 2K, 8L, 11 M and
(c) 1 (d) 3/2
2N electrons. The number of s-electron in the atom
72. In ground state of 24Cr, number of orbitals with
are
paired and unpaired electron :-
(a) 2 (b) 8
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) 6
(c) 15 (d) 18
64. If l = 3 then type and number of orbital is :-
73. For Na (Z = 11) set of quantum numbers for last
(a) 3p, 3 (b) 4f, 14
electron is:-
(c) 5f, 7 (d) 3d, 5
(a) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = +1/2
65. An orbital with l = 0 is symmetrical about the :-
(b) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2
(a) x-axis only (b) y-axis only
(c) n = 3, l = 0, m = 1, s = +1/2
(c) z-axis only (d) The nucleus
(d) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = -1/2
66. If the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in nth
74. An atom of Cr [Z = 24] loses 2 electrons. How
Bohr orbit in a hydrogenic atom is equal to 1.5 πα0
many unpaired electrons shall be there in Cr+2:
(α0 is Bohr radius), then the value of n/z is
(a) 4 (b) 3
(a) 0.40 (b) 1.50
(c) 2 (d) 1
(c) 0.75 (d) 1.0
75. The atomic weight of an element is double its
RULES FOR FILING OF ORBITALS atomic number. If there are three electrons in 2p
67. Which configuration does not obey pauli's sub-shell, the element is :-
exclusion principle :- (a) C (b) N
(c) O (d) Ca
(a) (b)
76. The atomic number of an element is 17, the number

(c) (d) of orbitals containing electron pairs in the valence

shell is:-
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 28

(a) 8 (b) 2 81. The number of electrons in the M-shell of the

(c) 3 (d) 6 element with atomic number 24 is :-
77. Sum of the paired electrons present in the orbital (a) 24 (b) 12
2+ 2+ +2
with l = 2 in all the species Fe , Co and Ni (c) 8 (d) 13
are:- 82. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and
(a) 9 (b) 12 l
(c) 6 (d) 15 (a) n = 4, l = 1 (b) n = 4, l = 0
78. What is the electronic configuration of an element (c) n = 3, l = 2 (d) n = 3, l = 1
in its first excited state which is isoelectronic with can be placed in order of increasing energy as
O2 (a) (d) < (b) < (c) < (a) (b) (b) < (d) < (a) < (c)
2 3 1 2 4
(a) [Ne] 3s 3p 3d (b) [Ne] 3s 3p (c) (a) < (c) < (b) < (d) (d) (c) < (d) < (b) < (a)
1 3 2 1 5
(c) [Ne] 3s 3p 3d (d) [Ne] 3s 3p 83. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the
79. Which one represent ground state configuration :- valence electrons of rubidium atom (Z = 37) is
(a) 5, 0, 0, +1/2 (b) 5,1, 0, +1/2
(c) 5,1,1, +1/2 (d) 5, 0,1, +1/2
(a) 84. The highest value of the calculated spin only
magnetic moment (in BM) among all the transition
metal complexes is
(b)
(a) 5.92 (b) 6.93
(c) 4.90 (d) 3.87
85. Among the following, the energy of 2s orbital is
(c)
lowest in
(a) Li (b) K
(c) H (d) Na
(d)
86. The correct electronic configuration and spin-only
80. In an atom having 2K, 8L, 8M and 2N electrons,
the number of electrons with m = 0; s = +1/2 are : magnetic moment (BM) of Gd3+ (Z = 64),
respectively, are
(a) 6 (b) 2
(a) [Xe] 5f7 and 8.9 (b) [Xe] 4f7 and 7.9
(c) 8 (d) 16
(c) [Xe] 5f7 and 7.9 (d) [Xe] 4f7 and 8.9
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM 29

(b) Only Fig. 2 is correct

Exercise - 2 (c) Only Fig. 1 is correct
(NSEJS Previous Year's Questions) (d) Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are correct.
1. A radioactive element 90R
232
emits one alpha (𝛂) 6. In which of the following series of transition metal

particle and then two beta (𝛃) particles. The ions, all metal ions have 3d2 electronic

daughter element will have (NSEJS - 2013) configuration? (NSEJS – 2016)

+ 4+ 6+ 7+
(a) Atomic no 90, Mass no. 228 (a) Ti , V , Cr , Mn

(b) Atomic no. 90, Mass no. 232 (b) Ti2+, V3+, Cr4+, Mn5+

(c) Atomic number 88, Mass no. 228 (c) Ti3+, V2+, Cr3+, Mn4+

(d) Atomic no. 88, Mass no. 232 (d) Ti4+, V3+, Cr2+, Mn3+

2. The element with electronic configuration 7. If Z = 10 the valency of the element is ……..

1s22s22p63s2 is a/an (NSEJS - 2013) (NSEJS - 2017)

(a) Metal (b) Non-metal (a) Zero (b) One

(c) Metalloid (d) Inert gas (c) Two (d) Three

3. The last electron of the element of atomic number 8. Electrons in the last shell of X, Y, W and Z are 2, 6,

31 will have the following quantum number 4 and 1 respectively. Which of the following

(NSEJS - 2013) statement is correct? (NSEJS - 2018)

(a) n - 3; l - 0; m - 0; s - -½ (a) Melting point of compound formed by X and Y

(b) n - 3; l - 1; m - 1; s - +½ is more than that of by W and Z

(c) n = 4; l = 1; m = -1; s = +½ (b) Compound formed by X and Y is more volatile

(d) n - 4; l - 0; m - 0; s - +½ than that of by W and Z

4. Which of the following set of element have the (c) Melting point of compound formed by X and Z

strongest tendency to form anions? is more than that of by W and Y

(NSEJS - 2013) (d) Incomplete information so inference cannot be

(a) N , O and P (b) P , S and Cl drawn

(c) N, P and Cl (d) N, P and S 9. Which of the following species is/are isoelectronic

5. Consider an element with 7 electrons. In the ground with Neon? (NSEJS - 2019)
3- 2+
state, these electrons may be arranged in 1s, 2s and (i) N (ii) Mg
+
2p orbitals in four different ways. (NSEJS - 2013) (iii) K (iv) Ca2+

Choose the correct statement from the following (a) Only (iv) (b) Only (ii)
(c) Both (i) & (ii) (d) Both (i) & (iii)

(a) Fig. 4 and Fig. 2 are correct

STRUCTURE OF ATOM 30

(b) 26 protons, 24 electrons and 30

Exercise - 3 neutrons
(INJSO Previous Year's Questions) (c) 26 protons, 24 electrons and 24 neutrons
1. Below is incomplete information for neutral atoms (d) 26 protons, 26 electrons and 32 neutrons s
I and II. (IJSO - 2015) 5. The chemical element A has atomic number 11 and
the chemical element B, 17.
The electronic configuration of these elements in
the ground state is : (IJSO - 2016)
(a) A: 1s 2s 3s 3p ; B: 1s 2s 3s 2p 3p6
2 2 3 4 2 2 2 6

(b) A: 1s22s22p63s1; B: 1s22s23s23p5

(c) A: 1s22s23s33p4; B: 1s22s22p63s23p5
(d) A: 1s22s22p63s1; B: 1s22s22p63s23p5
Which of the following is correct?
6. Which of the following combinations of quantum
(a) a = 7
numbers is not possible for an electron in a ground-
(b) b = 8
state of Ag+ ion according to the table below?
(c) Atomic number of I is 14.
(d) I and II are isotopes of the same element.
2. What is the electron configuration for the most
(IJSO - 2019)
stable ion of aluminum? (IJSO - 2015)
(a) 1, 0, 0 , 1/2 (b) 3, 2, -1, -1/2
(a) 1s22s22p63s2 (b) 1s22s22p6
(c) 5, 0, 0, 1/2 (d) 4, 2, 2 , -1/2
(c) 1s22s22p53s1 (d) 1s22s22p63p2
7. The electronic configurations of ions in quick lime
3. An electron moves up from K (n=1) shell to M
(calcium oxide) are; (IJSO - 2019)
(n=3) shell. The correct statement concerning the
(a) Cation -1s 2s 2p 3s 3p , Anion- 1s2 2s2 2p6
2 2 6 2 6
phenomenon is ... (IJSO - 2016)
(b) Cation - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 ,
(a) e lectron absorbs energy equal to shell
Anion- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
energy M minus shell energy K
(c) Cation - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2,
(b) electron absorbs energy equal to shell
Anion- 1s2 2s2 2p6
energy K minus shell energy M
(d) Cation - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 4s2 ,
(c) electron emits energy equal to shell energy M
Anion- 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s2
minus shell energy K
8. The electrons, identified by quantum numbers n
(d) electron emits energy equal to shell energy K
and l can be placed in order of increasing energy,
minus shell energy M
from the lowest to highest as (INJS0-2012)
4. Hemoglobin is composed of four pyrrole groups
i. n = 4 and l = 1 ii. n = 4 and l = 0
bound to Fe2+ (ferrous ion).
iii. n = 3 and l = 2 iv. n = 3 and l = 1
Fe (iron) is a transition metal, with atomic number
(a) iv < ii < iii < I (b) ii < iv < i < iii
26 and mass number 56.
(c) i < iii < ii < iv (d) iii < i < iv < ii
The ion of Fe (iron) above mentioned, will have:
9. Find the number of quanta of radiations of
(IJSO - 2016)
frequency 7.55 × 1015s–1 that must be absorbed in
(a) 26 protons, 26 electrons and 30 neutrons
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 31

order to melt 6 g of ice. The approximate energy region of space around the nucleus of the
required to melt 1 g of ice is 333 J. (h = 6.62 × 10 – atom where the electron is most likely to be found
34
Js) is called an orbital. In an atom a large no. of
(a) 0.90 × 1022 (b) 0.111 × 1020 electron orbitals are present. These orbitals are

(c) 5.38 × 1022 (d) 3.99 × 1020 designated by a set of numbers known as quantum
numbers. These quantum nos. describe electronic
10. The elements A, B, C, and D belong to the groups
configuration, energy of an electron in the atom,
1, 2, 14, and 17 respectively of the periodic table.
size, shape and orientation of the electron orbital.
Which of the following pairs of elements would
An element has 2K, 8L, 13M and 1N electrons.
produce a covalent bond?
(INJS0-2011)
(a) A and D (b) B and C
(a) Identify the element and write its electronic
(c) A and B (d) C and D configuration using Aufbau Principle
11. Consider a hypothetical situation where the mass of (b) How many sub shells, orbitals and unpaired
neutron in argon is made half and the mass of electrons it has ?
electron in argon is doubled with respect to their (c) How many electrons have l = 1 and l = 2 ?
actual masses. In this case, the atomic mass of (d) How many electrons in d sub shell have m = 0

Ar 40 will approximately (INJSO-2019) in the given element?

18
15. The ratio of the charge of an ion or subatomic
(a) remain the same (b) become half
particle to its mass (q/m) is called specific charge.
(c) increase by 45% (d) reduce by 27%
Then the correct options are (INJSO-2020)
12. Some metals impart very bright colors such as red, (a) SI unit of specific charge can be written as A.s
pink, yellow to the flame when heated. The cause /kg
of this phenomenon is the excitation of electrons in (b) If all the isotopes of hydrogen are ionized then
the outermost electronic shell. The electronic tritium will have least specific charge among
configuration in the outermost shell of these metals them.
is represented as (INJSO-2011) (c) Specific charge of an -particle will be
(a) (n-1)s2p6,ns2p1 (b) (n-1)s2p6d1-10,ns1 greater than that of an electron.
(c) (n-1)s2p6,ns1 (d) ns2p6d1 (d) Specific charge ratio of an electron is

13. When unequal number of unpaired electrons are 1.75  1011 C / kg.

aligned in opposite direction, then the net magnetic 16. The average atomic mass of an element X is 80u.
79 82
moment is not zero. Such substances are termed as The percent of isotopes X 35 and X 35 in the
(INJSO-2011) sample is:
(a) diamagnetic (b) ferromagnetic (a) 90.99 and 9.01 (b) 80.8 and 19.2
(c) ferrimagnetic (d) antiferromagnetic (c) 66.67 and 33.34 (d) 50 and 50
14. An atom consists of an extremely small and dense 17. f Z = 10 the valency of the element is……….
nucleus and an extranuclear space. The nucleus (a) zero (b) one
contains positively charged protons, neutral (c) two (d) three
neutrons and these particles are collectively called
nucleons. In the extranuclear space negatively
charged electrons revolve around the nucleus. A
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 32

ANSWERS KEY
Exercise – 1 (BASIC EXERCISE)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (b)
36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45 (c)
46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (a)
56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (d)
66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (d)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (b)
76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (a)
81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (b)
86. (b)

Exercise – 2 (NSEJS Previous Year's Questions)

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c)

Exercise – 3 (INJSO Previous Year's Questions)

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4 (b) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 15. (a,b,d)
16. (c) 17. (a)