Overview of Data Communication

and Computer Networks

CT423: Data Communications

Lecturer: Luong Vinh Quoc Danh, Ph.D

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Cantho University
E-mail: [email protected]

Source: Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Kasetsart University 1

Outline
Data Communication Overview
Definition
Components
Protocols and standards
Network Overview
Connectivity
Categories
Internetworks

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 Motivations
Efficient way to share resources
Cost – less expensive
Accessibility – easier
Efficient way to exchange information
Time – faster
Size – bigger
Correctness – more accurate

Data Communication: Definition

Data Communication:
Transfer of data from one device to another via
some form of transmission medium.

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 Data Communication
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?

Hi, how are you? Hi, how are you?

Computer

01010001 01010001

Components in Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?

5 Protocol

2 Sender 3 Receiver

4 Medium

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 Data Representation
Numbers
8/16/32 bit integers
floating point 150
2

Text
ASCII, Unicode
Images 255

Bit patterns, Graphics formats JPG/GIF/etc

Audio → Samples of continuous signal
Video → Sequence of bitmap images
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Protocols and Standards

Protocol
A set of rules governing data communications
Syntax: format of data block
Semantics: meaning of each section
Timing: speed and sequencing
Standards
De facto (in practice) standards
→ not approved but widely adopted
De jure (in law) standards
→ approved by an organization

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 Standards Organizations
Creation Committees
ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
Forums
Regulatory Agencies

Direction of Data Flow

Simplex: One direction only

data flow

Server Monitor

data flow

Keyboard

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 Direction of Data Flow
Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time

data flow at time 1

data flow at time 2

E.g., walkie-talkies

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Direction of Data Flow

Full Duplex: Both directions simultaneously

data flow

data flow

E.g., telephone

Can be emulated on a single communication link

using various methods

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 Networks
Network: a set of devices connected by
media links
Laptop

Workstation

Media Links
Server

Printer Scanner
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Types of Connections
Point-to-point
Multipoint (multidrop)

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Point-To-Point Connection

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Multipoint Connection

Wireless

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 Topology
Topology: physical or logical arrangement
of devices
Mesh
Star
Bus
Ring
Hybrid

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

A D

B C

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

Pros:
Dedicated links
Robustness
Privacy
Easy to identify fault
Cons:
A lot of cabling
I/O ports
Difficult to move

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Star Topology

A D

Hub Drop

B C
Drop

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Star Topology

A D

Switch

B C

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 Star Topology

A D

Hub

B C

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Star Topology
Pros:
One I/O port per
device
Little cabling
Easy to install
Hub
Robustness
Easy to identify fault

Cons:
Single point of failure
More cabling still
required

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 Bus Topology

Drop
line

Tap

Terminator

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Bus Topology

A B C D

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Bus Topology

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Bus Topology
Pros:
Little cabling
Easy to install

Cons:
Difficult to modify
Difficult to isolate fault
Break in the bus cable
stops all transmission

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 Ring Topology

D
B

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Ring Topology

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 Ring Topology

Pros:
Easy to install
Easy to identify fault

Cons:
Delay in large ring
Break in the ring stops all
transmission

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Hybrid Topologies

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 Network Categories
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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Local Area Networks

Network in a single office, building, or
campus

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 Wide Area Networks
Network providing long-distance communication
over a country, a continent, or the whole world

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 WAN Technologies
Circuit Switching
Physical links are dedicated between two points
Packet Switching
Data are put in packets which are stored and
forwarded at each node
Virtual Circuit Switching
Virtual links are established between two points
→ Frame Relay and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

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Circuit Switching

A circuit-switched network is efficient only when it is working at its

full Capacity.

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 Packet Switching

A packet-switched network is more efficient than a circuit switched

network, but the packets may encounter some delays.

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Metropolitan Area Networks

Network extended over an entire city

CTU – Campus 3 CTU - Campus 2

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 Network of Networks

Company A Company B
Network Interface Card (NIC)

Company C Company D
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Internetworking
How to allow devices from different
standards to communicate
Gateways/routers – devices capable of
communicating in several standards

These become "network of networks"

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 Internetworks
Two or more networks connected become
an internetwork, or internet

Network1 Network2

Gateway

Network3

Example: The Internet

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The Internet
The largest internetwork (network of networks)
in the world
Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol
suite
Danang Univ. Hanoi Univ.

Cantho Univ.

HCM City
Univ.

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 Summary
Data communication
Protocols and standards
Computer networks
Topologies
LAN/MAN/WAN
Internetworks (networks of networks)

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