4a 42 43 44 4s 46 a7 48 49 4.10 CHAPTER 4 Circles ‘Write the standard equation for a circle with center at (a, 6) and radius r I By the distance formula, a point (x,y) is on the circle it and only if Ve =r. Squaring both sides, we obtain the standard equation: (x ~ a)" +(y~b)' =r Write the standard equation for the circle with center (3,5) and radius 4 1-37 +(y-5)*=16. Write the standard equation for the circle with center (4, ~2) and radius 7 Bay ty 42)" = 9. Write the standard equation for the circle with center atthe origin and radius r. Pesy Find the standard equation of the circle with center at (1, ~2) and passing through the point (7,4. I The radius of the circle isthe distance between (1, ~2) and (7,4): V1 +8 VETR= V7B. Thus, the standard equation is: (x ~ 1)’ +(y +2)? =72. Identify the graph of the equation x° + y*—12x + 20y + 15=0 1 Complete the squate in x andin y: (x6)? +(y +10)" + 15=36+100. [Here the ~6 in (6) is half othe coefficient, “12, of ¥ inthe original equation, and the +10in (y+ 10). ishalf ofthe coefficient 20, ofy The 36 and 100 on the right balance the squares of ~6 and +10 that have in effect been added on the lef. ‘Simplifying, we obtain (x ~ 6)’ +(y + 10)"= 121, the standard equation of a circle with center at (6, ~10) and radive TL Identify the graph of the equation x° +" +3x-2y +4=0. F Complete the, square (as in Problem 4.6): (a+ 3+(y~1)i +4= 141. Simplifying, we obtain (¢+3)'+(y- 1 =—2. But this equation has no solutions, since the left side is always nonnegative. In ‘other words, the graph isthe empty set. Identify the graph of the equation x? + y"+2x~2y +2=0, 1+ 1, which simplifies to (e+ 1)? +(y~ 1) =0. This and y—1=0, thatis, forthe point (—1, 1). Hence, the graph is F Complete the square: (x +1) +(y = is satisfied when and only when x + single point Show that any circle bas an equation of the form x" + y' + Dx + By + F=0, Squaring and simplifying, x° + y* = 2ax~ the standard equation (x - a)? +(y~b)" 2 +r Let D=-2a, E=-2b, and Determine the graph of an equation x7 +? + Dr + Ey + F= rE siti: (e+2)' (+2) F compete the square: (x+2)'+( ; DLE Dis Bi -4F —4F, When d>0, we obtain a circle with center 2B) nen 420, a (-2,-£) andradus VO2. When d=0, we obtain singe point frp ea oo ptt tl 1920 4a 42 443 4.4 45 416 47 CHAPTER 4 Find the center and radius of the circle passing through the points (3,8), (9,6), and (13, ~2). I By Problem 49, the circle has an equation x'+y'+Dx+ Ey + F=0. Substituting the values (x, ) at each of the three given points, we obtain three equations: 3D+8E+F=~13, 9D+6E+F=—l17, 13D—2£ 4 F=—173._ First, we climinate F (ublracting the second equation from the frst, and subtracting the third equation from the frst): 6D +2E=44 yy “3D HE 10D = 10F= 100 OH MEMPY Ds E= 10 Subtracting the second equation from the first, -2D=12, or D=~6. So, E=10+D=4, and F= =87. Hence, we obtain $944, of, (8-3 +04 2F 6x +4y—87=0. Complete the square: (x—3)'+ 100, Hence, the center is (3, ~2) and the radius is V100. ‘Use a geometrical/coordinate method to find the standard equation of the circle passing through the points A(0,6), BC2,2), and C(16, ~2) 1 Find the perpendicular bisector of AB. The slope of AB is ~} and therefore the slope of the perpendicular bisectoris 3. Since it passes through the midpoint (6, 4) of AB, a poi ionforitis y-4=3(x—6), or, equivalently, y=3x~14. Now find the perpendicular bisector of BC. A similar ealeulation yields y=x~I4._ Since the perpendicular bisector of a chord ofa circle passes through the center of the circle, the enter of the circle wil be the intersection point of y=3x~14 and y=x~TI4. Setting 3x-14=x- 14, wefind x=0. So, y=x-14=-14. Thus, the centers (0,14). The radius isthe distance between the center (0,—14) and any point on the ciscle, say (0,6): V(0=0)' +(-14~ 6) = VA0U= 20. Hence, the Standard equation is x" + (y+ 14)" = 400. Find the graph of the equation 2x* + 2y?—x=0. I First divide by 2: x?+y?—Lx=0, and then complete the square: (x~ }¥F+y?= 4. This is the standard equation of the circle with center (1,0) and radius §. For what value(s) of k does the circle (x ~ ky! #(y=2k)* = 10 passthrough the point (1,1)? F (1~ 4) +(1~ 2k)" =10, Squaring out and simplifying, we obtain Sk” ~ 6k imo (9k* 4-2), Hence, the solutions are k= —4/5 and k=2. 0. ‘The left side factors Find the centers of the circles of radius 3 that are tangent to both the lines andy =6. F Let (a,b) be acenter. ‘The conditions of tangency imply that Ja~4|=3 and [b-6|=3 (see Fig. 41) Henee, a@=1 or a=7, and b=3 or b=9. Thus, there are four circles. Fig. 44 Determine the value of k so that x7 + §°—S8x + 10y-+k=0- is the equation of a circle of radius 7 FH Complete the square: (x—4)'+(y +5) +k=16+25, Thus, (x4) +(y#5)= 41k. So, VEI—K=7. Squaring, 41-k=49, and, therefore, k= ~8, Find the standard equation of the circle which has as a diameter the segment joining the points (5, ~1) and (3,7). The center is the midpoint (1,3) of the given segment. The radius is the distance between (1, 3) and (5-1: VE= DF (1-3) = VIBFI6= VIE, Hence, the equation is (x = 1) + (y ~3)' = 32.418 a9 420 421 42 423 cincies 0 21 Find the standard equation ofa circle with radius 13 that passes through the origin, and whose center has abscissa 12. I Let the center be (—12,b). The distance formula yields 13=V(-12-0)" + (=O) = VISE. So 144-28) 169, 67 =25, and b= +S. Hence, there are two circles, with equations (r+ 12)" + (y~5)?= 169 and (x +12)? +(y +5)? = 169. Find the standard equation of the circle with center at (1,3) and tangent to the line Sx ~ 12y~8=0, js) 128) ~8} I The radius is the perpendicular distance from the center (1,3) to the line: iE standard equation is (x-1)'+(y~3)?=9. So, the Find the standard equation ofthe circle passing through (~2, 1) and tangent to theline 3x ~2y =6 atthe point 4,3) I Since the circle passes through (~2, 1) and (4,3), its center (a,b) is on the perpendicular bisector of the segment connecting those points. The center must also be on the line perpendicular to 3x—2y=6 at(4,3). ‘The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment is found to be 3x ++ y=5. The equation ofthe line perpendicular to 3x~2y~=6 at (4,3) turns out to be 2e-+3y=17. Solving 3x+y=5 and 2x+3 17 simultaneously, we find x=—} and y=. Thentheradivs r= V4 3) +O- 9 7 the required equation is (x+ 4)" +(y~4)'= SP Find a formula for the length J of the tangent from an exterior point P(r, y4) 10 the circle (x ~a)* + (OF =r See Fig. 42. Pos) Fig. 42 I By the Pythagorean theorem, f° = (PC)’~r Answer By the distance formula, (PC)* = (x, ~ a)" +(y, ~ 6)* Find the standard equations of the cies passing through the points A, 2) and B(3,4) and tangent othe tne rty=3 I Let the center of the circle be C(a, 6). Since TA=TB, (a= 1)" + (b= 2)? = (a3) + (6-4) a) Since the radii the perpendicular distance from Co the given ine, P&P 9) we have 3) @ a? +96? ~6ab~2a~34b +41=0, whose and }. From r=[Sa+—3]/VT0, we get 3)IVIU=V10/2. $0, the standard equations are: (1+ Expanding ad smoliyng (1).and(2),webave @ +b 1 simutancous.stuion yes a pedant-3yVIeVIO and FCs (x= 4h + (y-1P = 10 and @-2+0-iP=3 Find the center and aus ofthe cre passing through (24) and (~1,2) and hang is centr on the line xo 3y=8.2 4 428 4.26 ar 428 429 4.0 CHAPTER 4 F Let (a,b) be the center. Then the distances from (a, b) tothe given points must be equal, and, if we square those distances, we get (a~2)" + (b= 4)*=(a+1)"+(b~2), —4a+4~8b +16" 2a+1~ 4644, 1 6a+4b. Since (a) aso ison the ine x~3y=8, we have @—30=8. If we muliply ths equation by 6 andadd the result to 6a+4b=15, weobtain’ 2b=~33, b=-2. Then a=3, (3-2). The radius is the distance between the center and (—1,2): V(F +4)? +(-3 — Find the points of intersection (if any) of the circles x7+(y~4)°=10 and (x~8)*+y? I The circles are x°+y?—8y+6=0 and _x7-16x+y'+14=0, Subtract the second equation from the first: 16x ~ By ~ 2x-y-1=0, y=2x—1, Substitute this equation for y in the second equation: (8) + Qr-1) srt . 4r+3=0, (e-3)e-1 x=3 or Hence, the points of intersection are (3,5) and (1, 1) Let x+y? C.x4D,y + £,=0 be the equation of a circle ©, and xt +y"+ Gx+Diy+E,=0 the equation ofa circle , that intersects €, at two points. Show that, as k varies over all real numbers #—1, the equation (x°+y'+ C,x+D,y+ E,) + ka" + y" + Cyr + Day +E,)=0- yields all cicles through the inter- section points of &, and €, except ‘6, itself. I Clearly, the indicated equation yields the equation of a circle that contains the intersection points. Conversely, given a circle €%#€, that goes through those intersection points, take a point (x5, Yo) of ¢ that does not lie on , and substitute x9 for x and y for y in the indicated equation. By choice of (xo, Jo) the coefficient of k is nonzero, so we can solve for k.. If we then put this value of k in the indicated equation, we obtain an equation of a circle that i satisfied by (xp, yq) and by the intersection points of €, and €,. Since three noncollinear points determine a circle, we have an equation for €. [Again, its the choice of (x, Yo) that makes the three points noncollinear; ie., k#—1.] Find an equation ofthe cic that contin the point (3,1 and pastes through the point of inteseton of the two circles x’ +y?—x-y-2=0 and x+y! +4x—4y—8=0, I Using Problem 4.25, substitute (3, 1) for (x, y) in the equation (x +y*-x-y-2) + ka? +y?+4x— 4y—8)=0. Then 4+10k=0, k=~3. So, the desired equation can be written as, SQ ty@—x-y-2)-2P Hy H4y—4y—8)=0 or Ba" H3y?~ 13 By +6=0 Find dhe equation of the citcle containing the point (~2,2) and passing through the points of intersection of the twocircles x°+y'+3x-2y—4=0 and x°+y'—2x-y-6=0, 2) for (x, y)im the equation (2° + y?-+3x—2y 4) + k(a" + y , k= 4. So, the desired equation is F Using Problem 4.25, substitue (~ y-6)=0. Then —644k= 22+ y+3x—2y—4) 43 Hy=2e-y-6)=0—or_—Sx*#5y7— Ty -26=0 Determine the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from the lines See Sy e005 hah a pen Bex (9) bee pi, The sane om he wo tes ae BEHHI—A) gy HE=S9 +10, tare, (SEIN) (BSP) 5 smug, we tin 162+ 169+ 20-186) — 7290, the equation of a circle. Find the locus of a point the sum of the squares of whose distances from (2,3) and (~1, ~2) is 34 =34. Simplify: x+y Let (x,y) be the point. Then (x-2)'+(y—3)? +(x +1) + (y +2) y=8=0, the equation of a circle. Find the locus of a point (x, y) the square of whose distance from (~5,2) is equal to its distance from the line Set Ity =26~0. vecycayee Set Hy=28h_ Su 12y 26 ' (4591+ (y-2yr= BEAM, Set By 28 Simplifying, we obtain two equations 13x" + 13y" + 125x~64y +403=0 and 13x? + 13y*+135x—40y + 351=0, both equations of circles.