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CA 2 marks imp questions

Bachelor of computer applications (Bangalore University)

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BCA – COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. State and prove Demorgan’s Law.

The first theorem states that the compliment of the sum of Boolean expressions
is equal to the product of the compliments of the individual expression.
(x+y)’ = x’.y’
The second theorem states that the compliment of product of
Booleanexpressions is equal to sum of the compliment of the
individualexpressions.
(x.y)’ = x’+y’

2. What is Decoder expansion?

At times we may require decoder of a certain size while only small size decoders
are available. Then in order to obtain to require the size decoder, we have to
combine two or more available size decoders.
3. Convert (736.4)8 to decimal and binary.
(736.4)8 to decimal
= 7*82+3*81+6*80+4*8-1
=7*64+3*8+6*1+4*0.125
= 448+24+6+0.5 = 478.510
(736.4)8 = 478.510
(736.4)8 to Binary
= 7 3 6 . 4
111 011 110 . 100
(736.4)8 = 111011110.100(2)

4. What is unidirectional and bidirectional shift register?

Unidirectional: A register capable of shifting in one direction only is called
unidirectional shift register.
Bidirectional: A registers than can shift in both directions is called Bidirectional
shift register.

5. What is self-complementing code and weighted code ?

Weighted code :- Are those codes which obey the positional weighting principles.
Each position of number represents the specific weight.
Self-complementing code :- It is an unnatural BCD code. Sum of weights of
unnatural BCD codes is equal to 9. It is a self-complementing code.
Selfcomplementing codes provide the 9's complement of a decimal number, just
by interchanging 1's and 0's in its equivalent 2421 representation

6. What are the two types of control organization?

1. Hardwired control
2. Microprogrammed control

7. Explain Full adder?

Full adder is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to add three bits to
produce a SUM and CARRY output.

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8. Define universal gates with logic circuits?

A universal gate is one of the logic gate which uses Boolean function {0,1}. NAND
and NOR gates are called universal gates.

The circuit diagram and truth table of NAND gate:

The circuit diagram and truth

table of NOR gate:

9. Define types of RAM?

Types of RAM are:
1. Static RAM (SRAM): SRAM is that it retains data bits in its memory as
long as power is being supplied.
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM): DRAM is most common kind of RAM for
personal computers and workstations.

10. Define Flip-Flop?

A flip flop is an electronic circuit with two stable states that can be used to store
binary data. The stored data can be changed by applying varying inputs. Flipflops
and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in
computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

11. Why we use shift register?

Shift registers are used for the storage or transfer of data in the form of binary
numbers and <shifts= the data out once every clock cycle,hence the name shift
register.

12. Explain Hamming code?

Hamming code is a set of error-correction code s that can be used to detect and
correct bit errors that can occur when computer data is moved or stored.

13. What is computer architecture?

The architectural design of a computer system is concerned with the specifications
of the various functional modules, such as processors and memories and
structuring them together into a computer system.

14. What are the two types of computer architecture based on registers?
1.Von Neumann architecture
2. Harvard architecture

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15. Mention the different families of IC.

a. Bipolar families
b. Metal Oxide Semiconductors(MOS) families

16. Distinguish between RAM and ROM.

RAM(Random access memory) ROM(Read only memory)

In RAM the contents are lost when the ROM is a special type of memory which
computer is switched off. can be read and contents of which it are
not lost even when the computer is
switched off.
Read and Write operations are Only read operation are performed on
performed on RAM and they are ROM and they are classified as :- a.
classified as :- Masked programmed
a. Static RAM b. User programmed
b. Dynamic RAM

17. What is parity bit?

A parity bit is an extra bit included with a binary message to make the total
number of 1’s either even or odd.

18. Write the BCD code of decimal number 8745.42(10)?

Decimal Number = 8 7 4 5 . 4 2
BCD Code = 1000 0111 0100 0101 . 0100 0010
Therefore, 8745.42 = 1000011101000101.01000010(BCD).

19. Define program counter?

The program counter (PC)holds the address of the next instruction to be read from
the memory after the current instruction is executed.

20. Write the symbol, logical expression and truth table of NAND gate?
The Logical symbol and truth table

Logical Expression:
Z=(X.Y)’

21. Give a classification of integrated circuits?

1. Small Scale Integration (SSI ) 4. Very-Large Scale Integration(VLSI)
2. Medium Scale Integration(MSI) 5. Super-Large Scale Integration(SLSI)
3. Large Scale Integration (LSI) 6. Ultra-Large Scale Integration(ULSI)

22. Define multiplexer and demultiplexer?

A multiplexer (MUX) is a device used to select a single line of input from multiple
input lines using control signals. In this diagram, D0 to D3 are input data lines and Y
is the output. The S0 and S1 bits tell the mux which one out of the 4 input lines will
be selected as output. So, if S0 = 0 and S1=0, then Y= D0,

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De-multiplexer(DMUX) is also a device with one input and multiple output lines. It is
used to send a signal to one of the many devices. The main difference between a
multiplexer and a de-multiplexer is that a multiplexer takes two or more signals and
encodes them on a wire, whereas a de-multiplexer does reverse to what the
multiplexer does.

23. what are the type of binary code?

1. Weighted Codes
2. Non-Weighted Codes
3. Alphanumeric Codes
24. Subtract 24 from 13 using 2’s complement method?
00001101 13
11101000 2’s complement of (-24)
---------------------------------------------------
10001011 Result (-11)
25. Explain BSA instruction?
BSA: (Branch and save return address)
This instruction is useful for branching to a position of the program called a
subroutine or producer. When executed, it stores the address of the next
instruction in sequence into a memory location specified by the effective address.

26. What is BUN instruction?

BUN (Branch unconditionally) his instruction transfers the program to the
instruction specifies by the effective address. The program counter PC holds the
address of the instruction to be read from memory in the text instruction cycle.

27. Define opcode and operand.

The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define operations such
as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement.
Operand: An instruction code must not only specify the operation but also the
registers or the memory words.

28. Define indirect Address Mode.

When the bits in the second part of the instruction designate an address of a
memory word in which an address of the operand is found,it is called indirect
address mode.

29. How many bits are needed to specify an address for a memory until of 4096 words? For
a memory unit with 4096 words, weneed 12 bits to specify and address since 2 12 = 4096.

30. Mention the major components of CPU

a. Control Unit
b. Arithmetic Logical Unit
c. Immediate Access 31. What is PSW?
PSW in electronics means Program Status Word. A register, which is 32 bits in
size and holds all the information about the current state of an operation/program
and hence, it helps in proper program execution.

32. What is an external interrupt? Give an example?

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It is initiated by an external event. It is asynchronous with program (acts

independent of program). It depends on external condition which is
independent of program being executed at that point of time.
Eg:- Input /output devices

33. What are peripherals?

Input or output devices attached to the computer are also called Peripherals.
Peripherals are Electromechanical and electromagnetic devices of some
complexity.

34. What is memory management system?

Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating the computer
memory, assigning portions called blocks to various running programs to
optimize overall system performance.

35. What is meant by Memory-mapped I/O?

Memory mapped I/O is a way to exchange data and instructions between a CPU
and peripheral devices attached to it. Memory mapped IO is one where the
processor and the IO device share the same memory location(memory),i.e.,the
processor and IO devices are mapped using the memory address.

36. Define virtual memory?

A virtual memory system provides a mechanism for translating program
generated addresses into correct main memory locations.

37. What are the different types of interrupts

1. External interrupts
2. Internal interrupts
3. Software interrupts

38. Define access time and transfer rate

Access time. The total time it takes the computer to read data from a storage device
such as computer memory, hard drive, CD-ROM or other mechanism. Computer
access time is commonly measured in nanoseconds or milliseconds and the lower
the access the time the better.Data rates are often measured in megabits (million
bits) or megabytes (million bytes) per second. These are usually abbreviated as
Mbps and MBps,respectively. Another term for data transfer rate is throughput.

39. Define Baud rate

Baud rate represents the number of times per second a signal (changing from zero
to one or one to zero) or symbol (the connection's voltage, frequency or phase) in
a communications channel changes state or varies. For example, a 2,400 Baud rate
means the channel is changing states up to 2,400 times per second.

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