REVIEWER RPH

History and Historical Research

WHY STUDY HISTORY
History
To ourselves
-Study of the past
(Identity, Critical Skills)
- Chronological story telling in its finest form
To our communities
-Constant process of inquiry
(Vital place to live and work, Economic
Historical Research Development)
To our future
-comprises the techniques and guidelines of (Engaged citizens, leadership, legacy)
Historians.

HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
Different approaches to the study of history History vs Past
Idealism -History is the important events while the past
-is the belief that history can be described in involves everything that ever arise
terms of ideas History vs Prehistory
Relativism -Prehistory is period of human activity
-is the belief that there are no absolute truth History vs other discipline (social studies etc)
that all views of history are valid. - History focuses on the people involved in
Historicism history. Social studies focus on society as a
- is the proposition that the autonomy of the collective human entity and on its members as
past must be respected. individual human beings.

History vs Historicity
-Historicity is the authentication of characters
IMPORTANT COMMENTS ABOUT HISTORY
History vs Herstory
AJP Taylor- “History is not just a catalogue of -written from a feminist view
events put in the right order like a railway
timetable HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Confucius- “Study the past if you would define Purpose

the future” -Describe and examine events
- Reach insights and conclusions about the past
Robert A. Heinlein- “ A generation which -Help people learn from the past
ignores history has no past and no future”
Characteristics
Martin Luther King Jr.- “We are not makers of -Focuses on the past
history. We are made by history” -Vibrant report of past events
Marcus Garvey- “A people without the -Process of collecting, reading and writing
knowledge of their past, history, origin and manuscript
culture is like a tree with no roots” -Deals with discovery of Data
-Uses logical induction
Advantages Gender History
-looks at the past from the perspective of
-Permits the investigation of topics
gender
-Well suited for trend analysis
- Not physically involved under study Post-Modern View of History
-No danger - sees history as “What we make of it”
-Documents are located by researcher
Other Views of History
Disadvantages -some sees history as the result of geographic
factors, wars, religion, race, or climates
-Controlling for many of the threats to
internal validity is not possible in
historical research
TYPES OF SOURCES
-Limitations are imposed
-Researcher cannot ensure the Primary
representation of the sample -Raw data
- Bias in interpreting historical sources -Original sources of Information
- Availability of Sources Characteristics
- Lack of control over external variables - First hand observation
- Contemporary accounts of events
-View points at the time
STEPS IN CONDUCTING HISTORICAL RESEARCH
EXAMPLES
1. Identify a topic
- archives and manuscript
2. Search for sources of data
material.
3. Summarize and evaluate the sources
- photographs, audio recordings,
4. Analyze, synthesize and interpret the
video recordings, films.
evidences obtained.
- journals, letters and diaries.
THEORIES OF HISTORY - speeches.
- scrapbooks.
Cyclical Views of History
- published books, newspapers
-stems from the histories of Greeks
and magazine clippings
Linear View of History published at the time.
-implies that history is progressive (Sanaol - government publications.
progressive) - oral histories.

The Great God View of History Secondary

- attempts to explain the origin and the -Sources that analyze or interpret the primary
development of the world and a man are the data
creation MYTHS. -They do not offer new evidences

Great Man View of History Characteristics

-suggests that dominant personalities -Interpretation of information
determine the course of History -Written after the event
-Offer review or critique
 EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCE Internal Criticisms
-also called as “Higher criticisms”
- journal articles that comment
-Trustworthiness of the document
on or analyse research.
- Ang Salitang “Kalayaan” sa gawa ni Dr. Jose
- textbooks.
rizal nung bata pa sya ay hindi pa existent sa
- dictionaries and
panahon na ginawa iyon pero nakasulat sa
encyclopaedias.
original copy ng “Sa aking mga kabata”
- books that interpret, analyse.
-Yung isang document from 1980 ay may
- political commentary.
salitang youtube which means na contradicting
- biographies.
ang time na ginawa sa mga salita na ginamit
- dissertations.
- newspaper editorial/opinion
pieces.
EXAMPLES OF WRITTEN SOURCES
TERTIARY SOURCES
Travelogue
-Sources that compile data on a particular topic
La Solidaridad (Newspaper)
Characteristics Vocabulario De Lengua Tagala (Archival
-Collections or list of Primary and Material)
Secondary sources Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan by Emilio
-Reference works Aguinaldo
-finding tools for sources Numerical Records (GDP Growth etc)

EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY SOURCE

EXAMPLE OR ORAL STATEMENTS
- journal articles that comment
on or analyse research. “My first day was a scary one. There was a
- textbooks. patient whose earlobes were so long...he had no
- dictionaries and
nose, only two holes on his face, and no fingers,
encyclopaedias.
only the palm of his hands...the other
- books that interpret, analyse.
- political commentary. patients were in different stages of deformity.”
- biographies.
Sr. Maria Luisa Montenegro, SPC 1940
- dissertations.
- newspaper editorial/opinion
EXAMPLES OF RELICS
pieces.
• Balanginga Bells
TWO LEVELS OF HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
The “Yawning
External Criticisms The Callao Man
-examine the physical condition of the The Laguna Copper Plate Inscription
document (LCI
- Checking the authenticity The Flying Elephant of Lena Shoal
-Pirma ni dr. jose rizal is not accurate doon sa The Manunggul Jar
retraction document Oton Death Mask
- Check if it is original or replica Bolinao Skull
Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar
 - it enables us to interpret and analyze works or
events of the pasr, or even the future rtaher
EXAMPLES OF RUINS
than merely judge them by contemporary
• Corregidor, Manila Bay (destroyed by standards.
the Japanese bombardment during
World War II) - give us strong understanding of historical
• Cagsawa Ruins, Albay, Bicol (destroyed context behind a work's creation can give us a
by Mt. Mayon's eruption in 1814) better understanding of and appreciation fro
• Old Taal Church, San Pascual, the narrative.
Batangas (destroyed by Taal Volcano's
eruption in 1754) - used to flly appreciate or understood the
literatures presented to us

MAIN TOPIC II: CONTENT/CONTEXTUAL

ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES CONTENT/CONTEXTUAL

CONTEXTUAL/TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES

-is a research tool used to determine the A. BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/CREATOR

presence of certain words or concepts within - The researcher must provide brief
texts or sets of texts. biographical sketch of the author or
- is a method of summarizing and analyzing any creator of the primary source.
form of content such as printed medias, - Family background, educational
recordings etc. attainment, religion, and many others
-allows researchers to recover and examine the shall be given priority in presenting the
nuances of organizational behaviors, biography of the author
stakeholder perceptions, and societal trends B. BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT /
-through the use of this, researchers can PRIMARY SOURCE
quantify and analyze the relationship between • Basic background of the source like the
words, themes or concepts type of primary source, how many
chapter, how long is the document shall
be given attention.
GOALS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS
• Locate where the primary source may
be found
- historical context is an important part of life
and litertaure, and without it, ▪ Library
memories, strories and characters have less ▪ Archive
meaning.
▪ Historical society or special
- it refers to the social, religious, economic and collection of private individuals
political ocnditions that existed during a certain
HOW TO CHECK THE AUTHENTICITY OF
time and place.
THE SOURCE
 • Check the provenance or origin - Look for the historical significance or what
of the said document modern people consider to be important from
• Determine the intended the past
audience or the people the
HOW TO DETERMINE SIGNIFICANCE OF
author wants to convey their
EVENT
ideas with
• Look for the purpose or motive Remember the acronym N.A.M.E
of the source
• Do a background research Novelty- when something is new or
• Look at the important historical never been seen before
event at the time the source Applicability- when it is similar to the
was made present
• Ascertain intended audience
Memory- how it has been remembered
C. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT over time
HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE
DOCUMENT Effect- how people have been affected

1. Look for corroboration between the

research you gather from the internet
and the primary source that your
instructor has given to you

2. In order to analyze the primary source,

look for the bias

3. Analyze the historical perspective or a

point of view a creator describe the
event

4. Analyze the historical context of the

document

D. CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE

DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Look for the CAUSE and CONSEQUENCES of the

primary sources

CAUSE- Is a person or things that makes

something happen.

CONSEQUENCES- Is a direct result of a

cause

E. RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTS TO THE

PRESENT TIME